مریم تقوایی یزدی

The objective of this study was to validate the model of attentional (attentional) leadership components among education managers in Mazandaran province.This applied and quantitative study employed a descriptive–survey design. The statistical population included 280 education managers from six cities in Mazandaran, from which a sample of 162 participants was selected using Cochran’s formula and multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Content and face validit y were confirmed by experts using the CVI index, and reliability was verified through Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling through SPSS and SmartPLS.Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that all components of attentiona l leadership—including strategic direction, strategic thinking and forecasting, flexibi lit y and change management, organizational culture development, ethical values, distraction elimination, supportive behavior, behavioral flexibility, positive work relationships, open communication, empathy, decision making, analytical and critical thinking, and emotional–social intelligence—had significant factor loadings (t > 1.96) and acceptablereliability levels (CR > 0.70). Model fit indicators (SRMR = 0.072; GOF = 0.654) demonstrated satisfactory overall model fit.The validated model offers a reliable and coherent framework for assessing attentional leadership in educational settings, supporting its applicability for leadership development, strategic planning, and organizational improvement within schools.

The present study aimed to identify the components of smart leadership among the managers of Farhangian University. In terms of purpose, the research is applied, and in terms of data nature, it follows a qualitative design with an exploratory mixed-methodsapproach. Accordingly, based on grounded theory, a descriptive–survey method was used to identify the components of smart leadership in the managers of Farhangian University.The statistical population included all educational policy experts, senior managers, and planners of Farhangian University in Mazandaran Province. The sampling method was purposive and theoretical, following the principle of theoretical saturation, and 12 participants were selected as the study sample.Data for this research were collected using semi-structured interviews. The validity and reliability of the study were confirmed.The findings indicated that 47 indicators were identified and categorized into nine components (themes), including culture-oriented smart leadership, networked leadership, collective leadership, knowledge-based leadership, resilient leadership, data-driven leadership, talent-oriented leadership, digital and innovative leadership, and value-based leadership among the managers of Farhangian University in Mazandaran Province, which served as the basis for qualitative analysis.

This study aimed to identify and conceptualize key indicators for managing crises arising from social media in the educational system of Mazandaran Province. The research was applied in purpose and qualitative in nature, employing an exploratory sequential design. First, a systematic review of theoretical foundations, domestic and international studies, and relevant policy documents was conducted. Then, through purposive sampling and based on theoretical saturation, 11 experts in crisis management, media, information technology, and education were selected. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis and a three-stage coding process (open, axial, and selective) with MAXQDA software. To refine and validate the indicators, a multi-round Delphi method with field experts was implemented. Data trustworthiness was ensured by member checking, external audit, and inter-coder agreement. Analysis revealed 130 initial codes, refined to 94 concepts and organized into 31 key components. These were grouped into seven core dimensions of social media crisis management: prevention and preparedness, crisis detection and identification, response and reaction, recovery and rebuilding, technology and information infrastructure, socio-cultural aspects, and legal and policy frameworks. The resulting conceptual model comprehensively covers the crisis management cycle from readiness to post-crisis learning. The proposed model provides an integrated framework to systematically manage social media crises in education. It supports informed decision-making, enhances media resilience, and safeguards students’ cultural and social well-being.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the effectiveness indicators of happy schools based on the Fundamental Reform Document of Education in Mazandaran Province. This research, in terms of purpose, was applied, and in terms of the nature of the data, was conducted using a mixed-methods design (qualitative–quantitative). In the qualitative part, an exploratory method with a grounded theory approach and the systematic model of Strauss and Corbin (1998) was employed. In the quantitative part, the study was descriptive–survey in nature. The statistical population included education experts who were selected using purposive and criterion-based sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The statistical population in the quantitative section consisted of all teachers and principals of schools in Mazandaran Province. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula, and stratified random sampling proportional to the population was applied. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by expert judgment, while construct validity was examined through confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the instrument was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and composite reliability. Quantitative data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS and Smart PLS software. The statistical population of the qualitative section of the study comprised education experts selected through purposive, criterion-based sampling. The findings indicated that the effectiveness indicators of happy schools, within the framework of the Fundamental Reform Document, included psychological, educational, environmental, cultural, and managerial dimensions. These indicators consisted of students’ psychological and emotional well-being, a safe and attractive physical environment, active and creative teaching methods, positive human relationships, artistic and sports programs, family participation, educational justice, and effective school leadership. Such a combination of components provides a comprehensive picture of a happy school that is aligned with the goals and missions of the Fundamental Reform Document.

The introduction of artificial intelligence into the healthcare system has led to significant, rapid changes, evident in the provision of healthcare services. Accordingly, the present study aimed to review digital entrepreneurship based on artificial intelligence to improve the quality of health services in teaching and therapeutic hospitals.

The present study is a narrative review conducted by searching international databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, along with domestic databases, such as the Islamic World Science Citation Database, the Iranian Institute of Science and Information Technology, and Jihad Daneshgahi databases using relevant keywords including "digital entrepreneurship", "artificial intelligence", "health services", "teaching hospital", "hospital" and "service provision".

Artificial intelligence has penetrated all areas of education, healthcare services, and health research. Therefore, entrepreneurship and job creation using a digital approach and artificial intelligence will serve as a platform for optimizing healthcare service delivery in the near future.

By adopting new technologies, digital entrepreneurs can develop innovative solutions to improve treatment processes, manage resources, and enhance the patient experience. Hospitals can serve as ideal platforms for developing and implementing artificial intelligence-based entrepreneurial solutions. The health system can also take practical steps by adopting new methods of utilizing artificial intelligence in hospital management and healthcare centers.

Academic resilience means that students achieve good educational results despite adverse conditions and challenges through changing existing behaviors or creating new behaviors. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between academic resilience and academic conflict with the mediation of academic self-efficacy.

The present research is descriptive and of the structural equation type, the statistical population includes all students of Mazandaran University of Science and Technology, 2600 people, of which 335 people were selected by stratified random sampling method (based on section). Rio's academic engagement questionnaire, Samuels' educational resilience and On and Farman's academic self-efficacy scale. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson's correlation, T-value, Sobel, path coefficient were used. the structural equation model was used with the help of SPSS21 and Samartpls3 software.

