فهرست مطالب مریم حاجی زاده

The existence of various facilities and infrastructures in the cities has caused many villagers to leave their places of residence and migrate to cities. This is while the high price of land and housing forces the newly arrived immigrants to build shelters on the outskirts of the cities, away from the eyes of the authorities and without obtaining permission from the trustees, which consequently causes many problems for the authorities in the field of services as well as the marginalized people. This research is based on the meta-analysis method, which is a systematic way to achieve these goals with the statistical analysis of quantitative findings from studies related to a research problem and aims to identify and categorize research articles written in the field of marginalization in geographical scientific research journals. Therefore, after searching and identifying the articles that have directly addressed the mentioned topic in recent years, understanding their approaches and nature, to examine the structure of the articles, including methodology, indicators, sampling, data collection, and analysis methods, the present study analyzed the positive and negative aspects of the obtained results. In the framework of this method, at first, the word informal settlement and other words close to it in terms of meaning, such as shacks, marginalization, and illegal settlements, were searched in Persian libraries, centers, and academic banks, and the most relevant studies were selected for research purposes. The inclusion criteria of the studies included conducting research in Iran, publishing the study in the Persian language, and their full text. The results of the research indicate that all the articles were a type of theory testing and did not lead to theory building. Although some studies have presented very good and new models and suggestions, according to the nature of the research, they cannot be classified as fundamental and theory-building studies.

Space is a social and consequently a political thing, and apart from worldview, ideology and discourse, it cannot be formed and developed, and the ideological framework of the formation forms the ruling policies, which are crystallized in the form of governing discourse. Each of the new forms of government and new patterns of political power introduces its own methods for dividing space, discourse, objects, and people living in space, and how it is used to change over time and use space to give economic and political strategies required for the exercise of power and discourse processes. In Iran, in the last hundred years, with the coming to power of Reza Khan in 1925, the central discourse of the Pahlavi government with the supremacy of the absolute Pahlavi discourse, and by articulating the signs of this discourse with hegemony and domination, represented space and created reasonable spaces. For the first time in history, it emerged as a dominant discourse in the society. 

The present study seeks to provide a dialectical analysis of the process of space production in Tehran by identifying the dominant discourses in the period 1925-1941. Hence, it falls into the category of "fundamental" research. On the other hand, the executive path of research is "analytical-exploratory".

The most important dominant discourse in Iran in the twentieth century was formed based on the Pahlavi Absolute Discourse of a complex set of diverse disciplines including the theory of Persian monarchy, traditional patrimonialism, the discourse of development and development in the style of Western modernism, legalism and the people. The discourse emphasized authoritarianism, reform from above, modernist rationality, Iranian nationalism, political centralism, cultural modernism, secularism, and industrial development. The absolutist state that emerged in the light of this discourse sought to move Iranian society and economy from a traditional, pre-capitalist formulation, and do major harm to Groups and culture introduced traditional society with its rationalist, authoritarian, and normative character. The purpose and scope of Reza Shahchr('39')s policies were, in practice, cities and urban social classes. On one hand, there were observed development measures and activities to modernize the country in cities, such as the demolition of old neighborhoods and the construction of new streets, and on the other hand, the expansion of government bureaucracy caused a mean for the central government to dominate on peoplechr('39')s daily activities. During these years, the most noticeable changes took place in Tehran. The enactment of the Municipal Law in 1309 provided a suitable vehicle for heavy interventions in the old urban fabric; the law of widening and developing the streets and alleys in 1933, the first echo of Hussman urban planning and as a symbol of modernity were revealed. Two cruciform streets tear apart the old fabric of the city, crucifying the old city and separating the elements of urban spaces. The street is considered as a powerful tool in the city and becomes a dominant element that no element can deal with it compared to previous periods.The discourse of absolute Pahlavi modernism in the form of spatial representation has created a city with a body, image, face and structure different from Tehranchr('39')s past. In other words, the Pahlavi discourse has represented new spaces through hegemony and domination. Some of the social changes in Tehran in this period that distinguish it from previous periods are social and cultural changes including improving education, building a university, rejecting the hijab, reviving the Persian language by the language of academy, and immigration. Rural and urban population growth, expansion of government offices and the formation of a new administrative class ; Economic and infrastructural changes, urban planning and architecture, including Tehran city development plan, implementation of Baladieh law, establishment of Bank Melli Iran, construction of Mehrabad airport, emergence of new urban activities and functions, construction of cruciform streets, squares, bazaar  ; Political changes include the emergence of a new bureaucracy, the consolidation of central government power, the formation of a modern army, the concentration of state affairs in the capital, the establishment of new urban divisions, relations with European countries, and their role in governance.Totalitarian modernism, in order to achieve its enlightened menus, has to consolidate the bureaucratic system. State cities that are already in a semi-independent relationship with the center can only be the executor of the Cairo government bureaucracy in their new affiliate relationship. Following the Pahlavi bureaucratic approach, the city was given priority both as a physical manifestation of the current thinking of the time and as a platform for the forthcoming developments for organizing. Any urban regulation will inevitably lead to a cessation of organ development. On the other hand, with the seriousness of the issue of private property, the necessity of developing a new urban system became more apparent.

