مرجان سالاری

Mining and extraction of mineral resources, in addition to being a global industry, it also plays an important role in the economy and destiny of any country. Due to the fact that mining operations are carried out in remote and environmentally sensitive or less developed areas, we cannot ignore the important point that it causes many problems such as surface water and ground water pollution and aquatic mortality. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, in addition to creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In the case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, so creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. Green mining is a modern type of mining model whose main goal is to extract resources optimally and in sufficient quantity, reduce environmental impacts, create balance and optimize the benefits of investment and society based on sustainable development indicators introduced by the United Nations (SDG). Mining is one of the oldest human activities that has been responsible for the economic, cultural and technical development of societies and countries throughout history. The goal of the indicators introduced by the United Nations is to achieve sustainable development in mining and to take into account all aspects that are effective in the lives of the residents around the mines, including economic, social and environmental aspects. In this descriptive-library research, the compatibility between mining activity and SDGs and the relationship between mining and the surrounding environment are investigated and discussed. First, the dimensions of development are defined and finally, sustainable development indicators are examined.Mining and extraction of mineral resources, in addition to being a global industry, it also plays an important role in the economy and destiny of any country. Due to the fact that mining operations are carried out in remote and environmentally sensitive or less developed areas, we cannot ignore the important point that it causes many problems such as surface water and ground water pollution and aquatic mortality. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, in addition to creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In the case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, so creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. Green mining is a modern type of mining model whose main goal is to extract resources optimally and in sufficient quantity, reduce environmental impacts, create balance and optimize the benefits of investment and society based on sustainable development indicators introduced by the United Nations (SDG). Mining is one of the oldest human activities that has been responsible for the economic, cultural and technical development of societies and countries throughout history. The goal of the indicators introduced by the United Nations is to achieve sustainable development in mining and to take into account all aspects that are effective in the lives of the residents around the mines, including economic, social and environmental aspects. In this descriptive-library research, the compatibility between mining activity and SDGs and the relationship between mining and the surrounding environment are investigated and discussed. First, the dimensions of development are defined and finally, sustainable development indicators are examined.Mining and extraction of mineral resources, in addition to being a global industry, it also plays an important role in the economy and destiny of any country. Due to the fact that mining operations are carried out in remote and environmentally sensitive or less developed areas, we cannot ignore the important point that it causes many problems such as surface water and ground water pollution and aquatic mortality. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, in addition to creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In the case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, so creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. Green mining is a modern type of mining model whose main goal is to extract resources optimally and in sufficient quantity, reduce environmental impacts, create balance and optimize the benefits of investment and society based on sustainable development indicators introduced by the United Nations (SDG). Mining is one of the oldest human activities that has been responsible for the economic, cultural and technical development of societies and countries throughout history. The goal of the indicators introduced by the United Nations is to achieve sustainable development in mining and to take into account all aspects that are effective in the lives of the residents around the mines, including economic, social and environmental aspects. In this descriptive-library research, the compatibility between mining activity and SDGs and the relationship between mining and the surrounding environment are investigated and discussed. First, the dimensions of development are defined and finally, sustainable development indicators are examined.Mining and extraction of mineral resources, in addition to being a global industry, it also plays an important role in the economy and destiny of any country. Due to the fact that mining operations are carried out in remote and environmentally sensitive or less developed areas, we cannot ignore the important point that it causes many problems such as surface water and ground water pollution and aquatic mortality. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, in addition to creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In the case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, so creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. Green mining is a modern type of mining model whose main goal is to extract resources optimally and in sufficient quantity, reduce environmental impacts, create balance and optimize the benefits of investment and society based on sustainable development indicators introduced by the United Nations (SDG). Mining is one of the oldest human activities that has been responsible for the economic, cultural and technical development of societies and countries throughout history. The goal of the indicators introduced by the United Nations is to achieve sustainable development in mining and to take into account all aspects that are effective in the lives of the residents around the mines, including economic, social and environmental aspects. In this descriptive-library research, the compatibility between mining activity and SDGs and the relationship between mining and the surrounding environment are investigated and discussed. First, the dimensions of development are defined and finally, sustainable development indicators are examined.

