مرضیه صالحی

Using natural colors in the food and pharmaceutical industries is very important. Natural colorants obtained from animals, plants and microorganisms are a promising alternative to artificial food colors because synthetic colors have a negative effect on human health in the long term. Phycocyanin is used as a natural blue and water-soluble colorant instead of artificial blue food dyes, which, in addition to coloring food, have potential useful properties as antioxidants and anticancer agents and have received scientific and industrial attention. Phycocyanin is extracted from microalgae such as spirulina and has a health-giving role against various conditions such as cancer, anemia, inflammation, diabetes, obesity and neurological disorders. It has also gained popularity due to its various applications in various food and pharmaceutical industries. This research has discussed an overview of the biotechnological production of phycocyanin edible blue colorant from spirulina microalgae, microbial culture, extraction, purification, stability methods, and its applications.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers on the morphological and physiological characteristics of peppermint plant (Mentha piperita L.). For this purpose, a research was carried out in 1402 in the research greenhouse of Yazd University in the form of a completely randomized design with 4 repetitions of execution and the effect of different amounts of chicken and pigeon manure with concentrations of (10, 20 and 30 grams in solution in 1.5 liters of water in a pot, containing 5 kg of soil) and control were investigated on peppermint plants. The comparison results of the average traits of the highest plant height (36 cm), the number of stolons (7), fresh and dry weight of aerial parts (25 and 6 grams), root weight (55 grams), root volume (52 ml) in the treatment of 30 grams of fertilizer Pigeon gave the highest number of leaves (300) and stolon length (70 cm) in the treatment of 30 grams of chicken manure, and the number of branches (53) and dry weight of roots (14 grams) in the treatments of 20 and 10 grams of chicken manure, respectively. Also, the highest amount of chlorophyll a (24 mg/g), total chlorophyll (30 mg/g) and carotenoid (11 mg/g) in the treatment of 20 grams of pigeon manure and the highest amount of chlorophyll b (8 mg/g) and proline (160 μg/g) and antioxidant (95 mg/g) were obtained in the treatment of 30 grams of pigeon manure and 10 grams of chicken manure, respectively.

One of the most important types of redundancy structures is weighted k-out-of-n system (which briefly denoted as weighted k/n system)‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎a weighted k/n system‎ ‎with dependent components is considered and it is assumed that the components of the system are selected from p, p≥3, ‎batches‎. ‎The components in the batches are different in terms of their weights and reliability‎ ‎functions‎. ‎It is supposed that the selection of components from p-1 batches is based on a random‎ ‎vector with dimension p-1‎, ‎and the remaining components are chosen from the last batch‎. ‎The structure of dependency of components is also determined using a copula function‎. ‎Under these circumstances‎, ‎a mixture representation is given for the reliability function of the system based on the reliability functions of weighted k/n systems with a fixed number of the components in the batches‎. ‎Some stochastic orderings are presented‎, ‎under some conditions‎, ‎for comparing two different weighted k/n systems with randomized components‎. ‎The results are illustrated using some examples and graphs‎.

Brain drain is one of the challenges facing many countries that are facing with that many countries and from it get memory to as a traumatic event in countries.Therefore, the assessment of the causes of brain drain is necessary and inevitable. One of the issues that can affect the flow of elites from developing countries is the high technology export development. Because the demand for specialized and educated labor increases with increasing exports of high-tech products and prevents from the exit of the scientific elite. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of high technology export development on brain drain from the selected countries of the MENA region to the United States during the period 2000-2016 using the generalized-moments method (GMM). The results of the study showed that there is a negative and significant effect between high technology export development index and brain drain in selected countries of the MENA region. Also, there is a positive and significant relation between indicators of welfare gap and the actual wage gap and brain drain in selected countries of the MENA region. Unemployment rate of graduates has also a positive and meaningless effect on brain drain.
JEL Classification: F22, F40, O31, C33.

According to the theory of endogenous economic growth, human capital is considered as the most important factor in economic growth. For this reason, many models have tried to identify the factors influencing on human capital and the impact of these factors explains.
In the meantime, some economists believe the abundance of natural resources has been exacerbated rent-seeking behaviors in the economy and through this causes the disorder in resource allocation, increasing social and economic inequality and reducing human capital in countries has abundant natural resources. Including of these deviations can be mentioned to weak management of governments in using these resources to expand the human capital market. According to the important role management of natural resource abundance (Interaction of abundance natural resources and governance institutional index) in human capital market, The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the interaction of abundance natural resources and governance institutional index on human capital in OPEC member countries during the period from 1996 to 2016 using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Overall, the results of this study show that abundance of natural resources from the channel improve institutional governance index has positive and significant impact on human capital in OPEC member countries. In fact, the results shown that promotion and progress in each dimension of the institutional index of governance leads to positive changes through the abundance of natural resources on the improvement of human capital in the studied countries. In addition, research findings show GDP per capita and life expectancy has positive and significant impact on human capital in OPEC member countries. Also results show that income inequality has negative and pointless impact on human capital in the studied countries.

