مرضیه ابراهیمی

The study of ethnic differences in childbearing preferences and behaviors has attracted demographers and policy makers, due to its impact on future social and demographic compositions and trends. The aim of this article is to explore ethnic differences in childbearing ideals and behaviors in Iran using data from the National Family Survey (2018). The sample size includes 1302 married women aged 15 to 44, living in urban areas of the country. The results showed that childbearing ideals and behaviors vary significantly among different ethnic groups. Baloch women have the highest number of children ever born, ideal family size, and desire to have (another) child, while Gilak/Mazandarani women have the lowest. Multivariate analysis showed a significant effect of ethnicity on childbearing ideals and behaviors. However, socioeconomic and demographic variables slightly reduced the role of ethnicity, supporting the ethnic/cultural hypothesis. When controlling for other variables, Gilak/Mazandarani women exhibit fewer childbearing preferences and behaviors compared to Persian women. Conversely, Kurdish, Arab, and particularly Baluch women have more childbearing preferences and behaviors. Therefore, ethnicity plays a crucial role in fertility preferences and behaviors. Consequently, it is essential to consider ethnic diversity in population policies and programs when addressing fertility.

The intertwining of structural and agency factors provides a platform for violent actions of students in school. This research was carried out with the aim of identifying the causes of violence and the strategies to deal with it in school using qualitative and ground theory methods in the academic year of 2022-2023. The sample of this research was 36 male students with violent behaviors and aware of these behaviors in the second secondary level of Karaj city. Sampling was purposeful and with maximum variety, and interviews were conducted individually and based on semi-structured interview format, and data analysis was done through MAXQDA 20 software. Based on the findings of the research, the categories of "living in traumatic neighborhoods" and "cultural heterogeneity" were determined as Contextual conditions, "relationship with violent friends" and "individual conditions" as intervening conditions. The strategy of teenagers with violent behavior includes violence against violence, refraining from violent action and purposeful creation, which have been faced with consequences such as "financial loss", "regret" and "bad background". The central category of the research is named as "violence as a person's reaction to disturbing environmental conditions". Based on the results of this research, in addition to individual characteristics, adolescent violence is rooted in family, economic, social, cultural and environmental factors, and when students are placed in different, due to the low level of social resilience, violent acts of They show themselves.

Metformin is used in the treatment of infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance. Metformin affects the release of GnRh and LH hormones by regulating the reproductive axis (Tosca et al. 2011). It has been shown that patients with polycystic ovaries who ovulate under metformin treatment have an improvement in ovarian artery blood flow and better dominant follicle and corpus luteum angiogenesis (Palumba et al. 2006). Egg laying in chickens is stopped at the end of production for several reasons. External and internal stimuli affect the hormonal levels of the hen's body, which causes changes in the conditions governing the laying organs (ovaries and oviducts), and these changes cause a decrease or stop of egg production. The purpose of using metformin in the diet of laying hens is to reduce the fat around the ovary, so that it can exert its positive effects (Toska et al. 2011). Chen et al. (2011) in Hy-Line laying Leghorn hens that received 30 or 100 mg/kg body weight of metformin significantly reduced egg laying rate, plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and insulin levels, body weight, abdominal fat, and liver fat content (Chen et al., 2011). In order to reduce fat reserves and improve egg laying at the end of production, this study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of metformin on production performance, external and internal quality traits of eggs in laying hens at the end of the production period (choosing the last weeks of production was due to reduced production and accumulation of abdominal fat)

The number of 64 laying hens of Leghorn breed HyLine-W36 at the 73 weeks of age were used in this experiment. The hens were allocated to 4 treatments (levels of 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight of Metformin) and four replicates with four birds in each replicate in a completely random design during 8 weeks of the experiment. In order to adapt to experimental diet and conditions, one week adaptation period was also done. Egg production performance including hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, were recorder daily and feed intake of birds were measured and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. At the beginning and end of the experiment, egg quality traits (egg length, egg diameter, shell weight, egg index, haugh unit, egg shell thickness, egg density, albumin weight, albumin pH, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk weight, yolk pH, and yolk color) were evaluated and reported.