The urban plans of the 1930s clearly show how the relationship between the inhabitant and the resident and the relationship between the city and society sought an instrumental relationship, and for this reason, this relationship and through it, development was considered as an external matter and with no worries, they have made a historical break by discarding previous social, economic, and cultural formations. Without worrying that man achieves being through habitation. The result is not only the physical disintegration of the city, but also the disintegration of the socio-cultural organization. Henceforth, the city is the place of crystallization of socio-cultural and physical-spatial distinctions that arise due to the demand for capital and the mercantile circulation of goods and capital, and through the indiscriminate occupation of land as the main element of trade in opposition to biological methods. It even offers its own climatic conditions.

A creative city is one that utilizes from creative works, scientific and technological innovations and impact of growing culture and is able to use creativity and imagination in the public and private sector. Such a city is possible ideas and potential solutions to solve all the problems in today's complex cities. Since, cities are a place for flourishing of creativity, the creativity in cities usually refers to ideas related to culture, art, knowledge and learning.

Present study is an applied research and the used method was descriptive-analytical method. Data were gathered by citations from books, documents, articles and using statistical data, censuses of population and housing, municipal reports and other related organizations. The under study statistical population included 11 districts of Karaj city. Measurements and data analysis were carried out using Excel Software, Urban Planning Model and TOPSIS Software and valuation was done using ANP model. In continue, the results obtained from these soft wares and process implementing were entered into the geographical information system (GIS) to complete the process of analysis and investigating the distribution and frequency of indexes on the statistical population.

To assess a municipal property must always take into account a number of specific criteria and how close to the ideals and standards must be measured using related indexes. Hence, there are a number of indexes, by which development of creativity and city's creativity can be measured. Activity priorities of creative cities endorsed by UNESCO in 2004 and used to measure include: Literature, cinema, skills and ritual art, design, media arts and nutrition each of them with different components which the main and adapted of their components have been selected to measure Karaj City in the term of creative city. In this study, the indicators have been selected in the form of 26 components and at the level of Karaj's districts include literature and culture, scale, nutrition, higher education institutions, communal spaces, symbols, urban identity, art and so on. In present study, the indicator of the creative city have been analyzed through investigating the under study area as well as Richard Florida's viewpoint and adopting it with under study area. Among the effects that creativity can has on organization and urban management activities, one can refer to Increased production, increased service delivery, enhancing the quality and diversity of services, lower costs, reduce waste of resources, increase the level of mental health, reduce bureaucracy, increase activism among managers and so on.

The findings showed that the city's regions are moving towards creativity and prosperity and descript 5 is placed on the first rank with the value of 0.56 and descript 11 with the value of 0.11 is placed on the last rank. In terms of having creativity indicators, descript 5 is a richest region and descript 11 is a deprived region. The difference between the highest TOPSIS rank(descript 5) and the lowest TOPSIS rank (descript 11) is equal to 0.45 which indicates a significant difference in acceleration of progress of the regions toward creativity.

Humor is one of the interesting aspects of language dealing with cultural, political, and social issues indirectly. Due to escaping criticism and filtering, humor is drawn on to establish a close relationship with the audience. With the advent of new communication tools, the translation of humorous expressions, especially in short and long films and series, began to take on new aspects. Accordingly, the present study aimed at evaluating the translator’s performance in translation of humorous expressions. To achieve this aim, in the research procedures, the data obtained from the Persian dubbing of the "general manager's" series (in Syrian accent) which was broadcasted from Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) were evaluated. In fact, 215 humorous expressions were extracted from the series and the frequency of using translation strategies proposed by Gottlieb (1992) was determined. The findings revealed that "paraphrasing" and "dislocation" were among the most frequently used strategies of the translator. Furthermore, cultural restrictions not only have led to the "condensation" of the expressions but also to omission of some sequences of the movie.

