مرتضی دوستی

The present study aimed to develope a comprehensive management model for Iranian football talent identification.

The research methodology was mixed and the qualitative section in three stages. First stage involved the content analysis of researches on talent identification, second stage was semi-structured interviews with the convenience sampling method until theoretical saturation with 15sports experts of Football Federation. Third stage, the Delphi approach was conducted with 22 football experts. Quantitative stage of the research was conducted with a survey approach and descriptive statistics used to describe the variables in the research community. In the inferential statistics, structural equation modeling to measure the effect of various factors, Smart PLS3 software was used to analyze the data.

In the third round of Delphi method, the 6-stage Iran football talent comprehensive management model was approved, children should be identified and entered the field of education from the age of 4-7 through basic coaches, talent scouts, parents in kindergartens and schools. And reach the stage of development and championship of 17-19 through the clubs and football federations. The findings of the quantitative showed that all paths of the model were significant and fit of the structural model was confirmed at a strong level.

football federation managers and authorities are recommended to develop a comprehensive system for talent identification management in the country, the formation of scientific committees and talent identification bases in schools and clubs, Training of specialized manpower, pass the law to protect elite players, provide facilities in training camps, attract active and strong private sector, observing the principle of meritocracy in selecting coaches and players for the purpose of supporting and nurturing talent as vital important factors in the development of the country's football and following the mentioned model.

Measuring the willingness to pay for the citizens of Tabriz to support Tractor Football ClubAbstractThe purpose of this research is to measure the willingness of Tabriz citizens to pay to support Tractor Football Club. This research is descriptive-analytical and in terms of purpose, it is among applied researches. Statistical population were residents of Tabriz city and according to the population of more than 100,000 people, the statistical sample size was determined to be 384 people based on Morgan's table. Through a researcher-made questionnaire, the willingness of Tabriz citizens to pay for the goods and benefits produced by Tractor Football Club and the factors affecting citizens' willingness to pay for this club were measured. SPSS22 and Excel14 software were used for data analysis. According to the results of the research, the average willingness of citizens to pay annually for the participation of this club in the Premier League, the championship of this club in the Premier League, the championship in the FA Cup, and the championship in the Asian Champions League are 24,000, 30,000, 28,500 and 62,000 Tomans respectively. The willingness of citizens to pay shows that the presence of this club in the highest competitive levels of sports in Iran has had a positive effect on their social status and well-being and citizens are willing to support this club financially. It is suggested to the managers of the tractor club, taking into account the separation of willingness to pay based on different categories of citizens, it is possible to attract support based on priorities in the financial field.

The purpose of the present study was to design a model of the efficiency of sports places and spaces in schools with a monetizing approach. The research method was developmental in terms of purpose and nature and qualitative in term of the theme analysis method. Semi-structured in-depth exploratory interviews were utilized as a research instrument, and the statistical population comprised expert who were selected by purposeful sampling and snowball technique, and finally, saturation was reached at the level of the 12 participants. However, the sample recruitment continued up to 14 individuals to increase credibility and cover all components. The validity and reliability of the research were carried out according to the method of Goya and Lincoln (2000), which includes four criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. The combination of literature and interview identified 52 primary concepts (open code) and 8 main concepts or themes. The concepts were validated by 11 specialists using the lavshe style method, wherein 48 components were confirmed. finally, according to the results, 48 indicators in the form of 8 main factors (monetizing, transfer and privatization, laws and regulations, environmental, financial and economic, management factors, marketing, and predisposing factors) were provided for monetizing purposes through improving the productivity of educational sports places and spaces.

 The present research aimed to design a model of human resource development indicators within the Iraqi basketball system. This study was applied in nature and conducted qualitatively.

 The prevailing framework of the research was pragmatism, employing a grounded theory strategy with a Glaser approach. The data collection sources included a literature review and semi-structured interviews. Participants in this study consisted of senior sports managers in Iraq, members of the federation and basketball association managers, faculty members from physical education faculty, basketball club managers, coaches, referees, and athletes. Purposeful sampling was utilized, employing a snowball method. The interviews reached theoretical saturation at 15 participants but were extended to 17 for greater assurance. MAXQDA software was used for coding, and the final model was developed. After data analysis and initial examination by the researcher, open, selective, and theoretical codes were ultimately identified.

 The data analysis yielded 68 concepts, 16 subcategories, and five main categories: managers and staff (organization, planning, finance), referees (training, commitment, scientific), spectators (facilities, services, emotions), players (promotion and development, functional, economic), and coaches (technical, specialization, support, psychological).

