فهرست مطالب مریم افشار پور

Reports growing areas of growing and/or planting flax, hemp, kenaf and cotton that supplied fibers for papermaking in the middle Ages.

  Data was collected from library resources, and archival documents.

Flax, hemp, kenaf and cotton were planted since the ancient times in Iran to support industries such as textile and flax trade. Cotton in Fars, flax in southwest of lands and in the mountainous Kohkilouyeh region, Darband, Hemp in Lorestan, Kazeroun and Shiraz, Kenaf plant in Golestan (Gorgan), Mazandaran, and Gilan were cultivated. Therefore, paper makers not only had access to raw fiber plants, but could also use them in raw form, processed strings, or worn plant clothes to make paper.

Historical papers are composed of non-woody plant fibers, fibers mentioned only in a few sources. This research intends to study the diversity and the most types of plant fibers used in the sample of manuscripts of the 5th, 7th to 12th centuries AH by matching them with existing plant samples. Therefore, with citing library resources regarding the most used plants in paper making, collecting non-woody plants, examining their fibers with the morphology of the fibers of the manuscripts in the National Library and Museum property collection data. These data were obtained based on laboratory methods and through microchemical reagents and optical and polarizing microscopic examinations, which ultimately led to the description, analysis and classification of various fibers in the paper sample of this study. The results showed that the plant fibers of flax, hemp, kenaf and cotton are different in two categories of woody fibers and bast fibers, but this difference is not stable and sometimes does not follow the biometric standards of fibers and sometimes similarities are observed, especially among their bast fibers. Also, In the sample of study papers, the main constituents of the bast fibers of flax, hemp and cotton lint fibers are present, and there is no sign of the presence of kenaf fibers among the papers of this manuscript. In the pulp of all these papers, woody fibers and accompanying cells are seldom present, which make it difficult to identify plant fibers, but their presence plays an effective role in the correct identification and detection of plant fibers.

The application of materials with lasting and durability physical properties is one of the main criteria for preservation of paper works. In this study we examined physical/thermal function of NFC and BCN cellulose nanofibers into the polymer matrix of Klucel-G, as a modified polymeric material in terms of Glass Transition temperature (Tg), for restoration of paper documents.

Firstly, the Nano-cellulose suspensions by solution casting method with Hydro-solvents in Klucel-G matrix with %2 contents (%Wt) were prepared. Then, films were made by air drying method. Finally, the Tg temperature behavior of these solid samples was studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry/DSC method. Findings and

Thermal behavior of nanocomposite films containing NFC+Klucel and BCN+Klucel improved compared to the pure Klucel samples (no Nano-additive) due to the increasing glass transition temperature (Tg). This was much higher with BCN than to NFC. The inhibition behavior of NFC and BCN nanofibers composites against aging resulted from the aging conditions, increased significantly compared to pure Klucel sample. On the other hand, this behavior faced with increase for BCN films compared to the NFCs. Findings also showed that NFC nanofibers tend to create significantly higher Tg inhibition during a longer aging interval.

This study investigates the problems of using synthetic adhesives in paper restoration and pointing to the importance of resuscitation of traditional adhesives. In addition, it introduces Serish (eremurus) paste and its usage in Iranian ancient industries, besides the problems of applying it on paper. The study then provides methods to increase the viscosity and viscidity of Serish and make it applicable again.

First, the related literature were studied. Then conventional plant extraction methods include enzyme stabilization, and polysaccharide extraction was applied separately and simultaneously on the fresh Serish roots and serish powder. Then the quality of produced samples was examined using experimental methods. Boiling 70% Ethanol was applied to stabilized enzyme and sticky polysaccharides were extracted using 96% Ethanol. Extracted polysaccharides were dried using freeze drying method. Then, 2% solutions of these adhesives were prepared. Finally, the required examination of viscometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy and pH metery were experimented on the produced adhesives in different times and compared to the traditional serish paste.

The results of experiments have indicated that the stabilized methods are effective in increasing the viscosity and viscidity of the extracted adhesives. However, the extraction process using just Ethanol is not effective enough. While the method which extracting polysaccharides was applied after stabilizing enzymes is the best approach. In this method, not only the viscidity and viscosity of the serish is at its highest level, but also the pH and brightness of adhesive are increased