فهرست مطالب مرجان نصیری اصل

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that are capable of self-renewal and differentiate into a variety of cell types. Indeed, stem cells are able to differentiate into functional specialized cells e.g. myocardiocyte, neurocyte, osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, etc. Among stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered by researchers on account of having differentiation ability into variety of cells with no risk of tumorogenicity and immune system stimulation. The aim of this article is reviewing of stem cell types, their sources, MSCs, their features and characteristics, their potential in regenerative medicine and their clinical application in medicine. Information have been gathered in the present review study in 2017, by referring to the following databases; PubMed, Science Direct, Ovid Databases, Scopus, Wiley and Springer. MSCs have an ability to differentiate into various cells e.g. osteoblast, adipocyte, myocardiocyte, chondrocyte, myoblast, neurocyte, neuroglia cells, myocyte, endothelial cells, isle cells, etc. Also, it seems that MSCs have been preferred in regenerative medicine because of having immunomodulatory properties and ability of secretion of various cytokines and growth factors. Development of human knowledge in the field of producing, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, bring the hope of using these cells in treatment of neural lesion e.g. spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer, parkinsonism, etc.

Production of anti-Toxoplasma drug with high efficacy and low side effect is one of the main priorities in toxoplasmosis researches. Herbal extracts has considered as a candidate for this purpose.
This study was performed in order to determine lethal effect of Artemisia absinthium L., Carum copticum L. and Gossypium hirsutum extracts on Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro free cell line.
Tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain were treated with concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml of Artemisia absinthium L., Carum copticum L., and Gossypium hirsutum extracts within 10, 30, and 45 min. Afterward, the tachyzoites were stained with alkaline methylene blue. Mortality rates of tachyzoites treated with extracts were determined. The results were analyzed with one way ANOVA and Post Hoc Test by SPSS software. P The overall, 100% of tachyzoites were killed at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml of Artemisia absinthium L. and 200 mg/ml of Carum copticum L. after 10, 30, and 45 min treatment. The lowest mortality rates at concentration of 10 mg/ml were 19.6±8.4, 4.30±2.26, and 4.63±2.1 for Artemisia absinthium L., Carum copticum L., and Gossypium hirsutum, respectively. The highest and lowest mortality rate of tachyzoites by Gossypium hirsutumin extract was 13.3 ±7.1. The mortality of tachyzoites were confirmed by bioassay in mice.
Anti-Toxoplasma activities of Artemisia absinthium L. and Carum copticum L. were significantly higher than Gossypium hirsutum. Further studies in order to clarify effectors are recommended.

Objective (s): Human development is about the realization of human potentials. The aim of this study was to understand the relation of human development index and its subsets on maternal mortality. This was a descriptive analysis of information derived from Human Development database and the World Health Organization data from 1990 to 2010 for 135 countries. The average maternal mortality rate in 1990، 1995، 2000، 2005، and 2010 for the Asia، Europe، Africa، America and the Pacific were 202، 23، 637، 134 and 12 (in 100000live births)، respectively. The highest human development index was reported for Oceania with the value of 0. 882 and the lowest reported for Africa with the value of 0. 430. From 1990 to 2008 the average maternal mortality rate has fallen 2. 1 percent annually. Correlation between maternal mortality and the human development index were -0. 879. The maternal mortality rates were correlated with life expectancy، per capita income and education -0. 886، -0. 515 and - 0. 827. (P value <0. 01) There was also a significant relationship between livings in different continents and maternal mortality (P value <0. 05). Human development index is one of the best indicators and predictor for understanding health in different countries. Improving these indicators might improve maternal health.