The tourism industry, after oil as the second largest economy in the world, has many revenues for different countries and on the other hand, this world's largest industry has now become an inseparable component of human life. The tourism industry is also known as invisible exports due to its unique economic mechanism. Tourism is formed as a multidimensional phenomenon and a component of elements that can be understood by their interconnections and their multiplicity in the form of an integrated system. Tourism combines the three domains of culture, economics, and politics in the context of natural conditions. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of virtual media and social networks on tourism development. The type of research is applied and its nature is analytical descriptive. Data gathering is done by documentary and field survey using a questionnaire. The statistical population is a social and virtual media audience and the questionnaire is provided online. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests using SPSS software. Research findings indicate that there is a gap between the development of the tourism industry and the increased use of virtual media But according to the viewers of the questioned, it can be said that by increasing their activity and expanding the scope of advertising and services in the tourism industry, it would be hoped that users of these networks and tourists would use these media and bring about an innovative development of tourism.The tourism industry, after oil as the second largest economy in the world, has many revenues for different countries and on the other hand, this world's largest industry has now become an inseparable component of human life. The tourism industry is also known as invisible exports due to its unique economic mechanism. Tourism is formed as a multidimensional phenomenon and a component of elements that can be understood by their interconnections and their multiplicity in the form of an integrated system. Tourism combines the three domains of culture, economics, and politics in the context of natural conditions. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of virtual media and social networks on tourism development. The type of research is applied and its nature is analytical descriptive. Data gathering is done by documentary and field.

Reza Shah went into politics and became a king in one of the most critical periods. In the history of Iran, He marked an era when you can find many changes. Hence, he has been often examined based on the nature of his revolutionary actions at different stages of his domination over political and military institutions of Iran. Some individuals from the elite society, bureaucrats, parliamentarians, militants, Clergymen, and the press expressed different opinions and some conflicting opinions about Reza Shah. Mohammad-Taqi Bahar, widely known as Malek o-Shoarā, is one of the figures who has made some remarks about the rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi to power. The purpose of this study is to investigate Mohammad-Taqi Bahar's perspectives on Reza Shah Pahlavi and the potential changes of his opinion on Reza Shah through the written works and with focus on his political parties book and Divan poems using an explanatory-analytical method. The importance of this study lies in the fact that exploring remarkable figures` views such as Mohammad-Taqi Bahar on the events and developments of his time help us understand those events better and become familiar with the quality and quantity of the origin of Iranian economic, political and cultural developments occurring at that time.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is one of the most costly knee injuries, usually occurring to young athletes, often leading to functional instability, inability to return to previous levels of physical activity, and premature osteoarthritis (OA). The main function of ACL is controlling anterior tibia translation as well as axial tibia rotation. Therefore, patients with ACL deficiency (ACLD) have to use different compensatory mechanisms and kinematic changes to maintain their stability during different activities. The study aims to measure the reliability of knee kinematics and ground reaction force during stair negotiation. Fifteen participants with unilateral ACLD ascended 4-step staircase, where 8-10 reflective markers was inserted on each segment of lower extremity. Five-camera VICON system and 10-camera VICON system were used in the first and second phase of study, respectively. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) was calculated for each parameter in the knee events during stair climbing. The results showed high consistency of kinematic parameters and GRF components was handled through reliability and repeatability calculations. ICC (2,5) showed similar values in injured and healthy contralateral leg with the range of (0.59-0.98) for all knee joint rotation and GRF components.

“Oral History of Islamic Revolution in Arak”, was written by Yousef Niknam in 1393, was published by the efforts of the Office of Culture and Stability Studies of Art Center, Markazi province. This book includes the following seven chapters: History of political activities in Arak from the Constitution to Islamic Revolution; Some people’s protests in Arak from 12871357; Islamic Revolution Calendar from the viewpoint of Etelaat and Keyhan Newspapers from (Mordad to Esfand, 1357); Oral memories of 13 active people of Islamic Revolution; Islamic Revolution Martyrs; Records, Images and resources. Oral history is a particular way of historical research its greatest reliance in recording the history is on the narrator's remarks. The focus of this research is oral memories of the oral history of Islamic Revolution in Arak, which involves thirteen narrations. The purpose is reviewing and analysis of these memories from two different viewpoints of interview and compilation, because these two views are inseparable from each other. The interviewer must be able to extract information which has been mistakes in this book, form failure to explain complex terms and places which need to be introduced to non-scientific introduction and preface and from numerous typographical errors and editorial problems to the poor quality of printing. These problems decrease readers’ motivation for reading the book and although many important historical facts are presented, the reader will prefer to forget reading the book. In this paper, some important and interesting facts of the book are presented at first and then some problem are mentioned to show that why such important memories like this should be written in this way.