Pearson's correlation results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between academic resilience and academic self-efficacy with academic involvement, as well as between academic resilience and academic self-efficacy at the 99% confidence level. The result of the path analysis also showed that academic self-efficacy plays a mediating role in the relationship between academic resilience and academic engagement of students.

The findings of this research can be used to improve educational systems, especially university systems, and to optimize the teaching-learning process and academic performance of students, which determine important aspects in their lives. including academic success and promotion, getting a job and a suitable social position and improving the satisfaction of students

Network marketing, as an innovative business model, has created a unique opportunity for entrepreneurs to grow and develop their businesses through the establishment and management of distribution networks. This paper examines the opportunities and challenges of entrepreneurship in the context of network marketing using grounded theory. The aim of this paper is to identify the key factors in entrepreneurship opportunities and challenges and to propose a model for improving entrepreneurs' performance. This research is applied in nature and employs a mixed-data approach. A qualitative grounded theory method was used, while a descriptive-analytical approach was applied in the quantitative section. The findings indicate that network marketing entrepreneurship offers significant opportunities for entering the market and addressing unmet needs; however, it faces challenges related to adapting to rapid market changes and ensuring job security. Success depends on the strategic management of resources, market analysis, and the ability to identify and exploit emerging favorable conditions. The results of this study can assist entrepreneurs and policymakers in designing effective strategies to better leverage available opportunities and overcome challenges.

Nowadays, it is impossible to avoid or ignore blockchain technology as well as cryptocurrencies. These technologies have penetrated all fields and their growth rate does not seem to slow down. On the other hand, blockchain-based businesses have created new opportunities for entrepreneurship in this platform. Blockchain can be called the best technology of the present time, which has created a huge revolution in life. The purpose of this article is a brief and science-oriented study based on the entrepreneurial opportunities in the blockchain platform. This article has used reports on the development of the application cases of the Internet of Things, the conclusion of smart legal contracts and financial services in the context of blockchain, and a general review of four entrepreneurial opportunities, including the removal of the authentication stage and the review of human resources and workforce files, transformation In the supply and value chain of various products, it provides and explains easier access to capital, support and transparent transmission of information in the entrepreneurial cycle by smart contracts. This article examines the issue with a descriptive-analytical approach. With the effects and capacities that blockchain technology has shown, its presence in the economic world has become extremely impressive and significant these days. The attention and attention of a large number of investors and entrepreneurs in different fields have been directed to this new technology. It seems that blockchain has reached a point of maturity where it can enter the world of entrepreneurship and bring about big changes.

The purpose of this study was to propose a model for managing dissertation challenges based on the lived experiences of PhD students in geography in Iraq. 

This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted using a descriptive approach in two phases. In the first phase, semi-structured interviews were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method, while in the second phase, the Delphi method and qualitative content analysis with Maxqda 2020 software were used. The statistical population in the first phase consisted of PhD students and recent graduates (within the last three years) in geography, while in the second phase, experts in higher education, including managers, specialists, and faculty members, were included. A total of 22 participants (10 in the first phase and 12 in the second) were selected through purposive criterion-based sampling. 

The findings revealed that dissertation challenges for geography PhD students in Iraq can be categorized into four main dimensions: organizational-structural, student-related, educational-research, and information and communication technology (ICT). In the organizational-structural dimension, challenges included financial limitations, inefficiencies in regulations and policies, and weak administrative systems. The student-related dimension encompassed stress and anxiety, lack of research and writing skills, and poor time management. The educational-research dimension highlighted issues such as insufficient guidance from supervisors, limited access to relevant academic resources, and complexities in research processes. The ICT dimension pointed to inadequate access to digital resources, weak technological infrastructure, and unfamiliarity with modern research tools. These dimensions were further divided into 12 main components, 34 sub-components, and 157 concepts. In the second phase, 20 general strategies for managing these challenges were identified, including improving administrative processes, enhancing student-supervisor communication, developing research and writing skills, and leveraging ICT to increase efficiency and access to resources. These findings culminated in a comprehensive model for managing dissertation challenges and improving the quality of doctoral education in Iraq. 

This study presents a comprehensive model for managing dissertation challenges, aiding universities in Iraq in enhancing the quality of doctoral education through coordinated efforts across various educational and administrative dimensions. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of doctoral education and emphasize the need for integrated strategies to improve the experiences of PhD students and enhance the efficiency of educational and research processes.

Teaching culture is defined as the belief in the teacher's ability to facilitate learners' achievement of high levels of thinking or independent thinking. This research was done with the aim of designing and validating a tool for measuring teaching culture in the higher education system. The current research is of a mixed type, the statistical population of the qualitative part includes expert faculty members, and the quantitative part includes all faculty members of Islamic Azad Universities of Mazandaran. In the qualitative section, 13 samples were selected using a targeted method, and in the quantitative section, 301 samples were selected using a stratified random method. After interviewing 13 people, data saturation was achieved. The categories were identified and coded through interviews, and based on that, a questionnaire with 3dimensions and 54 items was designed. After that, the face, content and structural validity of the questionnaire was checked, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability tests were used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire with the help of Smartpls4 and spss23 software. First, the form and content validity of the questionnaire was checked and 16 questions were removed and 38 questions remained, after that the structural validity was examined. The results showed that the factor loading of all questions was above 0.6 and the average extracted variance was above 0.5, as well as the reliability of both criteria of all dimensions was above 0.7and finally the questionnaire Confirmed with 38 questions. Universities and higher education institutions can use the tools designed to measure the state of teaching culture dimensions in order to strengthen and improve educational quality.

Lesson study is a collaborative professional development approach in which professors work together to formulate and implement lesson plans, observe the outcomes, and enhance students' learning. This research aims to design and validate research assessment tools specifically for lesson study.