The study aimed at investigating the groundwater quality for drinking, agricultural and industrial uses by Wilcox and Schuller diagrams using Chemistry Software, Langelier Saturation Index (Is) and evaluating hazards caused by physical-chemical compounds using the health hazard parameters such as chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) in EPA formulas in some parts of the Shiraz Plain, Central Fars Province. First, the data of 10 quality parameters affecting above-mentioned uses, including EC, Ca2+, K+, PH, SO42-, Cl-, Na+, TH, Mg2+ and TDS were collected corresponding to the study area’s 22 wells and their normal distribution was ensured. Regarding Wilcox and Schuller quality indices, the groundwater is classified as average for agricultural uses and as acceptable for drinking use. According to the Langelier Saturation Index, the existing water resources were reported corrosive to scale forming. During the sampling period, the average HQ index values for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO32-, SO42- were 0.005, 0.011, 0.002, 0.11, 1.765, 0.111, 0.207, respectively. Thus, the programs such as water resources management and announcement of banned situation for the plain should be applied to improve the water quality over time.This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The studied area is a part of the Shiraz plain with an area of 278 hectares, where the wells supplying the city's water are located. There are 22 active drinking water wells in this area, which are mostly located in the urban context. In this study, the parameters of sodium, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, hardness, total dissolved solids and pH were investigated as parameters of resource quality indicators listed in the guidelines book of the World Health Organization. These parameters can affect the taste, smell, and appearance and generally acceptability of water.

During the sampling period, the average HQ index values for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO32-, SO42- were 0.005, 0.011, 0.002, 0.11, 1.765, 0.111, 0.207, respectively. To investigate the spatial variations of groundwater quality in respect of drinking, agricultural and industrial water uses, various studies have been done across Iran based on the Schuller and the Wilcox diagrams and the Langelier Saturation Index. The results of the present study were in good agreement with the studies carried out by Jafari and Bakhshandehro (2014) in Isfahan Province, Rostamzadeh et al. (2015) in the Hastijan Plain, Mohammadyari and Basiri (2017) in the arid areas of Mehran and Dehloran, and Rafi Sharif et al. (2017) in the Yazd-Ardakan Plain. Therefore, considering the low quality of the groundwater, especially in the around wells, it is suggested that, in addition to prohibition of drilling new wells, the amount of water discharge from the aquifers is managed. Regarding the reduction of surface water input to the region in the recent years and the increase of pressure on the plain’s aquifer, the farming type must be changed based on detailed studies and the salt resistant crops needing less water should be developed. To manage the water resources, the qualitative and quantitative maps of the region’s water should be prepared and analyzed using the modern and precise geo-statistical methods once every couple of years. The capability of increasing the efficiency of water use in agriculture was not fully implemented. It is recommended to carry out applied and basic studies for producing aridity-tolerant and salt resistant crops and inventing irrigation methods and technics compatible with the region’s current conditions. It must be cared that the application of new irrigation technologies is consistent with the climatic and agricultural conditions. The data of this study showed that one of the issues of the available water resources in Shiraz plain was the high amount of their salt and soluble materials indicating the significant impact of the geological formations (evaporates, shales, carbonates) and the salt domes on the groundwater resources and reduction of their quality. Thus, the ongoing programs such as announcement of banned plains must be continued to improve the water quality over time.

The results of the study indicated that the water resources of the study area were within the range of waters with completely hard origin. Generally, the increase of salts and soluble materials in water results in the reduction of groundwater quality. The chemical quality type of the aquifer’s water samples was of bicarbonate and sulfate type and their facies was calcic.According to the Schuller diagram, 11 wells of the region (37%) classified as good and acceptable in respect of drinking and were potable. Only two wells (7%) classified in the average group and the remaining 16 wells (55%) were in inappropriate, completely inappropriate and non-potable groups. Considering agriculture, the Wilcox diagram showed that 24% of the Plain’s wells classified as good to permissible and 14% were in the permissible to doubtful group (farming salt resistant crops).Meanwhile, most of the region’s wells (62%) classified as unsuitable for agriculture. Considering the Langelier Saturation Index, 76% of the aquifer’s wells were in the scale-forming category and the remaining ones were in the corrosive category in the industrial respect. Although, the government has made some efforts to constrain groundwater level drop in the context of various projects, but they were not sufficient. Most of the works carried out in the banned plains, were physical, structural and supply management actions, while it might be addressed by the demand management. Since the available water resources are limited and the final cost of water discharge increases, it is necessary to encourage the users to allocate water to the plans with the maximum efficiency per one unit of water. Analysis of the all-over cost of the user’s plans is critical for their comparison and prioritization. Considering the above discussions, some recommendations are given in the following sections to reduce excessive discharge of groundwater.