The results of the experiment indicated that the production performance parameters including egg production, egg mass, egg weight, percentage of soft shell eggs, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, final weight of hens and weight gain of hens were not affected by treatments. Hens in the control group had the lowest percentage of cracked eggs (P<0.05). Egg length, egg width, shell weight, egg index, haugh unit, wide end shell thickness, middle shell thickness and egg density were not differed between treatments at the beginning and end of the experiment. The highest thickness of the thin end shell, both at the end of the experiment, was related to hens receiving metformin drug at 100 mg/kg body weight (P<0.05). Albumin height, albumin weight, albumin pH, yolk height, yolk width, yolk weight, yolk pH, and yolk color were not affected by experimental treatments at the end of the experiment. In general, the use of metformin drug in this experiment, could not have a positive effect on the performance and quality characteristics of eggs.

Skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn is one of the most important standards of care in the first hour of birth. It is necessary to empower midwives during childbirth to promote skin-to-skin contact. The study aimed to investigate the impact of an evidence-based educational program on improving skin-to-skin contact guidelines for mothers and babies during the first hour after birth.

The study's evidence was obtained by combining the results of qualitative research and a systematic review, and an expert panel was held using the Delphi technique. Based on Kern's model, the intervention was designed by combining the results and evidence from the main study. The semi-experimental study, with pre-and post-design, was conducted on 74 midwives in the delivery rooms of two hospitals in Urmia. All the midwives in the delivery room participated in the study. The participants in the study completed the researcher-made questionnaire in three stages. Repeated measurement tests and the Bonferroni coefficient were used for data analysis using SPSS software version 17.0.

The mean age of the participants in this study was 32.6 years. The majority of midwives (95.5%) had bachelor's degrees. The results showed an increase in the mean score of knowledge among midwives (p < 0.001), an increase in the mean score of attitude (p = 0.006), and an increase in the mean score of performance (p < 0.001).

According to the results an evidence-based educational intervention based on Kern's model can significantly increase midwives' knowledge, attitude, and performance in the delivery room in establishing skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn.

During the last stages of incubation, avian mortality commonly happens due to the lack of enough nutrients and amino acids (Fardoost et al. 2019). However, in ovo injection or in ovo feeding is considered a new technique for improving growth of chickens (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Most studies indicated improving effect of in ovo feeding of nutrients (especially amino acids) on small intestine growth and histology as well as higher absorptive capacity of digestive system (Ebrahimi et al. 2017, 2018a,b; Elwan et al. 2019; Fardoost et al. 2019). Previous studies indicated an improving effect of excess feeding of arginine on growth performance, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and intestinal histology of broilers (Ebrahimi et al. 2013, 2014, 2016b). However, there are few records regarding the impact of in ovo injection of arginine on intestine histology of chickens. Accordingly, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of different levels of arginine on carcass traits, blood metabolites, and small intestine histology of broiler chickens.

For this reason, 300 fertile broiler breeder eggs were divided into three treatment groups: 1- 0.5% L-arginine in ovo injection group (100 eggs), 2- 1% L-arginine in ovo injection group (100 eggs), 3- control group included distilled water injected (sham-control subgroup, 50 eggs) and non-injected (control subgroup, 50 eggs). Eggs were then set into the incubator for the first 18 days with the temperature of 37.8°C and six rotations per day. At d 14 of incubation, eggs were injected into the amniotic fluid (Ebrahimi et al. 2017) as follows: 1- in ovo injection of 5 mg L-arginine/ ml distilled water, 2- in ovo injection of 10 mg of L-arginine/ml distilled water, 3- control group included sham-control (in ovo injection of 1 ml distilled water) and control (received no injection). For in ovo injection, solution pH was set at 7.0. At d 18 of incubation, eggs were moved into hatchery boxes. After hatching, chicks were reared for 24 days. During the experiment, chicks received standard commercial diets based on Ross recommendations as starter (0-10 days) and grower (11-24 days), (Table 1). At d 24, blood samples of three chickens per each replicate were collected, centrifuged (3000 rpm for 20 minutes), and serum was separated to evaluate cholesterol, glucose, triglyceride, uric acid, and total protein by the Enzymatic Colorimetric method (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Then, all birds were weighed, slaughtered, some carcass traits (scalped carcass, eviscerated carcass, breast, thigh, gizzard, proventriculus, pancreas liver without gall bladder, heart, duodenum , jejunum, and ileum were weighed, and their relative weight to chicken body weight were calculated. Also, length of duodenum , jejunum, and ileum was evaluated and their samples were stored in 10% formalin for fixation to evaluate histological parameters (crypt depth, villus height, villus thickness, mucosal thickness, and crypt diameter) using Hematoxylin - Eosin staining method (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Then, villus height to crypt depth ratios were calculated. Afterwards, data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design by the Proc GLM of SAS software (Ver 9.2). Also, Tukey-Kramer test was used for comparing treatments and results presented as least square means ± standard error.