A mixed method was used, involving teaching and research experts in the qualitative part and all academic staff members from the Islamic Azad Universities of Mazandaran in the quantitative part. Thirteen targeted samples were selected for the qualitative section, while 301 samples were chosen through stratified random sampling for the quantitative section. Interviews with the 13 participants led to the identification of categories and the development of a 4-dimensional questionnaire with 77 items. The questionnaire underwent form and content validity checks and construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability tests.

After removing 23 questions, the questionnaire consisted of 54 remaining questions. The construct validity analysis showed that all questions had factor loadings above 0.7, and the average variance extracted exceeded 0.5. Reliability analysis demonstrated that all dimensions had a reliability above 0.9, confirming the questionnaire's soundness.

The designed research assessment tool can be employed by universities and higher education institutions to evaluate the effectiveness of lesson study, identify strengths and weaknesses, and enhance the quality of education.

This study aims to design a paradigmatic model for effective schools in the third millennium in Iraq. A qualitative approach based on grounded theory was used, with data collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 education experts. Data analysis was conducted using open, axial, and selective coding. The research results led to a paradigmatic model comprising five main components:Causal conditions include teachers, administrators, curriculum content, and equipment and technologies. Contextual conditions cover laws, human resource empowerment, curriculum, communication, organizational culture, health and safety, and budget. Intervening conditions encompass political, welfare, and livelihood factors, parental involvement, and social vulnerabilities. Strategies involve strengthening the teaching-learning system, revising regulations, school accreditation, promoting a research culture, implementing extracurricular activities, community and industry engagement, parental involvement, digitalization, and preventing social vulnerabilities. Outcomes include professional development of teachers and administrators, dynamic and flexible schools,improved learning quality, empowered and creative students, and a developed society.This model can serve as a framework for designing and improving effective schools in the third millennium in Iraq.

Nowadays, businesses are using cutting-edge technologies. The present study was conducted with the aim of designing and validating a tool for measuring technological businesses in the field of IT using an exploratory mixed method. The statistical population in the qualitative phase included 14 senior managers of IT businesses selected through purposive sampling, and in the quantitative phase, 385 managers of IT businesses were selected through random sampling. In the qualitative part, an in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted as a measurement and analysis tool based on the grounded theory using MaxQDA2020 software. A paradigm model with 10 dimensions and 28 components was extracted and questions based on it were designed. Statistical analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were calculated using SPSS21 and Smartpls3 software. Face, content, and construct validity were examined, and reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. After validity and reliability testing,10 dimensions including human resources, idea creation, innovation-based, support policy, technological business characteristics, financial and economic results, management, utilization of modern technology, knowledge-based, technological achievement, and 21 components were designed in the form of a 21-item questionnaire. The results show that the researcher-made tool is a suitable model for evaluating technological businesses in the field of IT.

Leaders can use ethical leadership to affect the organizational performance of employees. Returning to ethical leadership models is required due to the distinct intellectual perspective of Iranian society which can affect the effectiveness of employees in the organization considering their intrinsic motivation. Therefore, this research aimed to provide a model for evaluating the mediating function of intrinsic motivation in the relationship between ethical leadership and creative employee behavior in social security treatment management in Mazandaran Province. The required data were collected through a qualitative review and evaluation of studies on ethical leadership, in-depth interviews with senior managers of social security treatment management in Mazandaran Province, using the analysis method Grounded Theory with Glazer’s approach, as well as dealing with coding, categorization, and presenting a conceptual model. Three selective codes, 15 core codes, and 94 open codes were included in the generated model. Ethical leadership variables included organizational, human, political, cultural, and moral factors. The creative behavior variable included individual, group, and organizational factors. The intrinsic motivation variable comprised components such as working conditions, rules and regulations, management and leadership style, interactions with colleagues, personality traits, empowerment, and job nature. Since Iranian employees are raised in an Islamic-Iranian culture, ethical leadership could have a positive effect on strengthening their performance and behavior.

Knowing the ambivalence elements of entrepreneurship in different organizations, especially the technical and vocational organization plays an important role in improving the state of this educational system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyzing the ambivalence elements of entrepreneurship in the technical and vocational organization of the country. 

In a descriptive research from type of correlation were analyzed the ambivalence elements of entrepreneurship. For this purpose, the research population was all the employees of technical and vocational organization of Golestan province with number of 500 people, which the sample size based on Cochran's formula was estimated to be 217 people, which these people were selected by simple random sampling method. The tool of the current research was the questionnaire of the ambivalence elements of entrepreneurship in the technical and vocational organization, which the data were analyzed with the methods of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS and Smart PLS software. 

The findings of this study indicated that the ambivalent elements of entrepreneurship in technical and vocational organizations were included 14 elements of market orientation, market analysis, use of creativity, continuous problem solving, knowledge sharing, knowledge absorption capacity, strategic planning, continuous sourcing, flexible organization, continuous learning, managerial expertise, financial support, capable human resources, environment dynamism, ambivalence and the results that the factor load of all of them was higher than 0.50, the average variance extracted of all of them was higher than 0.60, and the Cronbach and combined reliability of all of them was higher than 0.80. Also, the model of analyzing the ambivalence elements of entrepreneurship in the technical and vocational organization of the country had a good fit and the coefficient of all paths was significant (P<0.05). 

According to the results of this study, it is necessary to plan to improve the ambivalence of entrepreneurship in the technical and vocational organization of the country through the identified elements.

The purpose of this research is to investigate and prioritize factors affecting the success of e-commerce in small and medium-sized companies in Mazandaran province. The current research is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research includes 15 experts with master's degree or higher, and at least 10 years of work experience in the relevant field and managers, and experts of small and medium companies in Mazandaran. Fuzzy Delphi method was used for review and prioritization. The best-worst method (BWM) was used to prioritize the factors and its components, and Lingo software was used for analysis. Effective factors include the components of 1- infrastructure (access to the Internet network, electronic storage of information, security systems and electronic payments), 2- payment system (payment authorization, various customer payment methods, settlement operations), 3- Knowledge and awareness (customer notification system, customer privacy consideration, company's response to customers' frequent questions), 4- Customer satisfaction (variety of products and advertisements, company's seasonal auctions, timely delivery of goods, building trust). The results show that the prioritization of factors affecting the success of  e-commerce, respectively, payment system, infrastructure, customer satisfaction, and knowledge and awareness gained the first to fourth rank of importance.