 A primary focus in the development of human resources within the basketball system is the aspect of management. By concentrating on effective human resource management, talents can be identified, and employee performance can be enhanced. Additionally, the role of the coach, acting as an intermediary between management and players, is crucial for achieving success in sports arenas. Prioritizing objectives for players results from interaction with management and having a creative, well-trained coach. Based on the findings of this research, sports officials are encouraged to focus on human resources, enhance the educational system, and retain talented individuals to advance basketball in Iraq.

In today's world, sports have a lot of interaction with domestic and international politics; Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the political challenges of women's sports competitions in Islamic countries. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and mixed in terms of data collection. The sampling method was purposeful and accessible. The statistical population of the research included all sports science experts, political science experts and professors, sociology professors, coaches, referees, and athletes in the country; In the first stage of the research, these challenges were identified by interviewing 25 people from the statistical population. In the second and third stages, the challenges identified in the interview section were examined by the Delphi group (25 people); In these two stages, the challenges that had at least 70% positive answers remained for the next stage. In the final stage, the factors identified in the previous three stages were ranked using a five-choice Likert questionnaire. After collecting, it was examined and analyzed using the TAPSIS technique. The results showed that uprisings in Bahrain, Yemen and Syria, Egypt, Tunisia and other Islamic countries, Iran's support for the Arab Spring or Islamic Awakening in Arab countries, and Saudi Arabia's fear of issuing the Islamic Revolution in other Muslim countries were the most important. The political challenges of women's sports in Islamic countries are. According to the findings of the study, it is suggested to the authorities to address the challenges that sport diplomacy can have the necessary and

Professional sports have become an integral part of profit-driven economic structures, with their existence rooted in sports clubs. Consequently, the development and extensive activities of professional sports are impossible without sports clubs. This study aims to qualitatively analyze the causal, contextual, and intervening factors influencing the establishment of professional volleyball club management in Iran.

This research employed a qualitative approach using grounded theory methodology. The statistical population consisted of all experts in the field of professional volleyball club management in Iran. Participants included 20 key and experts, selected through theoretical sampling. The trustworthiness and dependability of the study were established using credibility criteria across 10 indicators. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. A set of concepts and categories were derived through open, axial, and selective coding processes.

The findings of this study suggest that legal and economic factors in the causal conditions section, financial and legal factors in the contextual conditions section, and investment factors in the facilitating intervening conditions section, as well as management factors in the constraining intervening conditions section, significantly impact the establishment of professional volleyball club management in Iran.

The establishment of professional volleyball club management in Iran requires a legal framework to rationalize the conditions for the presence of privately and cooperatively owned teams, based on revenue generation from sports club activities.

Recently, in the field of destination management in tourism, there is a growing trend towards encouraging individuals to engage in environmentally supportive behaviors. In this study, the dimensions of visitors' environmental engagement (affection, activation, and cognitive processing) are considered as mediating roles in the relationship between perceived environmental quality and pro-environmental behavior, forming a model. Additionally, the moderating role of visitor type (sport and non-sport) in these relationships has examined. The research population consisted of visitors to a nature-based public park in Sari, Mazandaran Province. Data from 394 questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results confirm the mediating role of cognitive processing (t=3.55, β=0.107) and disconfirm the mediating roles of affection (t=1.03, β=0.048) and activation (t=0.006, β=0). It has also been identified that there is no significant difference between sport and non-sport visitors in the relationship between perceived environmental quality and pro-environmental behavior due to environmental engagement dimensions.

Public-private partnership is a suitable strategy for the optimal use of the capacities and capital of the public sector and the private sector, which ultimately leads to the provision of economical and socially beneficial services. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the strategies for the development of public-private partnership in the sports sector; which is philosophically interpretive, exploratory, analytical, and practical in terms of purpose. Qualitative research method was carried out using the foundation data method with Glazer's approach; The statistical population was all experts related to outsourcing and privatization of sports in the country. The sampling method was theoretical. The data was collected by means of semi-structured interview and the criterion was the realization of theoretical saturation. Interpretive analysis using actual coding and theoretical coding was used to analyze the content of the interviews.The reliability of the interviews was achieved through reviewing and modifying the findings and confirming the coding of each interview by the interviewee. The reliability of the interviews was also confirmed by using the process audit and intra-subject agreement of 81%. The results of this research show the extraction of more than 69 primary concepts in the form of three main categories: "abilities required for the parties to the contract", "infrastructures", "marketing and motivating participation".