Based on the results, in ovo injection of different levels of L-arginine did not affect hatchability, day-old chick weight, chick weight to egg weight ratio, 24-day-old chicken weight, feed conversion ratio, relative weight of all carcass traits, cholesterol, glucose, total protein and blood urea nitrogen (P> 0.05), (Table 2). However, serum triglyceride was significantly affected by experimental treatments (P <0.01) and the highest amount was observed in 0.5% L-arginine in ovo injection group (Table 2). In a similar study, Gao et al. (2017) indicated that L- arginine in ovo injection increased weight gain of broiler chickens. Furthermore, Abdolalizadeh Alvanegh et al. (2017) reported the improving effect of in ovo injection of different ratios of L- arginine to L- lysine on chick weight and their carcass traits. Also, they reported higher serum total protein level, while lower blood urea nitrogen of broiler chicks with in ovo injection of different ratios of L- arginine to L- lysine (Abdolalizadeh Alvanegh et al., 2017).Present results indicated no significant effect of in ovo injection of L-arginine on most weight and length parameters of small intestine length (P>0.05); however, relative weight of jejunum was significantly affected by in ovo injection of L-arginine (P<0.05) and the highest amount was observed in 0.5% L-arginine in ovo injection group (Table 3). Present results indicated no significant effect of in ovo injection of L-arginine on duodenal crypt diameter; jejunal villus height, crypt depth and diameter, and mucosal thickness; and ileum villus height, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and mucosal thickness (P>0.05), (Table 3). However, significant effect of in ovo injection of L-arginine was observed on duodenal villus height, villus thickness, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and mucosal thickness; jejunal villus thickness and villus height/crypt depth ratio; and ilium villus thickness and crypt diameter (P<0.05), (Table 3). Also, the highest amount in most histological parameters was observed in 1% arginine treatment (Table 3). In a similar study, it was reported that in ovo injection of L- methionine had a positive impact on small intestine length and weight with improvement in villus height, crypt diameter, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio of duodenum and jejunum (Fardoost et al. 2019). Also, in ovo injections of L- lysine improved histological parameters of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Ebrahimi et al. (2018b) with in ovo injection of different DL- methionine to L- lysine ratios reported higher small intestinal weight and length along with higher Villus height and Villus height to crypt depth ratio.

Based on the overall results of the study, injection of 0.5% arginine showed a positive effect on the growth and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens.

In this research, we present a model of the physician-patient relationship in contemporary Iran by analyzing extant models of the physician-patient relationship.Research data was collected through interviews with physicians, patients, medical students, and healthcare professionals. We also conducted a document analysis of laws, development plans, and legislation of the health sector after the Iranian revolution of 1979. The document analysis allowed us to examine the lawmaking process and its cultivation in modern times. To prevent potential bias, we analyzed the data based on multi-grounded theory. It was validated using the triangulation method.We reviewed the literature on physician-patient relationships in Iran. Emanuel, Emanuel, and Ozar’s theories served as the basic models for theorization. Our findings are categorized as paternalistic and commercial relationships between physicians and patients in Iran. In the context of a paternalistic relationship, we examined how medical students internalize the paternal model within the educational system. Discussed are the conduct of professors, the lack of health ethics instruction, and the academic hierarchy. These are institutionalized as a paternal physician-patient relationship. The paternal model is implemented with patients through the physician habitus, which consists of patients’ ignorance, non-communication, and an obtuse manner of speech. In addition to the paternal culture, economic factors play a significant role in the physician-patient relationship, as demonstrated by the privatization plans and tariffs examined. The nearly 40-year process of privatizing healthcare through legislation and regulation has made medicine a lucrative profession. The surge of inductive demand is a point of intersection between financial profit and moral well-being. In addition, the use of physician disagreements over tariffs as a pretext to increase salaries is another issue that calls medical ethics into question.The combination of these two cultural and economic patterns is producing a new model of the physician-patient relationship in Iran, termed the “invasive medicine model.” In this relationship, the physician assumes the role of a controlling, dominant father over the patient. The patient participates minimally in the medical procedure. Additionally, the physician is a salesperson in a competitive health market to promote health products. Patients are not only excluded from the medical process but also confronted with an intrusive healthcare market. The reason for using the term “invasive,” comparable to invasive medical procedures, is the similarity between invading the patient’s body and mind