The role of entrepreneurship as an important economic phenomenon is obvious. Since each community is involved in the production of wealth as well as development of technology, and productive employment, special attention should be paid to entrepreneurship. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the status of entrepreneurship among students of healthcare management in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.
This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014. The population included all healthcare management MSc and BSc students in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (n = 80). Furthermore, the required data were gathered by using a standard questionnaire; the validity and reliability of which have already proven. Data were then analyzed by descriptive statistical methods in SPSS 16.
Among dimensions of entrepreneurship, the highest average belonged to the internal control with the mean score of 3.93 ± 0.59, while dimension of risk sharing had the lowest average by mean score of 3.20 ± 0.61. According to Pearson correlation coefficient a significant correlation was observed between dimensions of risk sharing and independence (p = 0.001) and also between the dimensions of achievement (p = 0.001) and internal control (p = 0.003).
Since students have good rates of determination, their spirits can be nourished with creativity, achievement motivation, risk taking, and independence through entrepreneurship education, especially behavioral education. It is obvious that the purpose of entrepreneurship educations can be noted as transferring knowledge and building skills in students. Finally, this training should create an entrepreneurial attitude in them.

Many models have tried to identify the factors influencing on brain drain and the impact of these factors explains. In this among some of economists believe abundance of natural resources been exacerbated rent-seeking behaviors in economics, disruption in the allocation of resources, increasing social and economic inequality, weakness of government management of the use of these resources to develop human capital demand cause exacerbate the brain drain in countries with abundant natural resources.While management improvement abundance of natural resources of channel governance is raised as the a factor attraction that can reduction exit many of the elite of countries aforementioned. According to the important role management improvement abundance of natural resources of channel governance on brain drain, leading research-findings using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is paid to check impact of management improvement abundance of natural resources of channel governance on brain drain from the selected oil exporting and developed countries to United States during the period 1996-2014. The results suggest that management improvement abundance of natural resources of channel governance has significant negative relationship on brain drain in both oil and developed countries being studied choice. Also findings of the econometric study, has Approved significant negative relationship welfare gap index and real wage gap with brain drain in both groups of countries studied. Human capital variables has positive and significant relationship in developed countries and positive relationship and meaningless in selected oil exporting on brain drain

Since it is not possible to accurately predict the time of earthquake, knowledge and preparedness of hospitals in relation to earthquake and strategies of facing earthquake are of a particular importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of earthquake preparedness in hospitals affiliated to Yazd University of Medical Sciences.
This was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study performed in four hospitals affiliated to Yazd University of Medical Sciences in 2015. A checklist including123 questions evaluating the safety of hospitals in facing earthquake in eight dimensions were used Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation and through SPSS16 statistical software package.
The hospitals’ preparedness against earthquake disaster was 58.87%. The highest rate of preparedness was found for dimension of disaster management plans and the lowest rate of preparedness was related to the dimension of hospital training plans (89.08% vs. 25%). The highest correlation was between the number of hospital beds and the dimension of safety of hospital equipments (r=.987) and the lowest correlation was between the number of hospital beds and the training plans (r=.271).
Generally, hospitals preparedness against earthquake was at a moderate level and since the lowest level of preparedness against earthquake was in the dimension of educational planning, implementation of training courses should be considered as a priority.

The impact of increased public health spending on economic-social performance of society and especially the importance and its role in providing and ensuring sustainable development in developing and developed countries, has been interest of economists and politicians since past to present. For this purpose, many patterns attempted to identify the factors affecting growth of per capita public health spending and to explain their impact. Due to the vital role of per capita public health spending on economic development, current study using the generalized method of moments (GMM) has paid to investigate improving the management of oil wealth abundance on public health spending in the selected oil and developed countries during the period 1996-2012. The evidences indicate that efficient, intelligent and prospective management of oil resources have important role in increasing per capita public health spending in both groups studied selected oil and developed countries. This represents a serious move for selected oil countries to improve the management of abundance of oil wealth. Furthermore study findings show that per capita GDP growth and consumer price index have a positive and significant impact on growth of public health spending in oil and developed countries. Also results show that income inequality has a negative and significant impact on growth of per capita public health spending in both groups of countries.