Several drug delivery systems were developed during the 1980s and 1990s to improve the efficiency of drugs and minimize toxic side effects. Nanoparticles have the ability to deliver a wide range of drugs to varying areas of the body for sustained periods of time. The aim of study was to preparation and optimization of chitosan nanoparticles carrier systems of Anti-Alzheimer tacrine drug and estimation of particle size by Chemometrics. This was an experimental study conducted at Chemistry school of Imam Khomeini International University (Qazvin، Iran) in 2011-2012. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by spontaneous emulsification method. In order to optimize the method of chitosan nanoparticles preparation، Design of Experiment (DOE) was employed using Box–Behnken response surface methodology. Also، chitosan nanoparticles containing tacrine were prepared using the optimal synthesis method provided by the experimental design. Forty two different chitosan nanoparticles samples with different particle size were analyzed by DRIFT spectrometry and the obtained data were processed by PLS. Nano-sized particles and their morphological state were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). In accordance with Box–Behnken experimental design، optimum amount of NaCl as an electrolyte (0. 52 %)، Span 80 as a surfactant (10 %) and Glutaraldehyde Saturated Toluene)GST (as a chemical cross-linking agent (4. 86 mL) were used for the synthesis method. The designed nanoparticles have average particle size from 33. 64 to 74. 87 nm. Yield percentage and drug loading percentage of chitosan nanoparticles that were synthesized according to the optimum method were 90 % and 13. 4 ± 0. 51 %، respectively. The estimated sizes of chitosan nanoparticles give promise to a robust and reliable calibration that confirms correlation coefficient)R2 (and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0. 98 and 3. 59. Based on findings of the present study، Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles as delivery systems for the anti-Alzheimer drug tacrine with minimum particle size and spherical morphology was the goals of this study. Also، the findings suggest that the analysis of nano particle samples by DRIFT and data processing by PLS-NAS would provide a novel method for average nano particle size estimation. PLS-NAS model established is characterized by high linearity، precision and speed of analysis.

Integration has been accepted as an important educational strategy in order to decrease unnecessary repetitions of the contents in traditional educational systems. The purpose of this study was to study student’s opinion about the quality of Pharmacology integrated with Physiopathology. This cross-sectional survey was conducted with 36 medical students taking part. A questionnaire containing 18 questions with the Likert scale was used. Data was analyzed with SPSS software. 69.5 percent of pharmacology students expressed satisfaction with the integration program, and 77.8 percent of other students that the program should not be changed However 38.9 percent of all students have been noted repetition pharmacology content and 55.6 percent confliction between this content with drug treatment in other clinical courses. Overall 80.5 percent of them agreed to continue the project at the University. The survey shows that students learn from the pharmacology of the Integration are satisfied, but in order to prevent inconsistencies between the time courses presented in the pathophysiology of efforts should be made.

Rutin (3, 3, 4, 5, 7-pentahydrohyflavone-3-rhamnoglucoside) is a nutrient, classified as a bioflavonoid. This study was carried out to determine the potential protective effect of rutin on acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury. For ccl4, adult male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n=7/group). Group 1 was treated by 1 mg/kg ccl4, twice a week. Group 2 received olive oil. Experimental groups (groups 3-5) received rutin at the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg respectively (i.p.) once a day plus ccl4. For the acetaminophen study, another 5 groups (n=7/group) were assessed. Group 1 treated by 300 mg/kg acetaminophen, twice a week. Group 2 received saline. Experimental groups (groups 3-5) received rutin at the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg respectively (i.p.) once a day plus acetaminophen. After 8 weeks, liver functions were assessed by serum biochemistry of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Liver sections were stained with H&E for histopathological assessment. Serum levels of ALT and AST were reduced significantly after 8 weeks treatment by rutin at the doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg (p<0.05). Reduction was more prominent at the dose of 20 mg/kg. Histopathological assessment was shown a reduction in liver damage at the doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg of rutin for acetaminophen and 20 mg/kg for ccl4. Results suggest a potential hepatoprotective activity for rutin. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties, which has been shown by previous studies, may account for most of the protective effect of rutin.