Recently, luminescent down-shifting materials, as promising materials, have attracted much interest to improve the performance of photovoltaic systems. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to synthesize the YVO4:Eu3+ powder by combustion method and characterize their photo luminescent properties as a layer deposited on silicon solar cell. The results of the study revealed that the YVO4:Eu3+ powder with an average particle size of about 80 nm was successfully synthesized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) were used to investigate the properties of the synthesized powder, their deposition ability on the silicon solar cell, and their effects on the cell performance. The results indicated that the synthesized powder as a luminescent down-shifting material can absorb the ultraviolet light and convert it to visible light. The findings revealed that the deposition of YVO4:Eu3+ on the silicon solar cells can be considered as a promising and effective method to improve the performance of silicon solar cells in terms of power conversion efficiency and long term stability.

The World Health Organization has mentioned infertility as a public health problem that can lead to depression, anxiety, social exclusion, and sexual disorders. This biological, psychological, and social crisis creates a defective cycle that weakens fertility and causes dysfunction in sexual performance and satisfaction. But do infertile couples in Tehran also experience such quality experiences in life?

The aim of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of infertility experience and the impact of this event on the marital quality of life in couples.

The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. It tried to examine and discover the lived experience of infertile couples by entering the phenomenological world. The population of the present study consisted of all couples with infertility experience who were referred to Royan Research Institute in 1400. The sampling method was purposeful according to most qualitative schemes in order to have phenomenological information, and the researcher based the obtained data on 15 Analyzed the Colaizzi method. The validity of the findings was confirmed by the re-coding method by expert professors.

Analyzing and coding the cognitive phenomenon by Colaizzi method, identified 36 sub-categories and according to their similarity and semantic similarity, in 7 main concepts including the couple and social suffering from child-free life, intellectual and emotional issues in the treatment path, suggestion of Divorce or polygamy, lack of empathy and compatibility of those around the couple, isolation and apathy of the couple, increase in anxiety and stress of the couple, decrease in the quality of the marital relationship, decrease in the financial security of the couple are categorized.

The results showed that the phenomenon of infertility, in line with previous research, is associated with a noticeable decrease in the marital quality of life in couples in Tehran city and has created important issues, including the possibility of separation and divorce, coldness of relationships, decreased motivation, intellectual, emotional and social challenges, which are necessarily paying attention to the reduction of these cases is felt in order to increase the marital quality of life in these couples.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with the ability to differentiate into adult cells have provided a new perspective for treatment of some diseases. But, the efficiency of differentiation methods to generate hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) is faced with multiple challenges. In the present study, we investigated the formation of hemato-endothelial-like structures and HPCs from hPSCs.

To generate hemato-endothelial structures and HPCs, in first method, three-dimensional aggregations of hPSCs were co-cultured on OP9 cells. In second and third methods, embryoid bodies (EBs) were differentiated spontaneously or directly in the culture medium containing BMP4, bFGF, SCF, and VEGF. In differentiation process, cell morphology was evaluated by microscopic observation and the expression of CD34 and CD45 markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, the ability of HPCs to differentiate into various types of blood cells was evaluated using colony formation assay, Wright-Giemsa staining, and CD86 immunofluorescence staining.

Findings showed that all three methods generated cells with endothelial-like morphology and HPCs. These cells were able to proliferate, form cell clusters with different efficiency and differentiate into erythroid cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

The use of cultured cells in defined conditions without a feeder layer is preferred in cell therapy. Therefore, despite the ability of all these methods to generate HPCs, direct differentiation of EBs under defined conditions is a better option for generatingHPCs from hPSCs.

In this study, we followed the structural causes of some physicians' habits such as not looking at the patient and seeing the patient as an object, using Multi Grounded Theory. To achieve holistic perspectives, the baseline data were obtained from interviews with physicians, patients, medical students, and health professionals. Our findings show three main factors: First, the power structure in the healthcare system through two mechanisms of communication-language, namely, continuous silence and intermittent speaking in specialized language, emerged in the doctor-patient relationship and became cultural sediment and medical habit. The second factor relates to health policies, in which the workload of physicians, in practice, leaves the least possible time and energy for interaction. Eventually, the development of the logic of capital in this area was recognized as a factor that has turned medical facilities, equipment, and knowledge into a powerful and independent force against patients and the healthcare forces.

The aim of this study was to investigate and determine the marital challenges of infertile couples.

The research method of the present study is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The scope of research includes infertile men and women who have referred to the Royan Research Institute and the Office of Social Welfare and Family Counseling for advanced infertility treatment. The researcher paid by purposive sampling method and by semi-structured interviews with 15 couples and analyzed the obtained data based on the practical method of collage.