The performance of organizational human resources is established in the form of organizational policy-making. Educational policy-making, along with research policy-making, is a complete individual comprehensiveness in the organization. In today's era, it is not possible to use educational policy-making to achieve the final goals of the organization, so that research policy-making needs to be used along with educational policy. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the policy-research approach along with the educational policy of educational units. The descriptive review study to simultaneously investigate educational policy-making and research policy-making in university departments. A query was conducted on databases in Persian and English from 2014-2022 using the following keywords: Policy-research, policy-research, educational policy, educational policy-making, education, education system, and university education system. As a result of the search and application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 98 articles were retrieved, including the searched texts, books, and documents. Finally, 24 papers were included in the present study. The findings demonstrated that studies with an educational policy approach are clearly better than studies with a research approach in the desired policies. Nonetheless, the integration of educational and research policies has been the leading way of scientific synergy. Modern educational services are not possible without research services; moreover, making educational decisions is not feasible and cost-effective without the use of policy-research.

The purpose of this research is the relationship between e-governance foresight and the organizational transparency of managers (case study: Saderat Bank of Tehran province). According to its purpose, the research method is applicable, and in terms of its implementation, it is mixed (qualitative-quantitative), with an exploratory nature. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part includes 12 experts, including university professors, organizational consultants, and senior managers of Saderat Bank in Tehran province, and the sampling method is non-random snowball; and the statistical population in the quantitative part includes all the employees of Saderat Bank in Tehran province; 7170 people of which 365 were selected as a statistical sample based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan. The sampling method is simple random. To collect information in the qualitative part, interviews and research literature were used, and in the quantitative part, two questionnaires made by the researcher and taken from the qualitative part were used. SPSS and PLS software were used for analysis. The results showed that a total of 101 indicators and 6 dimensions were identified for the foresight of e-governance, along with 6 dimensions of organizational transparency of managers. All the components of e-governance foresight had a significant and positive relationship on the organizational transparency of managers, and thus, the proposed model was formed. The results of the test of the relationships between the variables of the e-governance foresight relationship model with organizational transparency of managers show that the independent variables have been able to predict a strong level of changes in the dependent variables, and finally all the relationships between the variables of the e-governance foresight relationship model with organizational transparency Managers are approved.

The current health system suffers from major problems and gaps in the field of management and leadership competencies. Identifying and developing potential managers to train successful future leaders can bridge this gap. The overall purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of knowledge-based leadership on scientific authority in Macro medical universities of region 1.

The study, conducted in 2020, applied an exploratory design with a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) approach. In the qualitative part, the Delphi method was used with the statistical population of professors of macro medical universities in region one, summing up to 20 people, of whom 13 people were selected by purposive sampling method; and in the quantitative part with a descriptive approach, the statistical population comprised managers, deputies, faculties, department heads and faculty members of the macro-medical universities of region 1 (1851 subjects), of which 320 were selected using the stratified random sampling based on the university unit and based on the Cochranchr('39')s formula. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire on knowledge-based leadership with 91 questions and a scientific authority questionnaire with 60 questions were used. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations were used to analyze the data using SPSS20 and PLS3.2 software.

After performing the combination of indicators, 118 indicators were identified and approved in two dimensions. In the individual and organizational dimensions, the behaviors of knowledge-based leaders and their structural role had the first ranks among other components, respectively. Findings showed that knowledge-based leadership was related to scientific authority with the standard coefficient of 0/845 and T-statistic of 24/492.

According to the research findings, the effect of knowledge-based leadership with both individual and organizational dimensions on the scientific authority of medical universities was meaningful, positive and significant.

Positive relationships lead to the creation of social capital or a set of supportive connections that are essential for effective academic work in the classroom. Such caring relationships can influence the path that students follow during their education, especially in schools where many students face challenging lives outside of school. School principals can develop their caring leadership by focusing on the development of caring curricula, establishing identifiable school structures based on care, and creating a school culture rooted in care. However, bureaucratic and political structures, along with authoritarian and transactional leadership models that prevail in today's school systems, prevent educational leaders from creating caring communities within schools based on shared values and strategies. Without these positive, caring relationships, students are placed in a risky situation regarding teaching and learning. A caring school principal, through the use of behaviors and characteristics of caring educational leadership, fosters the understanding of the importance of creating a caring environment within the school and collectively establishes the principle of care in the school environment, which has positive impacts on student teaching and learning. Therefore, school leaders play a significant role in deliberately fostering a culture at the school level and setting and developing high educational expectations for students. Although education is one of the simplest ways to improve management, formal training programs for caring leadership for principals involve significant complexity and cost for schools. Moreover, unfortunately, in the educational environments of our country, the concept of caring leadership and the need for its implementation remain unfamiliar to many principals, and the adoption of new philosophies and approaches of caring leadership in the Iranian education system has not been well received. For caring leadership, applying supportive and caring leadership theories in countries outside their country of origin requires studies to test and confirm them in these countries. It is these kinds of studies and research that form the foundation for creating an indigenous model of caring leadership tailored to the culture of a specific country. Existing models of caring leadership are foreign models that do not align with our indigenous context or with practical situations and local issues. Given the importance of the topic of caring leadership in schools, the aim of this research was to identify the ranking of the dimensions of caring leadership among school principals in Mazandaran province.

The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section consisted of selected experts from the Education Organization of Mazandaran province. The sample size for the qualitative section was determined to be 17 people, based on the saturation principle. In the quantitative section, the statistical population included principals and vice-principals of education departments and high school principals in Mazandaran province for the 2021-2022 academic year, who held official positions, totaling 1,412 individuals. The sample size was determined using cluster and stratified sampling methods based on position, and using the Krejcie-Morgan table, the sample size was set to 306 participants. Data collection was done through library research, and the measurement tools in the qualitative section included semi-structured interviews, while in the quantitative section, it included a researcher-developed questionnaire, with the questions derived from the data obtained from the interviews. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. Additionally, the reliability coefficient was determined using Cronbach's alpha, and it was found to be acceptable for all dimensions and components of the questionnaire. Data analysis in the qualitative section was conducted using the Delphi technique, while in the quantitative section, the Friedman ranking test was used.