Exercise as an influential factor on various aspects of human life has been studied in many research and its positive effects have been emphasized. Poverty means low income and other deprivations examined from various aspects related to sports for the needy. The Relief Foundation is known as one of the custodians of the fight against poverty and support for the needy in the country, and even in the field of sports, it has issued instructions that are often general and less operational. The present study was done with the aim to Identify the dimensions of the SOAR Strategic Model in clients' sports of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation and presentation of strategies. Based on qualitative research methods and applied exploration target is to collect data from semi structured interviews and documents were used upstream Foundation, The Participants consisted of athletic managers in the support, cultural, financial and research sections of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation; and Participants were selected purposefully by snowball method. For analyzing the data the SOAR strategic model was used. 15 strengths, 9 Opportunities, 13 Aspirations and 12 Results were identified and prioritized and Finally, 8 Strategy Was compiled. The results showed that attention to macro-planning and allocation of special funds for client’s sports was more emphasized.

The purpose of this study was to design an e-business developing model in sports industry in the country. The method of this research was one of the applied researches, and was done with qualitatively method and by semi-constructed interviews helping. The statistical research community of this study was: Top level sport managers (Managers of the top clubs in the country and heads of sports federations) that Familiar with the subject of e-commerce and e-sports marketing and related topics, faculty members specializing in this field and managers and planners of reputable domestic sites who are planning and selling sports products. The research findings were analyzed in the form of an e-businesses development model and the coding was done up to the most abstract stage by the researcher. The results of this study showed that the country's sports industry, like other money-making industries in the country, is moving towards exploiting the benefits of the electronic world. But it is doing by a low speed. The researchers were looking for ways to speed up the process. The cases mentioned by the experts were in the 6 areas of form; Economic, social-cultural, political- legal, managerial and infrastructure development sectors. Experts involved in this study consider development infrastructure and management factors to be the most important factors. Updated and committed managers can help to provide the development infrastructure for fast moving as possible to this type of business. In order to classify the data obtained from the interview, the software for analyzing the qualitative data (Nvivo 10 version) was used.

Sports teams are of special economic importance to cities and countries because of the production and supply of private goods and provision of benefits offered by the characteristics of public goods.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to quantify the monetary value of some of the benefits provided by the national football team as a professional sports team in Iran. These values, which include consumption and non-consumption values, are estimated using the conditional valuation method (CVM). The present research is a descriptive-analytical method, which is applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study was residents of Iran and the statistical sample size was measured by Mitchell and Carson table. Accordingly, a questionnaire was designed and by which the Iranian citizens’ willingness to pay for goods and benefits produced by the national football team was addressed and the factors affecting their willingness to pay for the national football team were identified. Spss and Excel software were also used for data analysis.

According to the research results, the Iranian citizens’ willingness to pay annually for the presence of the Iranian national football team in the Asian Cup was 18005 Tomans, 19418 Tomans for the national team to win the AFC Asian Cup, 21859 for participation in the World Cup qualifiers and 25050 Tomans for championship in the World Cup. Moreover, the average willingness to pay to buy tickets to watch matches in the stadium is 13338 Tomans and the average willingness to pay to watch them on TV is 5838 Tomans.

Iranian citizens’ willingness to pay shows that the presence of the Iranian national football team in the highest competitive levels of the country's sports has a positive effect on their desirability and well-being so that people are even willing to support their favorite team financially.

The World Cup is one of the most important international events that engages a wide range of public opinion. The countries hosting this very important sports event try to use their public diplomacy capacities, especially media diplomacy to put a favorable image of the quality of this event in the public eye of the world. Using the theoretical aspects of public diplomacy, this research has been conducted to explain the dimensions of Qatar's public diplomacy throughout the 2022 World Cup and identify and classify the factors affecting it with an emphasis on media coverage. The method of doing research was qualitative which was done in two stages. The first stage was a semi-structured interview and the second stage was the Delphi method. Research categories have been extracted in the form of 103 conceptual codes and 7 main categories. The findings show that the effective factors in Qatar's public diplomacy in the 2022 FIFA World Cup were the categories of facilities and infrastructure, economic, political, socio-cultural, managerial, media and human resources, among which media diplomacy plays a significant role in the display of soft power. Through media diplomacy, Qatar managed to narrate its capabilities in organizing and hosting a major sports event in the world. The media has been a key factor in the presentation of other categories.