The results of the present study, by examining and classifying the descriptive codes obtained from the interview texts, identified 27 sub-categories and due to their similarity and semantic similarity, in 6 main concepts including: challenges in decision making and acceptance of treatment, challenges related to actions and Reactions of family and others include concerns about cultural and social rejection and religious concerns, concerns about the possibility of physical, mental and behavioral defects of the child, challenges affecting cohabitation and economic challenges of infertility treatment.

The extracted themes showed that infertility can affect the entire life of an infertile couple. Wider use of midwifery and psychological counseling services for infertile couples and those around them in infertility treatment centers seems to be helpful for these couples.

Making skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby immediately after birth and starting breastfeeding within the first hour of birth is the fourth step of the ten steps of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). However, this step is still not properly done in Iran. This study was designed with the aim of analyzing the factors preventing skin-to-skin contact in the first hour of life in healthy term infants.

This research is a qualitative study with a content analysis approach.Data were collected by in-depth and semi-structural interviews using open-ended questions. Sampling was done in a purpose-based manner and continued until data saturation was reached. In total, we interviewed 27 experts, managers, and personnel of maternity service providers.

A total of 824 codes were extracted from the interviews, which were compared based on content affinity and then organized into 7 themes, 19 categories, and 75 subcategories. After qualitative data analysis, the themes were compared based on the four components of Walt and Gilson's policy triangle in four categories of creators, content, background, and process and included in them. We categorized instruction challenges as part of the content barriers within the topic, deficiencies of knowledge and awareness, skills, and the nature of the platform for conducting the contact process as part of the process barriers two topics, the challenge of supervision and monitoring at all levels of the system as well as the effective environmental components in the implementation of the contact program as part of the structural obstacles two topics, and finally the topic of the effective actors including the beneficiaries and their subordinates as part of obstacles related to the actors.

Maternity ward staff face serious obstacles to skin-to-skin contact in the first hour of birth, especially in receiving continuous and sufficient training, having the necessary motivation and support from managers, and establishing modern supervision and reward system for optimal skin-to-skin contact in the first hour of birth.

 Leisure is a set of occupations that a person engages in for his or her own satisfaction (free from coercion) after being released from work, family, and social demands, either for recreation, leisure, or to develop his or her talents. During the onset of coronary heart disease, the behavioral patterns and lifestyles of young people changed in the area of leisure. For some people, intimate relationships with other family members developed during this period, while others faced many problems in their family environment due to lack of social and communication skills and faced many communication challenges. The main objective of this study is to investigate the life experiences of young people in relation to their leisure activities before and after coronavirus. the method of this research is qualitative. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 young people living in Tehran. Random sampling was used. The interviews were terminated due to theoretical saturation and the data were analyzed. The results indicate differences in leisure patterns by gender and marital status, changes in leisure, attitudes, variety, and familiarity with leisure activities, changes in leisure patterns and leisure activities of participants before and after coronary heart disease, an increase in leisure, to a relative stability in the type of leisure activity and to a change in the location of leisure, to an increase in cultural and artistic content in leisure activities, to an increase in participatory activities in domestic affairs, to an increase in motivation and awareness to provide leisure facilities at home, and to a change in the style of virtual space. Participating youth also mentioned the opportunities and challenges of their leisure activities during the Corona outbreak. The main opportunities are more time for artistic and personal activities and being with family, and the main challenges are lack of motivation and depression. The results show that before the corona outbreak, people spent their leisure time outdoors and mostly with colleagues or friends, while after the corona outbreak, they spent their leisure time indoors and with family. People’s leisure time increased dramatically during the corona outbreak, and at that time people pursued their activities within the range of their needs and interests. After the corona outbreak, one of the common activities of men and women is their presence in cyberspace and social networks, and the style of using social space has also changed. Married people are more likely to take care of health issues and leisure activities at home than single people. Women are more active in cultural activities than men. Leisure behavior according to the corona is more likely to be a family behavior, then an individual behavior, and finally a social behavior with lower frequency. Participants believe that their leisure behavior is more than ever participatory and within the family, which makes them feel good.