Study on the groundwater quality of Bardsir using the CCME-WQI quality indexDocument Type: Research Paper Marjan Salari1*, Faezeh Ghaffari21* Assistant Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology2 Undergraduate student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of TechnologyCorresponding author's email: salari.marjan@gmail.comAbstractThe water quality index is a crucial part of the water resource management system, and it is the Richter scale used to evaluate the water quality and categorize various water consumptions. In this study, we employed the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water (CCME) to evaluate the groundwater quality of Bardsir for drinking and agricultural purposes following the standards of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Samples were taken from 20 wells for two water years (2017-19). This research aims to study the qualitative parameters EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and pH. The groundwater samples are categorized into 5 categories (from perfect to undrinkable). The results show that the WQI average is estimated at 6/027 following WHO standards and 2/261 following FAO standards in 2017-18; in addition, the CCME average is estimated at 79/186 following FAO standards, and 64/429 following BIS standards. These results also exhibit that the WQI is 6/905 following WHO standards and 3/130 following FAO standards in 2018-19; the CCME average is 81/966 following FAO standards and 64/297 following BIS standards. The overall results show that the quality of the groundwater in all the sampling wells is categorized as perfect considering WQI and based on FAO and WHO standards; considering the CCME and based on BIS, and FAO, the groundwater quality of most wells were categorized as perfect, and only a few were categorized as undrinkable. This will be discussed thoroughly in the conclusion.IntroductionWater is one of the most vital substances on earth and the lives of all living creatures such as humans, animals, and plants depend on it. Water is known as a universal solvent because of its capacity for solubility. Water is a common substance that exists in solid, liquid, and gas forms. The most significant water resources on earth are groundwaters (wells, springs, and aqueducts), meteoric waters (rain and snow), and surface waters (rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans); some are in the form of atmospheric water vapor, and others are in the solid form found in natural glaciers. Groundwaters are used for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes in the world. Various elements exist in groundwaters in different measures which can be beneficial or harmful; therefore, the quality of these resources should be studied and categorized. The quality of groundwaters depends on various factors like precipitation, aquifer power supply resources, water table surface, and geochemical processes. The World Health Organization reported that approximately 80 percent of diseases originate from polluted water. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the quality of groundwaters and preventing any kind of pollution is vital. The quality of groundwaters is evaluated through their physical, chemical, and biological traits. The water quality index is a beneficial agent in demonstrating the water quality through significant parameters CCME, and WQI which are among the most practical tools for the evaluation and management of groundwaters. WQI and CCME were employed to study the quality of groundwaters in Bardsir. Parameters EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and pH were studied following WHO -FAO -BIS standards.Methodology Bardsir is a city with a pleasant climate, located in Kerman province, southeast of Iran. There is a 65 kilometers distance from Bardsir to Kerman. The climate is temperate and alpine, which means sad the summers of Bardsir are breezy and winters are cold and snowy. It is 2044 meters above sea level. This city has four central sections called Negar, Lale-zar, and Gol-zar. The population of Bardsir is estimated at 81,983 according to the 2016 census. Selection of sampling areasThe data on the quality of groundwater used in this research was gathered from several wells during two statistical years (2017-19) by Bardsir's regional water authority (presented in table 1). A few parameters were employed for the statistical analysis of the area and they are EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and pH (the measurements are presented in tables 2 and 3). Determining the qualitative parameters is the most important factor in assessing WQI. The effects of these parameters on water pollution depend on the standards presented by international and regional organizations. • WQI IndexThe water quality index for drinking or irrigation purposes expresses the overall water quality through a single number at a specific time and place based on different water quality parameters (Yogendra & Puttaiah, 2008).• CCME IndexIn the current research, the method provided by the Canadian Ministry of Environment under the title of CCME was used to determine the condition of the underground water quality of Bardsir city; In this method, for water quality rating, the following three parameters should be determined first (Al-Hamdani et al., 2021):1- Territory (A1) : This parameter indicates the number of variables that are not within the scope of water quality standards.2- Frequency (A2): This parameter represents the percentage of unit tests that do not fall within the range of standards (unsuccessful tests).3-Frequency (A3): It shows the number of rejected tests that do not fall within the scope of the standards.ConclusionIn this research, the quality of groundwater in Bardsir was evaluated based on WQI following WHO standards for parameters (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH), and following FAO standards for parameters (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH); additionally, based on CCME following FAO standards for parameters (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH), and following BIS for parameters (EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH). The results show that the water quality of all wells is categorized as perfect based on WQI and following WHO, and FAO standards; and based on CCME and following BIS and FAO standards, the water quality of the majority of wells is perfect and only a few are categorized as undrinkable.keywords: "Groundwater Quality", "Bardsir Plain", "Water Quality", "WQI Index", "CCME Index".