In the past decade, remote sensing has been widely used to identify surface changes of different vegetation and their classification. Increasing the level of Canebrake of the Zarivar Lake and its risks for aquatic organisms living in the lake has become one of the most important issues in recent years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify surface changes of this Canebrake in the past three decades using Landsat TM and ETM. For this purpose, bands 3, 4, and 5 of images were geo-referenced. RMSE were less than one pixel for all bands. The supervised classification method with a maximum likelihood algorithm was also applied to detect the changes of water area on the combined images (bands 5, 4, and 3) of months with full water in the lake. NDVI index was utilized to identify the surface changes of Canebrake on the images taken in the months with low water in the lake. The results show that the rise and fall of water area and surrounding canebrake has a direct correlation with a rainfall and increase in both levels maybe occur at the same time. Study on the coastal strip of water area with GPS and combined images showed that the coastal line had not a significant change in the past three decades.

Organizational citizenship behavior is defined as a voluntary behavior which goes beyond the prescribed job duties. Authors believe that any improvement of employee's organizational citizenship behavior affects individual and organizational performance indicators, positively. This study was aimed to investigate the nurse's organizational citizenship behavior at three teaching hospitals of Yazd city.
This descriptive and applied study was done through cross-sectional method during 2015 at 3 educational hospitals of Yazd city. A total of 171 nurses contributed in the study. We used stratified-random method for sampling. Required data was gathered by Podsakoff (1990) organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire. Data analysis was done through SPSS19 and by using descriptive statistics and ANOVA with the significance level of 95%.
Based on the findings of the study the mean scores of contributed nurse's organizational citizenship behavior at studied hospitals were 3.09±0.47¡ 2.90±0.42 and 3.06±0.46 which showed no statistical difference (P value = 0.060).
Our findings showed that the organizational citizenship behavior of the contributed nurses is in moderate situation. Therefore, implementation of suitable strategies and actions is required in order to strengthen this kind of behavior.

Objective and Breast cancer is considered as a heterogeneous disease, characterized by different biological and phenotypic features which make its diagnosis and treatment challenging. Here we sought to investigate the expression levels of key components of Hedgehog signaling pathway and correlation between the signal transducer Smo and some clinicopathological features such as lymph node metastasis and metastasis stage in invasive breast carcinoma. Also, the inverse correlation between the expression levels of Smo and Claudin-1 (an important gene involved in cell tight junctions) was studied.
In this case-control study, among 36 pairs of specimens, tumor tissues and their adjacent normal ones from patients with Invasive ductal breast carcinoma, the expression levels of Key components of Hedgehog signaling (Smo, Gli1 and Ptch), Claudin-1, E-cadherin, and MMP2 were measured by Q-RT-PCR. Also, the correlation of Smo expression with some clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed.
We found up-regulation of Hedgehog signaling in invasive breast carcinoma samples compared to normal adjacent tissues. Moreover, upregulation of the signal transducer Smo was correlated with tumor stages and lymph node metastasis of breast tumor. Interestingly, this correlation was affected by the expression of Her2. There is also a significant correlation between the expression levels of the signal transducer Smo and Claudin-1 (A gene involved in tight junctions), E-cadherin (Epithelial cell marker), and MMP2 (metastasis-related gene) in tumor samples with advanced stages of metastasis.
Taken together, our study revealed a new layer of molecular complexity which should be considered in the management of patients with invasive breast carcinoma. The results suggest a key role for Hedgehog signaling in invasive breast carcinoma. Also, regarding the inverse correlation between expression levels of Claudin-1 and Hedgehog signaling, it seems that Claudin-1 could serve as a diagnostic biomarker; however, its clinical significance remains to be further clarified.

Machine translation has been developed over last years. But this technology is still not able to exactly translate texts. Also post-editing the output may takes longer time than the translation process. So having a quality estimation of machine translation output can be very useful. Moreover, Confidence Estimation can be useful for some applications that their goal is to improve machine translation quality such as system combination, regenerating and pruning. But there is not yet any completely satisfactory method for CE task. We propose 5 syntactic and lexico-semantic features that are never used for confidence estimation task. The experimental results show that proposed lexico-semantic feature outperforms the best baseline system (2) by 9.63% in CER, 8.5% in F-measure and 5.1% in negative class F-measure. Moreover the combination of proposed syntactic features outperforms the best baseline system by 4.49% in CER, 4.1% in F-measure and 2% in negative class F-measure.

For the improvement of both rubber-silica interaction and as result rubber properties such as abrasion, high dispersible Silica and modified S- SBR have been applied. In this research, the green tire tread properties based on the latest generation of S-SBR were investigated.