The present article has been written with the aim of investigating the factors affecting women's power in the family. For this purpose, the data of the National Family Survey in 2019 have been reviewed and analyzed. The statistical population in this study includes people over 15 who living in urban areas of the whole country. The research findings show that although the distribution of power and decision-making within Iranian families leans towards men, the type of attitude of women towards the issue of distribution of power also shows their acceptance of this situation. In addition, the findings of this study showed that increasing the level of education of men and women and employment of women, as well as the expansion of their relationships and information, leads to a fair distribution of power in the family. But the important point in this study, contrary to the theory of resources, which considered access to economic resources important, is that not only women's income, it does not affect their decision-making power within the family, but may work outside the family psychologically and increase other skills. Empower them or make them more aware of the right within the family, which will be effective in increasing their decision-making power within the family.

The present study is a qualitative and phenomenological research. Accordingly, in the present study, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 18 women who had a history of conviction and imprisonment. Samples are purposefully selected. All interviewees are selected from those who have served at least 3 and at most 5 years in prison. The analysis of the interviews showed that the women interviewed during their lives with various factors such as: incoherence and disintegration of the family, living in the family of the offender and criminal, cooperation with the spouses of the offender, disordered family, lack of jobs and income Lack of expertise and education, living in crime-prone areas, addiction and drug use, associating with bad people and other such factors have been faced that have provided the necessary grounds for women to commit crimes. In addition, studies have shown that abuse, drug use, family turmoil, parenting practices, childhood violence and abuse, etc. in the family can be effective in creating the context for crime in women.

The present study seeks to investigate the challenges and opportunities of virtual education from the perspective of undergraduate students of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities of Shahid Beheshti University.  In this regard, qualitative method and in-depth interview technique were used to collect data. The sample of this study were undergraduate students of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities of Shahid Beheshti University who were selected through purposive sampling. Then, according to the research findings, we concluded that the challenges of virtual education from the perspective of students fall into 5 main categories, including: technical problems, educational problems, problems related to teacher performance, problems related to student performance and problems related to activism and interaction. On the other hand, for students'e-learning opportunities, such as: eliminating travel costs, reducing the stress of presentation, saving time, freedom and going beyond the framework, the possibility of recording the class and using it at another time, avoiding The corona epidemic, the elimination of dormitory problems and the optimization of leisure time. Finally, students were asked to make suggestions based on the experiences they gained during the semester to solve the challenges of e-learning to be applied in policy-making and to experience more efficient e-learning.

Mitochondria as sperm energy supplier motors have unique properties including antioxidant non-permeability, so the ROS concentration in this organelle is 5 to 10 times more than that of the plasma membrane. Therefore, the researchers have designed an antioxidant which can cross the mitochondrial membrane and is able to inhibit ROS in this organelle to minimize the oxidative damage. Targeted antioxidant 4, 2-dinitrophenol has the ability to cross the mitochondrial membrane. The purpose of this study was to add different levels of targeted antioxidant to semen to purify mitochondria from reactive oxygen species to reduce oxidative damage and improve sperm motility and viability. In this study, 8 Ghezel rams (2 years old) were used for semen collection by artificial vagina in early spring. After initial evaluation, the samples with normal properties were pooled and after dilution process, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 nM 4, 2-dinitrophenol were added to the samples and frozen after 2 hours of cooling. After one month, samples were thawed and evaluated for motility parameters, viability, membrane health, sperm abnormality and lipid peroxidation. Results showed that addition of 0.5 nM of the antioxidant significantly increased motility parameters and decreased abnormal sperm (P <0.05). Also suplimentation of 0.5, 0.75 nM 4, 2-dinitrophenol significantly increased viability and membrane integrity and reduced the amount of lipid peroxidation (P <0.05).

Smoking can have many adverse effects on human health and nicotine as a main gradient in cigarette smoke is the best topic of related research. The goal of this study was exploring the effects of nicotine on expression of CXCR4 as a chemokine receptor and adhesion molecules on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. For this purpose after isolation of mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood (UCB) they were cultured for 24 hours in three doses of 10nM, 1μM and 100μM nicotine. Then, the expression of CXCR4, CD49d, CD11a, CD18 and CD62L on HSPCs (CD34+ cells) was determined by flow cytometry. Nicotine decreased cellular expression of CXCR4. But the expression of other factors unless CD62L were increased. It can be Concluded in in vitro condition nicotine alters expression pattern of CXCR4 and CD11a, CD18, CD49d.