The results showed that, in terms of ranking the dimensions of caring leadership of school principals in Mazandaran province, the dimensions are as follows: 1) Goals, 2) Characteristics, and 3) Implementation Methods.

The findings of this study indicate that the concept of caring leadership among school principals is structured around three fundamental dimensions: goals, characteristics, and implementation methods. These dimensions, in a specific order, play a crucial role in the realization of this leadership style. Among them, goals serve as the most fundamental pillar, guiding the overall direction of principals’ activities and focusing on creating a safe and supportive environment that enhances the psychological and social well-being of students and teachers. Following goals, the personal and professional characteristics of principals hold the second level of importance. These include abilities such as empathy, responsibility, and communication skills, which enable principals to make effective and humane decisions in complex situations. The third dimension, implementation methods, encompasses the tools and strategies that principals utilize to achieve their goals and leverage their personal attributes. Examples of such strategies include fostering positive interactions, creating a supportive environment, and implementing participatory management. These findings highlight the necessity of focusing on clear goal-setting, developing managerial characteristics, and employing effective implementation methods to enhance the quality of caring leadership. The alignment and interaction of these dimensions can contribute to creating an optimal school environment and significantly impact the success of educational institutions.

In recent years, cloud computing, as one of the important advances in information technology, has provided new opportunities to improve educational and mentoring processes in universities, especially health-oriented universities. Students in this field need constant support and quick access to information at any place and time. As a dynamic and flexible platform, cloud computing allows universities to allow students and faculty members to access diverse resources such as databases, educational software, learning management systems, and simulation tools from anywhere. Health-oriented universities need to use technologies that facilitate the learning and mentoring process due to the need to provide practical and experiential training as well as the need for continuous access to scientific and clinical resources. Cloud computing can play an important role in improving mentoring by creating flexible platforms and easy access to information and resources. As a new technology in the field of information technology, cloud computing provides access to remote computing resources and services without the need for physical equipment or local infrastructure. It is not yet clear exactly how the use of cloud computing in mentoring can be combined with psychological approaches, and its effect on psychological aspects such as teacher-student interactions, internal motivation, and students' self-confidence has not been investigated; Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the effect of cloud computing on mentoring based on the psychological approach in health-oriented universities of Mazandaran province.

In this mixed study, the statistical population under study consists of two groups, which in the qualitative section included 25 professors of universities in Mazandaran province and in the quantitative section included academic staff members and administrative managers of universities in Mazandaran province. There were 1447 people, 10 people were selected as a statistical sample in the qualitative part using the purposeful sampling method and 306 people were selected as a statistical sample in the quantitative part based on the Cochran formula. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were used in the qualitative part and researcher-made questionnaires were used in the quantitative part.

The results of the path analysis showed that between the exogenous dependent variable (cloud computing) and the endogenous dependent variable (mentoring approach), based on the path coefficients, there is a factor loading of 0.562, also because the value of t- value (12.658) is outside the range (2.58 and -2.58), so the impact of cloud computing on the mentoring approach is significant at the level of 0.99. Table number 1, in order to confirm the output of the qualitative part, which was actually the production of the questionnaire, examines the dimensions and components of the cloud computing questionnaire in a descriptive way. Looking at the dimensions and components of the cloud computing questionnaire on the mentoring approach explained in Table 1, it can be said that this questionnaire has 2 dimensions, 8 components, and 45 items. The results show that the average of none of the final components was less than 3. The highest average is related to question 6 with a value of 4.13 and the lowest average is related to question 41 with a value of 3.34. Among all dimensions and components of this questionnaire, the significance level for all questions was calculated to be less than 0.05 and because the average of all questions was higher than 3, no question was removed from the questionnaire.

In general, cloud computing can be used as a key tool to improve the process of mentoring and psychological support of students in health-oriented universities and lead to training professionals with more self-confidence and stronger professional skills. By creating flexible platforms and easy access to educational and scientific resources, this technology provides conditions for students and mentors to communicate with each other without time and place limitations. This continuous access to educational resources and platforms through cloud computing can help improve teacher-student interactions and provide an opportunity for continuous psychological support. One of the most important advantages of cloud computing in mentoring is that students can easily access educational resources, feedback from mentors, and counseling sessions. This makes students feel that they are not alone in their learning process and that they always have the necessary support. On the other hand, the possibility of easy access to educational resources and sessions reduces the stress caused by time and place restrictions and makes students continue their activities with more motivation. This continuous psychological support helps to strengthen students' self-confidence and self-efficacy and guides them in the path of academic and professional progress. Cloud computing also provides opportunities for interactive and collaborative learning. Virtual platforms and group collaboration tools increase the possibility of active interactions between students and mentors. These interactions can help improve students' social and psychological skills and provide a suitable space for exchanging experiences and professional feedback. In addition, more interactions and continuous feedback can strengthen students' internal motivation and encourage them to learn more actively and participate more. Research self-efficacy is also strengthened by using cloud computing. With access to extensive resources and continuous feedback, students will feel more in control of their learning process, and this will help increase their self-confidence in facing academic and research challenges. Cloud computing also allows mentors to design personalized training and mentoring programs based on the needs of each student.