The laws of the Islamic Consultative Assembly regarding sports in the country's political environment are a matter that plays a role alongside today's coherent and structured executive institutions. The purpose of this research is a qualitative analyze of the sports related laws for the time span of 1978 to 2021. This was done by analyzing the concepts and terms in the text of the laws in order to infer and reveal their hidden patterns and themes. For this purpose, coding, diagram drawing and extraction of categories were done with MAXQDA 2020 software. The statistical population of the research, was the laws and legal rulings of the parliament during the time window, and the sample was considered equal to the population, that was 76 laws and 383 legal rulings. The results of the research showed 10 main categories including organization, public sports, training sports, championship sports, professional sports, legal development of sports affairs, development of sports culture, development of facilities and infrastructure, transfer of ownership and support of sports. These categories makes the structure of the Iran's sports development model that is drawn from the perspective of the laws of the parliament. It indicates that sports has a foot step in various dimensions of governance; in other words, legislation is suitable for realizing the exalted position of sports in terms of content. Legislations toward exaltation of sport  is partially neglected due to the inconsistency and insular attitude of the governing bodies, including regulatory and executive bodies which is caused by the conflict of interests of their internal stakeholders in the field of sports.

Beach Soccer has made many advances in Asia and the rest of the world, despite the fact that many years have passed since its presence in the country's football field, due to the investment of clubs and domestic talent. However, the activists of this sport have reported many problems in this sport, especially economic problems; Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify and rank the economic challenges of beach soccer clubs in Mazandaran.

This research is applied and its method is mixed. Sampling method was targeted and available. The statistical population of the study included all university elites, sports managers, coaches, referees and athletes, managers and economic experts of Mazandaran. In the first stage, economic challenges were identified by interviewing 25 people from the statistical population. In the second and third stages, the challenges identified by the Delphi group (25 people) were examined; in these two stages, factors that had at least 60% positive response remained for the next stage. In the final stage, the ranking of the identified challenges in the previous three stages was done using the Five Likert Options Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using TAPSIS technique.

The results of the study showed that the lack of the right to broadcast television and the lack of interest due to the lack of coaching fees in remote villages and towns is the least effective economic challenge among the internal components in the economic challenges of the coastal football clubs of Mazandaran.

According to the findings of the research, the provider of the television rights, the proposed strategies for the privatization of the clubs, the proposed strategy to facilitate the sponsorship of the clubs and ... strategic planning.

The purpose of this study was to develop a strategic plan for recreational-sports camps in the country of education, which in terms of practical results and in terms of nature, strategic studies (strategic planning) and was done by descriptive-analytical method and method Quantitative and qualitative measures were used as strategic studies to analyze research data. The data collection tool was a SWOT analysis questionnaire. In this study, 30 experts related to the subject were identified and determined by purposive sampling, and finally 22 questionnaires that could be cited were used in the analysis. To develop strategies, the comprehensive strategy framework of "Fred.R.David" was used. In addition to descriptive indicators, internal and external evaluation matrices, SWOT analysis and quantitative strategic planning matrix were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that the recreational-sports camps of the country's education in the current situation have 14 strengths and suffer from 13 weaknesses and also face 12 opportunities and 17 threats. Also, the recreational-sports camps of the country's education are in a competitive advantage, and therefore a total of 4 offensive strategies, 5 competitive strategies, 4 conservative strategies and 4 defensive strategies to turn weaknesses into strengths and threats into opportunities with The purpose of improving the quantity and quality of recreational-sports camps in the country was presented and prioritized. Student camps should be structurally in the best condition, as many students benefit from a variety of facilities each year.

Identifying the economic components of Iran's sports outsourcing report.

The method of mixed exploratory research; and the method of data collection was field using semi-structured interviews with experts. The participants of the interview were all experts related to sports outsourcing in the country. The theoretical sampling method was purposeful. In the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared according to the results obtained from the qualitative stage. The validity of the questionnaire was reviewed and approved by 10 professors. Cronbach's alpha reliability was reported as 0.926 in opportunities and 0.948 in challenges. Analyzes were done using structural data equation method by PLS Smart version.3 software.

The economic components of outsourcing in the opportunities sector include income generation, the country's economic growth and national capital production, creating the principle of competitiveness, reducing costs, improving financial performance, expanding the variety of services and products, and in the challenges sector, it includes the government's desire to maintain income-generating areas and Outsourcing of sectors that are not very economical, oil-dependent economy in the Iranian government, non-assignment of tax and customs exemptions to the private sector were respectively identified as the most important economic components affecting outsourcing.