Patients with ACL deficiency (ACLD) have to use different compensatory mechanisms to maintain their stability during daily activities. The aim of this study is to determine the differences in 3D kinematics and peak ground reaction forces (GRF) between ACL deficient legs and healthy contralateral legs during stair ascent. Eight subjects with unilateral ACL deficiency participated in this study. Healthy contralateral legs were considered as control group for further comparisons to ACL deficient legs. A six camera VICON motion analysis system and 2 portable force plates were used to record the locomotion while walking up custom-made stairs with two different step heights. Advanced OSSCA technique was used to assess tibiofemoral knee kinematics, a combination of symmetrical axis of rotation (SARA), symmetrical center of rotation estimation (SCoRE) and optimal common shape technique (OCST). The results of this study show that participants with ACLD experienced different kinematics and peak GRFs in different step heights (p

Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging pathogen of growing significance that has been more frequently isolated in nosocomial specimens. These bacteria have ability of gene transfer between its types and other bacteria as caused for resistance against antibiotics and resistance scattering of bacteria. The aim of this research is determination of resistance for antibiotics and minimum extent of MIC concentration and separated Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in Tabriz hospital. 61 clinical samples were collected within 9 months during 2013-2014 at Imam Reza medical center in Tabriz, Iran for identification of bacteria. The activity of various antimicrobial agents for 12 different antibiotics was determined with disk diffusion methods according to CLSI guideline (PadtanTeb) and MIC test carried out for imipenem, ciprofloxacin and amikacin antibiotics on samples. Out of the 61 clinical Acinetobacter baumanniiisolates collected, 59 (96.7%) were multi drug resistant (MDR). Respiratory tract specimens were the most common place of Acinetobacter isolation. To determine the disk diffusion agar method, the highest levels of antibiotic resistance were seen against imipenem, ceftazidime, ceftriaxon, and ciprofloxacin (99%). Colistin(89%), amikacin and tobramycin (50%) were the most effective antibiotics against Acinetobacter baumannii. MIC test among all samples shows that, 73.3% of factors have MIC ≥32 to imipenem, 93.3% of factors have MIC ≥ 32 tociprofloxacin and 38% of factors have MIC ≥ 256 to amikacin. Our results confirm the high prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii resistant isolates and the ensuing therapeutic problems in Iran and determination of the resistance patterns of these bacteria according to MIC is necessary. It would be a good idea to consider surveillance of antibiotic usage and restriction of using broad-spectrum antibiotics before development of resistance to these agents.

One-sided and subject-focus look will bring about many problems for a city; the only ways to meet these problems are public supervision (accountability) and cooperative action; these two ways can increase the level of efficiency. This study aimed at providing a comprehensive definition and analysis of the good municipal rule.Furthermore, this study was an attempt to present a set of indexes for developing good municipal rule in Iran, and to investigate these indexes in the municipal management of Bobolsar city. When it came to the Research method and data collection tools of the study.descriptive survey method, analytic method and questionnaire were used. Hypothesizes of the study were based on the fact that three factors,cooperation, accountability and efficiency, were in an inappropriate level in Babolsar City, and there was a significant difference between the educated people and other citizens of this city in terms of cooperation. Investigating thesehypothesizes, average level of cooperation and efficiency were -0.024 and -0.025 respectively.These numbers showed that the level of cooperation and efficiency werein a low level in Babolsar City. However, educated citizens showed more interest in cooperating with the municipality: the average level of cooperation was 0.05.As far as the accountability of the municipality was concerned, the citizens believed it was in an average level:the average level of accountability was 0.094.Our analysis showed that the main hypothesis of the study and also the secondary hypothesizes of the study, except the hypothesis which considered the factor of accountability in a lower level, could be supported.To investigate the above mentioned hypothesizes, ANOVA and LSD were used.65 percent of the population of the study were men and the rest(35 percent) were women;all these participants were above the 18 years old and the average level of age was 38.8.Furthermore,an average of the participants had a degree higher than the diploma.Generally speaking, these participants were classified as follows: the educated people who lived in Babolsar, those who consulted to the Babolsar’s municipality, and businessmen of Babolsar city. These participants were selected through simple random sampling and then were investigated.

 City good management is one of the most important things in urban sustainable development. Due to the rapid growing urban population and to control resources and material and spiritual capital and municipality optimal performance, it is necessary to engage all citizens and elites. Experience has shown that in centralized societies with mono-decision vision, bring a lot of trouble. Elite participation and citizens monitoring, increase management efficiency. Achieve urban good governance model and indicators for urban good governance in YASUJ is the main purpose of this research.

Methods of this paper are descriptive, analytical and field survey. Data collected by questionnaire. The hypothesis is that the three components include participation, accountability and efficiency in YASUJ not the appropriate level and there is a significant difference between the educated people and other citizens' opinions. The assumptions of this paper were tested with ANOVA and LSD methods. Finally the information displayed on the map with GIS software.

Based on the findings of paper the participation (with -0.0237 mean score) and efficiency (with -0.032 mean score) in YASUJ are lower level of average but responsibility indicator (with 0.0257 mean score) is in YASUJ is apex level of average.

Base on the result of paper participation and efficiency are in YASUJ are lower level of average and responsibility indicator is apex level of average so the hypothesis number one and three approved but hypothesis number two it`s not