Today, internationalization is not a passive and isolated phenomenon, but rather an active response to the role of higher education partners in the knowledge society. Its importance lies in the fact that it has changed the global context of education and linked the three dimensions of economy, politics, and culture with scientific and academic issues so that in the economic dimension, internationalization has become one of the influential factors in the GDP of knowledge-based countries. In the political dimension, international education has become a tool for expanding diplomatic influence, and policymakers have considered internationalization as one of the most important dimensions of foreign policy. In the cultural dimension, internationalization has also become important in profound cultural influence, changing social perspectives, and expanding intercultural interactions. Today, internationalization has not only transformed the educational system but has also undergone fundamental changes and led to the formation of new strategies such as internationalization at home and internationalization abroad. Internationalization at home is a term that emphasizes the international aspects of the university environment and highlights the international/intercultural dimensions of the teaching-learning process, research, extracurricular activities, intercultural skills, and communication with cultural groups at the university level. In contrast, internationalization abroad refers to cross-border activities and includes situations in which a professor, student, curriculum, university, or institution providing educational programs is evaluated across national borders. The most important forms of internationalization include student mobility, faculty mobility, curriculum internationalization, the expansion of cross-border university units, international cooperation agreements, transnational university networks, and cross-border virtual transfers. Internationalization intensifies university competition and raises educational quality standards; the internationalization of universities requires, on the one hand, strategic and long-term policy-making to take appropriate measures to improve research, educational, and service activities, and on the other hand, it seems necessary to internationalize university activities and create a dynamic platform for coordination between different parts of a university. In other words, increasing the quantity and quality of educational activities is not enough to gain a distinguished position in international arenas, but it is also very vital to draw up a strategic and managerial vision and design an appropriate process consisting of a set of organizational activities to achieve the set goals. Transnational higher education is undoubtedly a suitable tool for preparing students for future roles in a globalized economy. Educating global citizens through an international curriculum, improving the learning environment, and encouraging students and staff to develop global thinking also contribute to the development and understanding between nations. The importance of internationalization lies in the fact that universities should educate students who are ready to acquire international competencies, understand global conditions, and expand international connections. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the dimensions of internationalization of health education with an emphasis on the role of managers in policy-making.

The present study was an exploratory mixed method in terms of method. The statistical population of the qualitative part of the study included professors of Islamic Azad Universities in Bushehr Province. Out of 31 people with the conditions, after interviewing 12 people, the theoretical saturation limit was reached. The statistical population of the quantitative part of the study included 120 professors of Islamic Azad Universities in Bushehr Province. In the qualitative part, 12 people were selected as a statistical sample using the snowball sampling method based on the saturation law. In the quantitative part, 92 people were selected as a sample using the stratified random sampling method based on the university unit based on the Cochran formula. In the qualitative part, interviews were used to collect data. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire on the internationalization of education and a researcher-made questionnaire on higher education policymaking were used. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equations were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the dimensions of internationalization of health education, with an emphasis on the role of managers in its policy-making, include 7 main dimensions: managerial-organizational, cultural-social, political, administrative and support, information, structural and educational, and teaching, and the model fit was also in a good state.

The results of the present study showed that the internationalization of health education, with an emphasis on the role of managers in its policy-making, includes seven main dimensions: managerial-organizational, cultural-social, political, administrative and support, information, structural, and educational-teaching. These dimensions show that the internationalization of health education is not just a mere educational process, but also includes a set of managerial, cultural, political, and support factors, in which the role of managers in its policy-making is very decisive and vital. In the managerial-organizational dimension, the role of managers in formulating international strategies, creating efficient organizational structures, and developing international cooperation was emphasized. The socio-cultural dimension refers to the impact of culture on the acceptance of internationalization policies and intercultural communication among students and faculty. The political dimension reflects the role of the country's macro-policies and the impact of government decisions on the internationalization process of health education. The administrative and support dimension addresses the infrastructure, financial resources, executive processes, and support necessary for the successful implementation of international policies. The information dimension emphasizes policy transparency, raising awareness among stakeholders, and promoting internationalization. The structural dimension refers to the structural changes required in universities and higher education institutions to achieve internationalization goals. Finally, the educational and teaching dimension includes the role of curriculum design, the use of new teaching methods, and the integration of international components in the teaching-learning process. Also, statistical analyses showed that the proposed model has a good fit, which indicates its accuracy and reliability in explaining the internationalization of health education. This indicates that higher education policymakers and administrators can rely on this model to develop effective strategies for the development of the internationalization of health education. It is suggested that higher education administrators and policymakers pay attention to all these dimensions simultaneously and use a multidimensional and integrated approach to successfully implement internationalization policies. In addition, it is necessary to create an appropriate culture among educational stakeholders so that the internationalization process is accompanied by minimal implementation challenges. Finally, the development of international cooperation, the use of new educational technologies, and the increase in the level of scientific interactions between countries can help to further realize the goals of the internationalization of health education.

Young managers can be an important factor in the transformation and improvement of the management structure of universities due to their special characteristics. One of these characteristics is an innovative attitude. Young managers usually enter the management field with a view to the future and a desire for positive changes. This innovative attitude can help introduce and implement new ideas and approaches in academic management because they are often more willing to accept changes and update old processes. In addition, the high motivation of young managers also plays a very important role. A strong motivation to prove their capabilities and create positive changes leads them to find new solutions to improve efficiency and raise the level of education and research. This motivation can transfer new energy to teams and employees and prevent organizational stagnation. Another reason young managers can succeed is their readiness to accept new technologies. As newer generations, they communicate more easily with advanced technologies and use digital tools and technological innovations to optimize management processes. This issue becomes doubly important, especially in universities where being up-to-date and using advanced technologies plays an important role in the development of research and education. Enrolling young managers into management levels can also help strengthen intra-organizational communication. Because of their more collaborative and less hierarchical approaches, young administrators tend to work in ways that encourage more open and democratic communication among campus members, faculty, and students. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to present a model for the use of young managers in the psychological development of the management hierarchy structure in the universities of Mazandaran province.

The research method was a mixed exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) research design. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part included (academic experts, faculty members, and university managers) to reach a consensus in the Delphi method, the sample size in the qualitative part was determined to be 17 people considering the saturation law, and in the quantitative part the statistical population included managers and the employees of the universities of Mazandaran province. In the quantitative section, the sample size was determined to be 305 using Cochran's formula. The sampling method in the quantitative part was cluster sampling. The method of collecting information is the library method, and the measurement tool in the qualitative part is a semi-structured interview in the quantitative part, it includes a researcher-made questionnaire, the questions of which were taken from the data obtained from the interview. To analyze the data, the Delphi technique was used in the qualitative part and the structural equation modeling method was used in the quantitative part using SPSS22 and lisrel software.

