مرضیه صفری

Today, fungicides are widely used to prevent or eradicate a variety of pathogenic fungi, but in some cases their use has destructive effects on beneficial microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi are among the beneficial microorganisms used in the production of biofertilizers. After mycorrhizal symbiosis, plant features included water and nutrient uptake as well as plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses improve. These microorganisms are also used to control soil pathogens. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of concomitant use of fungicides including benomyl, roralthias, mancozeb and Tilt on the effectiveness of R irregularis in both wheat and corn plants under greenhouse conditions. The experiments were designed as a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The effect of fungicides on the growth characteristics of wheat (Chamran cultivar) and corn (Zeamays, Single Cross 704) and their symbiosis relationship with R. irregularis were investigated. The results showed that the effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungus application was not affected by the concomitant use of fungicides. The application of fungicides also improved some growth characteristics in wheat and corn, although in most cases the differences with the control treatment were not significant. In general, two milliliters per liter of Tilt for wheat and two grams per liter of benomyl for corn can be recommended when using R. irregularis inoculum at the same time

The right to the city is defined as a new form of citizenship so that all citizens can control and participate in the production of urban space. Women, as half of the society, do not have the possibility of equal use of urban spaces compared to men, and as a result, gender spaces are formed. According to the gender perspective, the dominance of patriarchal power relations in urban spaces should also be considered so that all residents with different identity differences such as gender; to be able to enjoy their right to participate and the right to own urban spaces. Presence in the female space as an independent variable consists of four dimensions: security, accessibility, mobility, and openness and sound. Women's rights to the city as a dependent variable and motivation as a moderating variable. The statistical sample of the research using the test-based method is 247 people, which includes women over 14 years old who use women-only parks in Isfahan. Data collection is through questionnaires and data analysis, structural equation modeling with smart pls software. The results showed that presence in the women's space affected the right to the city of women and the variables of security and openness, and having a voice in the right to the city of women is also significant. The variable of motivation as a moderator has no moderating role on the causal relationship of presence in the female space to the right to the city of women.

The aim of the current study was to examine conjunctions in academic texts. The corpus included 200 conference abstracts, of which 100 were written by Iranian novice writers and 100 by English native speakers. Each group of texts consisted of 50 abstracts from soft sciences and 50 from hard sciences. Following Liu's (2008) taxonomy, the frequency and type of conjunctions were examined. The results revealed that non-native writers use more conjunctions in their conference abstracts. Furthermore, it was found that compared to hard sciences, more conjunctions are employed in soft sciences. Regarding the role of L1, the results showed that non-native writers in soft sciences are more likely to use conjunctions. Moreover, the findings indicated that the most frequent conjunction type used by both native and nonnative writers are adversatives and additives in soft sciences, and additives and adversatives in hard sciences, respectively. The findings of the study have implications for teaching academic writing and material development for writing courses.

Given the important role of crop growth indices for explanation of cultivars yield differences in diverse environmental and agronomical circumstances, this experiment was conducted at research field of Tarbiat Modares University during 2007 growing season. Experimental treatments were arranged in split-plot layout based on randomized complete blocks with four replications. In this research, sowing dates (8th June, 28th June and 18th July) were considered as the main plots and grain sorghum cultivars (Payam, Sepideh and Kimia) were arranged in sub plots. By means of measurement of dry weight and leaf area during several sampling in growing season of sorghum, some important physiological growth indices including total dry matter (TDM), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area index (LAI) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were estimated and calculated using functional approach based on growing degree days. Results showed that delayed sowing date reduced sorghum dry weight accumulation. The CGR trend was directly related to dry weight accumulation, so that Sepideh cultivar in first sowing date obtained the highest amount of growth rate and dry matter. Dry matter increment in this cultivar in first sowing date was accompanied by dry weight panicle (165.93 g/m2). The relative growth rate of all cultivars in second sowing date had the highest amount. Results in case of the interaction between LAI and NAR showed, despite Payam cultivar having earning lower leaf area index, that NAR in this cultivar was superior. Finally, payam cultivar took an average amount of CGR. Sepideh cultivar, taking the average amount of NAR (0.763 g/m2/gdd) and LAI (2.65), showed higher amount of CGR (2.06 g/m2/gdd). Therefore, obtaining the highest amounts of CGR and RGR in second sowing date (28th June) could be introduced as the mechanism of superior grain yield (6777.2 kg/ha) and harvest index (48.75 %) in Sepideh cultivar.

order to study the effect of sowing date on phenology and morphological traits of three grain sorghum hybrids, an experiment was conducted during 2007 growing season at research field of Agriculture faculty, Tarbiat Modares University which is located in west of Tehran, Iran. Experimental treatments were arranged in split-plot layout based on randomized complete blocks with four replications. In this research sowing date inthree levels (8 June, 28 June and 18 July) were considered as main plots and grain sorghum cultivar in three levels (Payam, Sepideh and Kimia) were arranged in sub plots. Morphological traits, such as plant height, leaf area and panicle length were measured. Among Phonological traits, length of growth periods (vegetative period,initiation of 50 percent of panicle and physiological maturity) were investigated. Results showed that plant height in harvest time and panicle length was affected by sowing date (p≤0.05) and both of them obtained highest amount in 8 June sowing date. Also this sowing date had the longest vegetative period and also had the highest biological yield. Studies showed that panicle dry weight in this sowing date was taken highest level butnumber of seed production was lowest. Among cultivars, Sepideh had highest plant height and panicle length (p≤0.01). Also, Sepideh produced highest seed number.m-2 that explained its higher yield. Sorghum leaf area in flowering time was significantly affected by cultivar; in such manner Kimia had the highest LAI in this time,although Payam and Sepideh conserved more green leaf area until harvest time. Results also showed that the length of growth periods was affected by all factors. The highest vegetative period (45 days) was obtained in first sowing date (8 June) while longest period to physiological maturity was referred to third sowing date. Secondsowing date with suitable length of growing periods resulted to higher 1000 seeds weight, more seed number. m- 2 (number in square meter) and higher grain yield. Among cultivars, Sepideh had suitable length of growing periods and produced the highest grain yield (6777.2 kg.ha-1). So to produce higher grain yield in this region andsimilar places, sowing Sepideh cultivar in mid June is recommended.

In order to study the effect of sowing date on yield and yield components of sorghum cultivars, a field experiment was conducted at experimental field of agriculture factuly, Tarbiat Modares University which is located in 17 km Tehran-Karaj freeway. In this research effect of two factors, sowing date and cultivars of sorghum bicolor, was studied in split-plot based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Main plots were sowing date with three levels (8th June, 28th June and 18th July) and sub plots were cultivars with three levels (Payam, Sepideh and Kimia). Investigated traits include biological yield and its component, panicle weight, grain yield, percent and yield of protein, harvest index and grain yield component. Result showed that total biomass and vegetative biomass were not affected by any of factors. panicle dry weight and harvest index was significantly affected by cultivars (p≤0.01) although in grain yield was significant in 95 percent level. Weight of 1000 seeds was also affected by sowing date and cultivar (p≤0.05) and was affected by sowing date × cultivar interaction (p≤0.01). In spite of non significant effect of sowing date on grain yield, the highest grain yield was obtained by Sepideh in 28th June. In the result for higher grain yield in this region and other places with similar conditions, sowing Sepideh cultivar in mid June is recommended.