Power at the micro-level is one of the determining factors of interpersonal relationships, conflict conditions as well as problem-solving techniques. As one of the most important social institutions, the family is responsible for socializing and internalizing how to deal with problems and ways of solving problems in forms of agreement, magisterial or intimidation and suppression. One of the most important factors affecting family-level problem solving is family structure changes and power relations. This paper is based on a national survey in the family domain through a quantitative method and a questionnaire among 5004 Iranian people was completed by a two-stage sampling method. We seek to provide a complete description of the power structure in the Iranian Family. According to the findings of this study, the structure of power in the Iranian family has changed in its organizational dimensions compared to the past in such a way that the distribution of power among family members has become more symmetrical and has been reduced to a level of vertical hierarchy. In contrast, the family's willingness and orientation towards civic ways in decision-making and problem-solving have increased among members.

Today, in order to interact with the new competitive environment, firms have changed their view from product-oriented or company-oriented tovalue-oriented, and in this change of perspective, In order to investigate these factors, extensive and scatteredstudies have been conducted that the analysis and deployment of them requires the integration of the findings. Therefore, the present study seeks to achieve a comprehensive model of factors affecting the motivations of value cocreation in the relationship between the business to business. Since the studies related to co-creation motivation are more than qualitative research, the meta-synthesis method was selected and due to the comprehensiveness of the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso(2007).this model was used to conduct the research stages.The process of searching and selecting appropriate and relevant articles based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Program was performed until 2020, and over 202 studies were reviewed, of which 34 studies were finally selected for analysis.The validity of the present study is theoretical validity and also Kappa Cohen test was used to measure the reliability.Findings were extracted in the form of 94 codes,18 Basic Themes and 4 Organizing Themes. The results showed that the factors affecting the motivations of co-creation are classified into:(1)Factors related to the supplier:marketing management, product development, organization, organizational culture, communication structure, resources and organizational roles. (2)Factors related to the customer: Senior managers' personality traits, learning, resources, and customer role.(3)Factors related to co-creators (participants)interactive structure, behavioral characteristics, resource structure, knowledge and value.(4) Factors related to the co-creation platform:including service systems and value propositions.

Ghezel is an Iranian medium-sized and fat-tailed sheep breed and is native in the East and West Azarbaijan provinces. Ghezel sheep plays an important role in supplying meat and milk in the region of Azerbaijan (Ghasemi-Panahi et al. 2016). Also, an important source of farmer's income is lambs production (Nabavi et al. 2015). Therefore, one of the prospects for improving the region's production is improving reproductive performance of sheep flocks. In order to suggest a proper approach to improve reproductive performance, there should be a comprehensive information from the livestock farms of these two provinces. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating reproductive performance of Ghezel ewes in a couple of sheep farms in the East and West Azarbaijan provinces.

After designing questionnaire in this study, 30 Ghezel sheep flocks were randomly selected from different regions of East and West Azarbaijan provinces (15 flocks in each province). Then, livestock farmers of the region were interviewed using questionnaire and information on reproductive performance of flocks were collected including: pregnancy rate, multiparty, lambs' birth weight, age at the first parturition, weaning age, lambs weaning weight, number of unfertile and fertile ewes, flock surface area, farmers' education, and etc. The flocks were divided into four flock sizes. The breeding systems were also studied based on the three groups of nomadic, rural, and industrial breeding systems. The results of the questionnaires were reported as percentages (for classified data) and mean ± SD (for other data). Also, correlation coefficients between important traits were calculated using Spearman’s rank-order correlation of SAS 9.2 (2008) software.