Water quality is a matter of utmost importance as it determines its suitability for particular purposes. As rivers are the lifelines everywhere، especially in an environments having information regarding the quality of their water is extremely useful for the water users. As a river’s water quality varies with the seasons of the year and the geological formations through which it flows، establishing a trend as to where and when to expect certain changes in the quality of a river’s flow gains importance. It is fortune that the newly developed technologies facilitate achieving these objectives. Therefore، we used the GIS and the Rockware software and the data collected during the 2000-2004 period at 2 hydrometry stations on the Maroon River to better classify the water quality spatially and temporally. The Chemical analyses consisted of pH، EC، TDS، CL، SO4، Ca، Mg، and NaCo3. It was revealed that the water quality deteriorated from the rainy season towards the dry season. Furthermore، as the river advanced from the mountainous area towards the low-laying plains the quality diminished، too. Most of the water samples were low in Cl and So4 conceal rations according to the Schoeller’s diagram; therefore suitable for drinking. According to the Wilcox’s classification، the water at the Aydnak station was in the C3S1 class and at the Dehnavi station was in the C2S1 class، both suitable for irrigation purpose.

Rivers are discussed as sources of water supply for various uses. Thus، monitoring the quality of these resources due to the recent drought and urban and rural development is one of the important tasks in the field of environmental management. Karoon River has very importance in preparing drinking water، maintaining the industrial survival of Khuzestan province and agricultural water supply. Thus، management and control of water quality this resource has particular significance. In the present study، the Karoon water quality has been evaluated by available NSF water quality index. Subsequently، the nine present NSF parameters’ weights have been changed and modified using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method as well as experts’ opinions in the field in a way to satisfy local conditions. In the newly developed WQI، more weights are given to relation with these parameters it can be said that the factors like dissolved oxygen (Do)، fecal coliform (F. c) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) when compared with NSF-WQI. The method used in this study is deserving for its merits. Because it provides managers with the capability that can have the better and more accurate judgments about the final weights of the parameters. Using the present method، one can consider all purposes and objectives defined in water quality projects by taking into account experts’ opinions regarding the essential costs and economical، social and technical remarks. In this respect، the sensitivity of analyses can be changed and modified in relation to the spatial features. In other words، applying AHP method، confines the NSF utilization to a specific water quality project with the particular conditions.

Waste is a permanent part of human life. Urban development، increasing use of irresolvable materials and many other achievements of machine life have com to raise one of the main concerns of urban environmental management، that is waste disposal. Waste management in different qualities and quantities is the most important environmental problem. The aim of the current study was to determine the Shiraz environmental landfill waste by using hierarchical analysis، fuzzy logic and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques using Expert Choice software. At First، important factors in site selection for solid waste were identified. Then، nineteen layers were digitized and weighted on the basis of the existing standards. The Last ratio that has to be calculated is CR (Consistency Ratio). Generally، if CR is less than 0. 1، the judgments are consistent، so the derived weights can be used. In this study، using data such as the legal limits of the city، distance from roads، land airport، land use، land capability، artifact effects (rural، urban facilities and equipment، mining، …)، fault، the physical development of the city، surface water، wind direction، population density، soil type، Hypsometric (height floor)، slope، vegetation coverage، land types، geology،by different models and maps based on fuzzy logic were used to combine these data. After georefrencing the data and models with satellite images a region with 272 hectares in the north of shiraz (19 km away) with capacity of receiving waste more than 1000 ton per day for 15 yeare، was selected as waste disposal site.

Landfill site selection is an important action in integrated solid waste management process. Different criteria should be considered in site selection. Therefore using special methods are necessary to evaluate the criteria. The object of the current study was to determine and select suitable sites for solid waste landfill in Shiraz city regarding the observation of environmental matters by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques done using software Expert Choice. In this study, at first for sanitary landfill site selection, 19 effective criteria including: Geological Situation, Soil, Slope, land use, distance from urban centers, rural and industrial towns, hydrographic network, Groundwater, the dominant wind direction, rain, road access, etc., were identified and prepared. In the next step on the basis of the sanitary landfill site selection regulations, each of the layers was graded such that Low graded layers showed non coordination or less coordination and high grade layers showed more coordination. The graded maps were merged with considering obtained weights in the Analytical Hierarchy Process and the final map was extracted. On the basis of this map, 2.6 percent of the region area had perfect appropriate conditions, 22.9 percent was appropriate, 33.5 percent was average, 27.9 percent was inappropriate and 13.1 percent was totally inappropriate for landfill. In general, four sites with an area over 272 hectares (which is estimated to be used for 15 years) were determined appropriate for landfill by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and field visits for solid waste landfill in Shiraz and after comparison and evaluation of the criteria among the four sites, finally, the most appropriate site which was near Shiraz-Beyzae main road around Bereke village was determined and suggested in this Study.