Passion flower has shown antianxeity and sedative effects in human. In this study, anticonvulsant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of passiflora were studied. Anticonvulsant effects of Pasipay were examined by using pentylenetetrazole model (PTZ) on mice. In this research pasipay, diazepam, and normal saline were injected i.p. at doses (0.05-0.4 mg/kg), (0.5-1 mg/kg), (10 ml/kg) respectively and after 30 minutes, PTZ (90 mg/kg, i.p) was injected to these mice. For investigating the mechanism of pasipay, flumazenil (2 mg/kg, i.p) and naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p) were also injected 5 minutes before pasipay. An ED50 value of pasipay was 0.2 mg/kg (%95 CL: 0.119, 0.408). In this model, pasipay at the dose of 0.4 mg/kg prolonged the onset time of seizure and decreased the duration of seizures compared to control (p<0.001). In this dose the seizure and mortality protection was 100%. Flumazenil and naloxone could suppress anticonvulsant effects of pasipay. It seems that pasipay may be useful for treatment of absence seizure and these effects may be related to the effect of it on GABAergic and opioid systems.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.) belongs to family of Leguminosae. A number of components have been isolated from licorice, including triterpene saponins, flavonoids, isoflavonoides, chalcones and various other substances. Glycyrrhizic acid is the main biologically active component of it. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview ofexperimental investigations focused on the antivirus effects of Glycyrrhiza and its active component, glycyrrhizin. A computerized search of published articles was performed using the electronic database such as MEDLINE from 1980 to 2005. Glycyrrhiza exerts antiviral activity toward a number of viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, varicella zoster, HIV, herpes simplex type-1, SARS, cytomegalo virus. Now glycyrrhizic acid has been used for the treatment of the patients with chronic active hepatitis and about the mechanism of glycyrrhizin’s activity against other viruses, it seems that glycyrrhizin inhibits replication, affects cellular signaling pathways, upregulate expression of inducible nitrous oxide synthase and production of nitrous oxide in macrophages. Thus, it seems that future clinical research is needed to define the possible use of licorice and it active component, glycyrrhizic acid as effective antivirus agents for treatment other viral infections.

The previous pathological data has revealed that Salvia leriifolia root extracts have a neuroprotective activity against cerebral ischemia, thus the effect of the root extracts on lipid peroxidation was evaluated using experimental global ischemic-reperfusion in the hippocampus of rats. Cerebral ischemia was induced by four-vessel-occlusion (4VO) for 20 min. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg), phenytoin, as positive control, (50 mg/kg) and normal saline (10 ml/kg) were administered intraperitoneally 15 min after the induction of ischemia. The malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. The MDA level was higher in the saline group than the sham group. The MDA levels were recovered significantly upon phenytoin and the extracts therapy in the hippocampus of ischemic rats. These results suggest that S. leriifolia root extracts may show a protective effect against lipid peroxidation in cerebral ischemia.

The anticonvulsant, hypnotic and muscle relaxant effects of carbenoxolone were studied in mice. In pentylenetetrazole test ED50 values of diazepam and carbenoxolone were 1.13 mg/kg (95% CL: 0.89-1.44) and 283.3 mg/kg (95% CL: 144.27-556.29), respectively. In this test, carbenoxolone in doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg prolonged the onset time of seizure and decreased the duration of seizures. Carbenoxolone induced a protective activity against seizure in comparison with diazepam (0.1, 0.5 mg/kg), but not a complete protection against mortality. Anticonvulsant efficacy of carbenoxolone was similar as diazepam at a doses of 0-5 mg/kg. In maximal electroshock test, carbenoxolone in a dose of 400 mg/kg decreased the duration of seizure and produced protection against seizure but failed to protect against mortality in comparison with diazepam (0.25, 0.5, 3 mg/kg). In the potentiation of pentobarbitone sleep test, carbenoxolone signifiantly increased sleeping time and decreased latency dose dependently in of 100, 200, 300 mg/kg in mice. In traction test carbenoxolone (400 mg/kg) showed muscle relaxant activity (60%) and in accelerod performance carbenoxolone in doses of 300, 200 mg/kg showed a decline in motor function. It can be concluded that carbenoxolone posses anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and hypnotic effects which may be have an efficacy in petitmal and grandmal seizures.

The effect of Perovskia abrotanoides aqueous and ethanolic aerial extracts against acute inflammation was studied by xylene induced era edema. The activity of the extracts against chronic inflammation was assessed by cotton pellet test in rats. Antinociceptive effect of the extracts was also evaluated by formaline test in mice. Doses of 0.125-1 g of both extracts in groups of six-mice and eight rats were studied. Both extracts showed significant acute anti-inflammatory effect, but did not show activity against chronic inflammation. Antinociceptive effect of both extracts was observed in early phase and late phase of paw licking and this effect in the aqueous extract was significant. It is concluded that both extracts have acute anti-inflammatory effect and have not activity against chronic inflammation. The antinociceptive effect of the extracts may be mediated by both neurogenic and inflammatory mechanisms.