Based on the results of this experiment, 87% of the breeding systems of two provinces were rural. Other reproductive indexes of two provinces included 65% lambing rate, 79% pregnancy rate, 24% ewes' fecundity rate, 20% estrus synchronization usage, 5% flock mortality rate, 9% ewe's infertility rate, 0.1 ram to ewe ratio, and 17 months of age for ewes at the first mating. Seifi et al. (2014), with evaluating Ghezel and Afshari sheep breeds, reported low reproductive performance in these two breeds. Khodayi-Motlagh et al. (2014) reported low knowledge of farmers about the methods of estrus synchronization. However, a number of studies reported an extraordinary improvement in the reproductive performance of Ghezel ewes using different methods of estrus synchronization or using flushing rations (Najafi et al. 2014; Ghasemi-Panahi et al. 2016; Hasani Dash Tapeh et al. 2017; Ahmadzadeh et al. 2018). Therefore, it seems that improving knowledge and skill of farmers about estrus synchronization methods and/or proper rationing can improve reproductive performance of Ghezel sheep in the region. According to the correlation results, there was a negative correlation between the breeding system and the flock size (correlation coefficient: -0.6) and between the flock size and estrus synchronization usage (correlation coefficient: -0.51), (P<0.05). These results indicated that the breeding system has been changed into the nomadic system in the larger breeding flocks and there is a less interest in the use of new methods of estrus synchronization in this kind of breeding system. Also, results indicated a significantly negative correlation (correlation coefficient: -0.42) between ram to ewe ratio and lambing rate (P <0.05). So, regardless of the role of rams on flock fertility, asymmetrical increase in ram to ewe ratio causes a negative impact on lambing rate by reducing the ewe population (which are the animals whom produce lambs). The results showed a significant positive correlation (P <0.05) between lambing rate and the age of ewes at the first mating (correlation coefficient: 0.54) and also the age of ewes at the first delivery (correlation coefficient: 0.66). These positive correlations indicate poor rearing condition of young ewes and are consistent with the general believe of farmers, which they breed ewes at the second year (age 16-18 months) to obtain optimum fertility rate. Results showed a negative correlation between the age of ewes at the first mating and birth weight of lamb (correlation coefficient: -0.60), while indicating a positive correlation between the age of ewes at the first mating and age of weaned lambs (correlation coefficient was 0.49), (P <0.05). These results can be explained by higher fecundity rate in older ewes, which reduces lamb birth weight, while it increases weaning age of lambs. The negative correlation (correlation coefficient: -0.41) between weaning age of lambs and estrus synchronization use (P <0.05) can be due to the fact that lambs from the synchronized ewes born and weaned at the same time and then, reared under better nutritional and management conditions.

The overall results of the present study showed low reproductive performance in the Ghezel sheep flocks of East and West Azarbaijan provinces due to the low use of estrus synchronization methods and poor management. Therefore, it seems that by informing the farmers about the new methods of estrus synchronization, raising their level of knowledge in this field, ration training, and management of synchronized animals can improve reproductive performance and increase profitability in the region.

Youth policy making and management is always complex and difficult. Young people are considered as human capital of a community. Given the rapid changes in society, the need for research and recognition of their present status are of great importance. Cohabitation is one of the issues that have recently been seen among young people, and due to the cultural and social contradictions of this style of life with the conditions of Iranian society, the causation and study of the subject were defined as a research. This research was conducted using grounded theory and in-depth interviews with ten young people in the city. The findings showed that the circumstances of the young people's tendency toward cohabitation (white marriage) include changing their attitudes toward marriage and family values, the primacy of sexual maturity on social maturity and concern of the future and the most important areas of cohabitation tendency include family backgrounds, unsuccessful experiences with the opposite sex and the weakness of religious beliefs, media and membership in friendships experienced in marriage. Interfering conditions for young people's tendency toward cohabitation (white marriage) has been identified and justifies the strategy of young people versus choosing this lifestyle: the blame for family and community and the ineffectiveness of knowing formal and informal norms. Most contributors to the study reduce the implications of the tendency to marry, losing marriage opportunities, reducing social capital and exposure to Physical and spiritual illnesses.

Previous studies have indicated the positive impact of dietary supplementation of arginine on meat quality and growth, though there is no report regarding the effect of in ovo injection of arginine on meat quality. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of different levels of L-arginine on hatchability, growth performance, and meat quality of Ross 308 broiler chickens. In this research, 300 fertile eggs were used in a completely randomized design with three experimental treatments (levels of 0.5 and 1% of L- arginine and total control). Experimental groups included: 1) in ovo injection of 0.5% L-arginine, 2- in ovo injection of 1% L-arginine, 3) total control group {collected control 1 (injection of distilled water) and control 2 (no injection)}, which were injected on d 14 of incubation. After hatching, broiler chicks of arginine treatments and total control group were divided each into four equal groups and placed randomly into four cages (replicates of the experiment). The rearing period continued from hatching to d 24. In order to investigate the quality of meat, on day 24, three chicks from each replicate (12 chicks per each treatment) were weighed, slaughtered and their breast muscles were used for meat quality evaluation. Based on the results, in ovo injection of different levels of L- arginine did not significantly affect 1, 10 and 24 day-old birds’ weight, daily weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and relative weight of scalped carcass and breast muscle (P >0.05). Although, meat pH, meat fat and Ash content, and meat color indexes (a*, b*, L*, H) were not affected by L- arginine in ovo injection treatments (P>0.05), meat water loss, ΔD, and C indexes were significantly affected by experimental treatments (P˂0.05). Based on the overall results of this study, in ovo injection with different levels of L- arginine could not have a significantly noticeable effect on growth performance, meat production and/or meat quality of 24 day- old broiler chickens.