The results showed that the identified economic components have an effect on Iran's sports, so focusing on the identified components and developing a comprehensive and coherent plan for outsourcing will lead to economic progress in Iran's sports industry.

Identifying key effective trends and propels and recognizing the right pattern can have an impact on the future of equestrian sport and the horse industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design a suitable model in equestrian sport. For this purpose, a qualitative two-phase exploratory design (n = 26) was performed by snowball sampling and quantitative phase (n = 395) using simple random sampling. The research population included knowledgeable people in the field of horse and horse riding. A five-point Likert scale was used to collect the data. SmartPLS software was used to analyze the data. Factor analysis results showed that in managerial and economic propulsion , the most important components explaining the path pattern in equestrian sport. Therefore, according to the results of the present study, preparing a suitable profile of effective trends in the form of the mentioned initiatives and also coordination between organizations such as the Ministry of Youth Sports, the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture and the Equestrian Federation can be considered a bright future in the field of horse industry and equestrianism.

The purpose of this research was to identify the individual factors influencing the formation of the personal brand of the players of the Premier League of Basketball. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and is one of the exploratory and analytical researches in terms of its nature. The method of conducting this research is qualitative and based on the data-based strategy with Glazer's approach. Data collection was done in the field using background study and interviews with experts. The statistical population was made up of all experts related to personal branding of professional basketball athletes in Iran, including sports management experts, referees, professional athletes and basketball coaches, researchers in the field of personal branding, and media people.Non-random, purposeful and accessible sampling method was used for sampling, which lasted until theoretical saturation was reached. Theoretical saturation is achieved when the new data from the interview does not provide new theoretical insight for the researcher; 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted with elite people, and from the 14th interview onwards, the information received did not provide new theoretical insight for the researcher; But the interviews continued until the 17th interview to ensure theoretical saturation.

Global crises have made the development of the national economy a major problem. One way to achieve economic development is to improve the commercialization mechanisms of academic research. Given the importance and position of universities, scientific centers, and academic research in meeting the needs of society and moving towards the production of capital from the knowledge produced in these centers, it is necessary to introduce mechanisms appropriate to the structural, environmental, and human conditions of these centers to commercialize academic research. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a roadmap for the commercialization of scientific research in the field of sports. The present study was applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical method, and qualitative in terms of the nature of the data. The research population of the study included faculty members of physical education faculties, university entrepreneurs in the field of sports, university inventors in the field of sports, experts of the National Elite Foundation, and graduate students. The sampling method in this study was purposeful and available. In the first stage, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 people from the statistical population and after theoretical saturation, the interviews were stopped and in the Delphi stage, 11 people were selected as the research sample. Due to the fact that the goal of the researchers was to design a process model, the Delphi political technique (three stages) was used. Based on the findings of this study, the process model of commercialization of academic research in the field of sports included 20 steps. Analysis of commercialization models in the world shows that environmental, structural and human conditions play important roles in commercialization. Therefore, it is necessary that the proposed model be a native model and suitable for the environmental conditions of Iran to be used in the strict sense of the word at the level of research and scientific centers. Therefore, the model presented in this research is compatible with the environmental and indigenous conditions of Iran and can be used as a basis for the commercialization of research in research and academic centers.

The purpose of this study is to identify and explain the development solutions for entrepreneurial opportunities in sports at macro, middle, and micro levels. The research method is exploratory-sequential with an applied-developmental objective, which involved semi-structured interviews to reach theoretical saturation and consensus in the qualitative section: 40 40 academic experts, entrepreneurs and managers of sports organizations through purposive theoretical sampling. In the quantitative section, 164 sports entrepreneurs and postgraduate students in sports management were selected through random sampling. The research tools were semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale to determine the variables and fit the model. Data analysis was performed using partial least squares with Smart PLS (3) statistical software. The mentioned model was identified at three macro levels: with 5 variables (economic, cultural, social, political, and legal), middle level with 8 variables (locational and regional, business environment, competitive, media, educational, support, management, and technological infrastructure), and micro level with 3 variables (individual, interpersonal, and behavioral-psychological). The relationships between these structures and the mentioned variables were found to be positive and significant (T ≥ 2.58) with a strong fit of the research model (GOF = 0.616). The emergence of any new phenomenon in society and the changes it can create in economic, social, and cultural structures require attention and investigation because without proper planning society may not be able to benefit from its advantages. Therefore, entrepreneurial opportunities and development strategies for those opportunities require planning and attention from those responsible for sports and entrepreneurship.