The results showed that 73% of the pattern of using young managers in the psychological development of the structure of the management hierarchy in the universities of Mazandaran province with its dimensions and components including (1. formalism, 2. organizational structure, 3. concentration), 4. Complexity, 5. Classification, 6. Procedural statement), is dependent. The results of Table 2 show that based on the results of the structural model of the relationship between the components and sub-dimensions of the use of young managers in the psychological development of the structure of the management hierarchy of Mazandaran universities, there are significant path coefficients. Which has t values (according to the one percent error rule in rejecting the null hypothesis for values above 1.96 in each model parameter), calculated above 1.96. Considering the significance and positivity of these coefficients, it can be stated that there is a positive and significant effect between the components and sub-components of the dimensions of the use of young managers in the psychological development of the management hierarchy structure of Mazandaran universities.

According to the results obtained, it is suggested that the universities of Mazandaran province should act step by step and gradually according to a road map and a long-term strategic plan in order to implement it. An action plan is needed. Having a paradigmatic approach with a local and regional perspective also helps to realize it. Young managers, who are generally inclined towards participatory and democratic methods, can make effective changes in environments where the organizational structure is flexible and decentralized. This flexibility allows them to implement innovative ideas without severe hierarchical barriers. On the contrary, in highly centralized organizations, decision-making power is often in the hands of a limited core, which can restrain the creativity and innovation of young managers. Concentration refers to the degree of concentration of decision-making power in high management levels. In universities where concentration is high, young managers may not be able to show their full potential because the decision-making processes will be too long and complicated. But if the decision-making power is divided at lower levels, young managers can have a more active role in improving and structural changes and give more dynamism to the management structure of universities. Complexity refers to the number of hierarchical levels and different specializations in the organization. Universities with high organizational complexity may face more challenges in coordination between departments. Young managers can provide more fields for inter-organizational interactions and reduce communication barriers by gradually changing these classifications. This can help facilitate decision-making processes and the implementation of innovations. Procedural specification refers to the existence of defined instructions and procedures for doing things in the organization. Due to the desire to reduce bureaucracy and simplify processes, young managers may try to change complex and time-consuming procedures.

The concept of a Wisdom-Based University (WBU) represents a transformative vision for higher education that transcends traditional academic models rooted primarily in information transmission, research productivity, and institutional rankings. Instead, WBU emphasizes the integration of spirituality, rationality, and ethical orientation across all domains of academic life. This approach reflects a growing recognition that contemporary global challenges- particularly in the health sciences- demand educational systems that not only impart technical knowledge but also cultivate moral discernment, empathy, and a sense of social responsibility. Unlike conventional paradigms, which often separate scientific progress from ethical reflection, a wisdom-based approach prioritizes the holistic development of the academic community. It seeks to bridge the gap between intellectual advancement and humanistic values, fostering an environment in which education, research, and governance are all grounded in ethical awareness. Within such a model, spirituality is not reduced to dogma, but rather understood as a deep connection to meaning, purpose, and shared human dignity- qualities essential for ethical leadership and decision-making, especially in health-related professions. In recent years, the WBU framework has garnered increasing attention in discussions surrounding higher education reform in Iran and beyond. This interest stems from a broader dissatisfaction with mechanistic models of university administration and the ethical dilemmas posed by rapid scientific and technological advancement without corresponding moral development. In medical universities, where faculty and staff influence future healthcare professionals, the alignment of institutional culture with wisdom and ethical values is particularly critical. Ethical behavior among faculty and administrative personnel not only sets a standard for students but also impacts the trustworthiness, credibility, and social impact of the university as a whole. This study was conducted with the aim of empirically examining how the characteristics of a Wisdom-Based University may influence the ethical behavior of faculty members and staff at Guilan University of Medical Sciences. By doing so, the research seeks to offer insights that can inform strategic planning, professional development, and institutional policymaking in medical education settings.

This study employed a mixed-methods exploratory design, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative phase, the study population consisted of faculty members at Guilan University of Medical Sciences during the 2024–2025 academic year. Ten academic experts were purposively selected for semi-structured interviews, following the data saturation principle. The quantitative phase involved a survey of faculty members at the same university. Based on Cochran’s formula, a sample of 306 individuals was selected. Data were collected using a researcher-made Wisdom-Based University questionnaire and the Deshpande and Joseph (2009) Ethical Behavior Scale. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, while quantitative data were processed using SPSS 21 and PLS 3.2 software.

The results revealed that the Wisdom-Based University variable explained a total of 59.8% of the variance in ethical behavior among faculty and staff at Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Furthermore, the wisdom-based university had a positive and significant impact on the ethical behavior of academic personnel (p < 0.05).

The findings of this study underscore the significant potential of the Wisdom-Based University model as a vehicle for promoting ethical behavior within academic institutions-particularly those in the health sciences. While formal regulations and ethical codes remain necessary, they are often insufficient in creating a deeply rooted ethical culture. The WBU framework introduces a more comprehensive and sustainable approach by embedding wisdom-understood as the fusion of intellect, ethics, and spirituality-into the DNA of the university's structure, policies, and everyday interactions. This integration creates a value-driven ecosystem where ethical behavior is not merely enforced but organically cultivated. For faculty and staff, such an environment reinforces internal motivation for ethical conduct through a shared commitment to human dignity, reflective practice, and collective purpose. The model promotes dialogue, humility, and empathy as guiding principles of professional and interpersonal behavior. These virtues are especially vital in medical settings, where decisions often involve complex moral dilemmas and impact human lives directly. Furthermore, aligning with the fifth-generation university framework, the WBU approach envisions higher education institutions as agents of cultural, moral, and social innovation-not just economic or scientific progress. This redefinition of purpose has far-reaching implications: it urges universities to take active roles in addressing societal problems, shaping public values, and nurturing global citizenship. It also challenges academic leadership to reconsider their priorities, emphasizing ethical stewardship and the cultivation of wisdom as core responsibilities. From a practical perspective, the results of this study suggest that university administrators and policymakers should invest in initiatives that operationalize the principles of the wisdom-based model. These may include revising mission statements to reflect ethical goals, offering faculty development programs focused on moral reasoning and spiritual growth, and incorporating reflective and value-oriented pedagogy into medical curricula. The creation of ethical leadership models, support structures for value-based decision-making, and mechanisms for ethical self-assessment should also be considered essential components of institutional development. In conclusion, the transition to a Wisdom-Based University represents more than a shift in organizational design- it is a cultural transformation that reimagines the university as a moral community. This transformation invites all stakeholders to engage in a continuous process of ethical inquiry, mutual learning, and personal growth. For institutions such as Guilan University of Medical Sciences, adopting the WBU model can significantly enhance not only the ethical climate but also the overall quality of education, research, and service to the public. Ultimately, universities that integrate wisdom into their foundation are better equipped to fulfill their broader mission: to serve humanity with knowledge, compassion, and integrity.