Determining the consumption patterns and presenting a model for that, apart from finding the amount of inputs and subsequently the energy consumption, provides the grounds for optimizing it, which would be dealt with in this study.The results revealed that total energy input and yield of garlic was 36616.78 MJ ha−1 and 14636.53 kg ha−1, respectively. Different functions between output and input energyies were fitted using regression analysis and curve estimation. Using Cobb-Douglas production function and with consider to statistical significance and expected signs of parameters the relationship between inputs and output energy was detemined. The results of econometric model estimation revealed that the regression coefficients of human labor, farmyard manure and seed energies were all statistically significant at 1% level. Durbin–Watson values were calculated as 2.138 indicating that there is no autocorrelation at the 1% significance level in the estimated model. The R2 value for this model was as 0.99.

Asthma is one of the most common disorders of respiratory system. Exercises are the main part of pulmonary rehabilitation program. This study designed to investigate the effects of selected rebound therapy and aerobic training program in men with Asthma. Twenty six asthmatic male participants among all patients referred to Alzahra respiratory clinic in Isfahan، Iran، were selected randomly and divided to two Rebound therapy and Aerobic groups. All subjects were aged between 20 to 40 years. Exercise capacity (VO2max) was measured using a modified Bruce test، endothelin level was tested in blood sample by Elisa method، and quality of life was recorded by standard Asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ). After signing a formal contest، subjects started their special training under the supervision of an exercise specialist for 8 weeks، two sessions a week. Data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Alpha was set at 0. 05. The within-group changes and change of slope were prominently significant for all variables in rebound therapy (P < 0. 05). Although، Two groups did not differ in aerobic capacity and plasma endothelin level (P = 0/8 and P = 0/06)، But there was significantly difference in quality of life (P = 0/01). It seems that the rebound therapy exercise could be used as an useful complementary method to reduce some problems in patients with asthma.

Reversion of sulfur crosslinking continues to be a problem for compounders in tire industries.Extensive researches have been done to evaluate main reasons of reversion and the ways to protect against it. One of the methods for improving reversion phenomenon is to apply anti-reversion agents in compounds Formula.Using such kinds of materials is recommended with respect to application of an article. In the present study, a compound similar to a part of tire was chosen, and the role of an anti-reversion agent on it's physicalmechanical, thermal and dynamical properties was investigated. The results show that anti-reversion agent prevents the reduction of the properties of compound in over-cure state, while in optimal curing of rubber compound the properties were deteriorated.

TPO gene variations are one of the causes of thyroid autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the T1936C, T2229C and A2257C SNPs) single nucleotide polymorphisms (of the TPO gene and Anti-TPO level. In this case-control study, 188 individuals (86 males and 102 females), aged 20-80 years, were randomly selected from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study population (TLGS). A2257C and T2229C SNPs were detected with RFLP by use of BsrI and Eco57I as restrictive enzymes respectively, while the T1936C SNP was determined with ARMS-PCR. In the presence of the C allele of T1936C, Anti-TPO level was significantly increased (CC: 238±43.3, CT: 47.7±15.9, TT: 74.1±11.3 IU/L; p 0.002); however, it disappeared after adjustment for sex and age (p 0.059). No significant difference, before and after adjustment, was found in Anti-TPO level in the presence of T2229C SNP (CC: 129.1±24.5, CT: 43.5±12.6, TT: 126.5±13.8 IU/L; p 0.196). The association of A2257C with Anti-TPO level was only significant after adjustment for sex and age (p 0.007),and between the ATC, CTT haplotypes and Anti-TPO level, the association was significant (p 0.023, 0.021); however, the association it was dominant between CTT and anti-TPO concentration was significant only after adjustment for sex (p 0.014). The result of this study, showed age and sex as potential confounders which could modify the association between TPO polymorphisms and Anti-TPO level in a Tehranian population.

Poisoning with carbamazepine is the third most common reason for status epilepticus seizure in the poisoning ward of Nour Hospital (Isfahan, Iran). No survey has been performed on the frequency of seizure among patients poisoned with carbamazepine. The relationship of such toxicity and other effective variables and treatment outcome have not been studied either. This study aimed to identify factors affecting seizure due to carbamazepine toxicity in order to help physicians make the correct decisions. In a retrospective study, information of every patient with carbamazepine toxicity who had been admitted in Nour Hospital was collected by census sampling method. Patients were then divided into two groups of with and without seizures. The two groups were compared using independent-t and Fisher's exact tests in SPSS15. During 1 year, 114 cases were admitted and 7% of cases experienced seizures. The mean dose of drugs and pH levels were significantly different between the two groups. The frequency of patients who were discharged with a complication or died was higher in the seizure group. Using high doses of carbamazepine increases the risk for seizure among poisoned individuals. In addition, patients with seizure are at higher risk for acidosis, complications, and death.