Due to the curiosity of new tourists to understand the new concepts and positive benefits and their impact on the tourists' life quality, the researcher decided to study the role of sports tourism in spirituality.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The research tool was Shafi'a and Sabbaghpour Azarian’s (2016) modified questionnaire through which information was received online from virtual networks. The statistical population of the study was all active and inactive sports tourists and the statistical sample included 365 people. The questionnaire had acceptable face and content validity and acceptable reliability (0.89). Statistical analysis of the data of this research was done at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistical methods were used in classifying and summarizing data and compiling graphs and tables, and for inferential analysis of data, structural equation modeling was performed using AMOS and SPSS software.

The results show that sports tourism has a significant effect on all dimensions of spirituality, including reaching meaning (0.85), achieving excellence (0.1), and mutual understanding (1.05). This study intends to reduce the purely "economic" view of tourism and pay more attention to other dimensions such as spirituality, which is a human experience for communication that is born of reason and thinking.

In this regard, suggestions for the development of sports tourism concerning it were presented to the dimensions of spirituality.

Originality/value: 

The article is the result of a post-doctoral research work in which suggestions were presented for the development of sports tourism with regard to the dimensions of spirituality.

 The purpose of this research work was to design a professional development model for physical education teachers based on self-improvement with a qualitative approach.

 The research method was qualitative. The data analysis was done by the thematic analysis method. Interviews were used to collect the data. The validity and reliability of the research work was confirmed through the criteria of validity, transferability, reliability, and verifiability. A total of 15 interviews were conducted with experts and specialists, and continued until the research reached theoretical saturation and sufficiency, and then the obtained data was analyzed by open, central, and selective coding method.

 Based on the findings, 81 basic themes were organized in the form of 20 themes, and 7 comprehensive themes were framed. The overarching themes included individual professionalism, professional behavior, professional knowledge, constructive interactions, professionalization, organizational functions, and individual functions.

 For the purpose of professional development of physical education teachers, strategies such as structured communication and professionalization measures should be used to create a suitable environment for self-actualization and professionalism of physical education teachers.

investigating the impact of the technology environment on marketing development in the Iran Pro Wrestling League. The research community included 16 people from officials, wrestlers, wrestling team managers, coaches and sponsors. The sampling method was purposeful and accessible. The data collection tools were semi-structured interviews and review of research literature. A set of codes and concepts were collected through open coding and important categories were obtained. In the axial coding stage, relationships were established between the categories obtained in the open coding stage and these categories were determined in 6 titles and in the form of a paradigmatic pattern. In the next stage, 85 concepts were obtained through open coding, which created 56 subcategories by categorizing these codes. In the axial coding stage, 16 main categories were classified. The results showed that in causal conditions, costs paid by fans using technology, website security and comparing the cost and benefit of technology in sports marketing; in the axial category of technology in sports marketing; in contextual conditions, desirability of income from wrestling through technology, desirability of income through marketing and profit from technology; in interfering conditions unfamiliarity of organizers and managers with the digital space caused them to have less inclination towards technology. In strategies, creating a virtual space, creativity and entrepreneurship in marketing development, organizing online predictions, using modern technology in the sports hall and internet advertising and in consequences positively behaving fans play a role. Based on the findings, wrestling officials need to use various technologies in the field of wrestling marketing.

The aim of this study was to identify the entrepreneurial challenges with sport and recreational approach in Lorestan Province, Iran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory and mixed in terms of nature and method. In this research, two types of Delphi community were used to identify the challenges of sport entrepreneurship and the community to explore and categorize the final factors. In the Delphi group, 15 individuals were selected, using purposive snowball sampling and in the quantitative section based on Cochran sample size formula and simple cluster-random sampling method with proportional allocation, 328 individuals were selected as the sample of the study. After reviewing the literature related to the research and semi-structured interviews, the entrepreneurial challenges with sport and recreational approach were identified by the Delphi method in two rounds; finally, these challenges were categorized in the target population by distributing the questionnaire. The findings indicated that the challenges of sport entrepreneurship in Lorestan Province consisted of 10 factors and 107 items. These factors included educational factors (26 items), management factors (12 items), infrastructure factors (9 items), non-meritocratic factors (5 items), legal factors (7 items), economic factors (9 items), governmental factors (5 items), political factors (4 items), cultural factors (5 items), and media factors (2 items). The factors were listed in order of priority.