Educational planning is a series of overlapping and irregular stages in which various people and organizations are involved with diverse views, politically and technically. These steps include processes in which content and issues are analyzed, policies are identified and then implemented, re-evaluated, and redesigned. Based on this trend, a complete analysis of the education sector will require an understanding of the flow of educational policy, meaning "how" and "when" educational development will take place. Since the policy-making process is an important element in educational planning, it is important to clarify the concepts of "policy" and "policy-making". Policy is an explicit or implicit group or individual decision that provides a set of guidelines to guide future decisions, initiate or delay an action, or provide executive guidance on previous decisions. Policymaking is the first step in a planning cycle, and planners must conduct a dynamic assessment of how policies are set before they can effectively design the implementation and evaluation of a process. For educational policy-making in university units, the analysis of educational policies is done in several stages, achieving educational opportunities, equality in the distribution of educational services, the structure of the educational system, internal efficiency, and external efficiency of institutional arrangements for department management. Of course, evaluating the existing situation without evaluating the forces against and against change, when policy changes become necessary, is an incomplete analysis. Also, this evaluation should include the chance of success of various policies and strategies that should be used to implement and advance these policies. The fact is that in today's world, where we are witnessing tremendous changes and developments in various fields, the environment is facing a lot of turbulence and uncertainty, and the competition has become very intense. To achieve success in the field of competition, university systems must use a type of planning that is forward-looking and environmentally oriented, so that while identifying environmental factors and developments, in a long-term time horizon, their impact on the university and how to interact Determine it with them. Research policy is the same as strategic planning which, by examining the external and internal environment of the university, identifies environmental opportunities and threats and internal strengths and weaknesses, and sets long-term goals for the university keeping in mind the mission of the organization. To achieve these goals, from among the strategic options, he chooses strategies that rely on the strengths and eliminate the weaknesses, use the opportunitiesworthilyr, and avoid the threats. If it is implemented correctly, it will make the university successful in the field of competition. For educational policy-making, one should resort to different solutions. One of the solutions that has been receiving the attention of passers-by policy for several years is policy research. Policy research is the use of practical and scientific research in policy-making, with the use of this method, social issues are identified, sensitive information is collected, concepts and hypotheses are created, and more importantly, All research is recognized by policymakers. Policy research is closely related to agenda setting and its results are very useful for the development of public policies. Policy studies study the policy-making process. Political research is mainly carried out by political science specialists who are interested in the process of adopting policies and the effects of policies. Political research is effective in policy-making. The process of policy research is made up of four dimensions: identifying problems and identifying issues, understanding the main issues, supporting the program of selective measures, and evaluating the effect and control process. Considering the importance of educational policy-making in today's world and the consequences of this type of policy-making, the present study studied the process of policy research in educational policy-making in the university units of Mazandaran province. The current research aims to provide a model for the qualitative model of educational research policy in universities of medical sciences.

This research was of an exploratory type: thematic analysis in the qualitative part and a descriptive survey in the quantitative part. In the qualitative section, the studied population included academic (faculty members) and organizational (Islamic Azad universities) experts. The quantitative section included all academic faculty members of universities in Mazandaran province. The sample size in the qualitative part was 12 interviewees according to the saturation principle and the purposeful sampling method. In the quantitative part, 242 people were selected based on the calculation of the sample size in structural equations and the stepwise cluster random sampling method. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews in the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire with 62 items taken from the theoretical foundations, research background, and interviews with experts in the quantitative part. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part was theoretical coding (open, central, and selective) and in the quantitative part, it included structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis.

The results showed that the university research policy variable had 6 dimensions educational, research, social and cultural, financial and administrative, international and environmental policies, and the educational policy variable included the dimensions of education content, education quality, finance, and budget. Monitoring and evaluation were political, social, cultural, and linguistic. The results showed that there is a causal and correlational relationship between the variable of university research policy and educational policy in terms of R2 values ​​with a value of 0.473 and a path coefficient value of 0.560 and about 56% of the components and dimensions of educational policy They are determined by the components and dimensions of university policy research.

In general, according to the results of the study, it can be shown that providing a qualitative model of educational research policy in universities of medical sciences can be of special importance in education. In the interpretation of this topic, it should be mentioned that the formulation and implementation of research policies in universities has a direct effect on educational policy and this relationship can be very useful for improving the quality and efficiency of the educational system. This finding can be an important point for university managers and decision-makers. According to this finding, they can formulate university research policies more carefully so that they can implement the most effective educational policies. In addition, this finding can be useful for increasing interaction and cooperation between faculty members and university administrators in the field of policy formulation and implementation. In general, this finding shows that attention to university research policy and its coordination with educational policy can facilitate and accelerate the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the educational system and ultimately lead to the best teaching and learning methods for students and faculty members. According to these results, it can be concluded that paying attention to research policies and formulating appropriate strategies in this field can facilitate and accelerate the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the educational system. Also, by examining this model and the connections between policy research and educational policy, university managers and decision-makers can make better decisions to improve performance and raise the level of education in universities. Finally, these results can contribute to the development and improvement of university policies to lead to the creation of an effective and efficient environment for teaching and learning that contributes to the progress of society and the social and economic development of the country.