مریم حق شناس

Plants, especially trees, have always had a symbolic presence among various religions and denominations. An example of a tree is full of mysteries that humans are a part of, or rather the central part of this image. The tree is a kind of link between earthly and celestial elements due to its distinctive properties. Suhrawardi and Rumi, by combining the mythological and mystical features of the tree, created an image that is multifaceted, evasive, ulterior, and at the same time comprehensive of opposites. In their works, they used the image of the tree to express various meanings and concepts. In other words, the tree has been used as a single image for several meanings. This article tries to study the image of the tree as an image that is a constructor of meaning and at the same time the life and worldview of the mystic with this image and the like by defining descriptive and analytical methods and relying on the allegorical stories of Suhrawardi and Rumi's Masnavi. It becomes

The story of the descent of the soul as a symbolic language has been adopted by philosophers, mystics, and men of letters for years. The systematic investigation of this symbolic language in Suhrawardi’s works, which is often represented in the form of a story, reveals that this image is interwoven with philosophers’ reminiscence theory on the one hand and the myth of awareness and oblivion on the other hand. Suhrawardi’s distinct intellectual and ontological system turns the “image of descent” into a meaningful symbol through which the state of oblivion is depicted as man’s superior gain. The motif of descent, which is symbolized by a bird in most stories, is the tale of a wayfaring soul who has departed from its origin and descended into the corporeal world. The characters of Suhrawardi’s symbolic stories sink into oblivion after their descent, and this stage prepares the wayfaring soul to realize its limitations and abilities while many of its profound beliefs turn into frail notions. Oblivion and descent in those stories provide conditions through which the wayfarer experiences boundary situations that can lead to knowledge, excellence, and elevation. The present study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the stories of “The Red Intellect”, “Resalat ol-Tair”, “Language of the Ants”, and “The Nostalgic Story of the West” and concluded that oblivion is some sort of pre-awareness or pre-understanding which plays a fundamental role in experiencing boundary situations.

The most dominant theme of the richest works on mysticism is perceptive imagery which has its origin in mythology and philosophy. Given their intrinsic link to the meanings and concepts, images are considered as the intellectual life of the writer and the poet. They attempt to create images depending on their own mental and intellectual capacity as the very same images distinguish the poets and writers from one another. One of these images is the "Sun or Sunlight" which is abundant in Masnavi as a macro metaphor and in Sohervardi's works as a pattern of thought. The present study aims to first decode the dominant thoughts which led to the creation of the image of "Sun or Sunlight" for the concept of the "Perfect Man" and second, to analyze how a single image is created for different meanings or how the same concept is depicted in different images. One possible answer is that man's understanding of various phenomena is influenced by the different "states and situations" he experiences to attain different perceptions leading these understandings to be pictured by various images.

Mega-metaphors or central images, as propositions, contain profound thoughts originated from the mystic's personal experiences. Hence, decoding and clarifying the secondary meanings of these mega-metaphors will help to have a closer look at the mystic's worldview. These epistemological images can be represented in both superficial and intuitive levels. The present study aims to explore the connection between sun and the philosophical and mythological concepts (Active Intellect and Light of the Lights), on the one hand, and some other images like Simurgh, tree, Keykhosro, and Pir (Wise Man), on the other hand, and to explicate the function of sun image as a symbol that has become unified with meaning. One of the findings of this descriptive-analytical research is that it is the intuitive representation of the sun phenomenon which makes Suhrawardi’s symbolic stories distinct. This makes the sun transcend the language levels and turn into a conceptual perception. This study also sheds light on the interconnection between image and meaning in Suhrawardi's intellectual and linguistic doctrine and presents two key findings first, the images create meanings and not the other way round; second, phenomenal images create a mutual identity between the mental perception and the outside object. Therefore, in addition to being elusive and convoluted, such images are unconditional and ever changing, and are deployed for diverse meanings.

In mysticism and philosophy, the proposition of the descent of the soul has always been reflected in the image of the bird. Rumi and Suhrawardi used this allegory many times to express their intentions. By examining the story of birds in Masnavi and Suhrawardi's allegorical treatises such as "Red Wisdom, Safir Simorgh, Song of Gabriel, Moran's Word and the Story of Western Exile", this article shows that two factors determine the difference between these allegorical images. First, various situations are identified; that the cognitive perception of a phenomenon will be different because of the particular conditions in which it is placed. Therefore, symbols and comparisons used in the symbolic stories might differ regarding the poet's spiritual states. The second is the phenomenon and its manifestation at the level of consciousness; that consciousness causes the phenomenon to manifest in a certain form. In this way, a single proposition or a fixed and ancient meaning such as "captivity of the soul" can appear in connection with the three cognitive factors, phenomenon and language in the form of various cryptic images.

Currently, ICT and educational processes are experiencing development and innovation. This new trend will help promote educational technology and enhance innovations regarding educational planning. E-learning is considered as one of the most prominent ICT applications across the world. Advantages of virtual learning have entailed daily usage in various universities. Learning management systems are specific web-based systems to manage, track students, define courses, and evaluate the learners. However, these systems may involve inefficiencies and disadvantages as well. This paper attempts to identify the LMS functional areas in University of Tehran based on a specific conceptual framework and to present the relevant issues and problems for each dimension. The data for the present study were collected using focused group interviews, system observations. The researchers also compared the documents and the university system with that of other universities. The results of the theme analysis indicated that “communication” and “system cooperation” dimensions are involved with more important problems and issues. The researchers believe that the main issues are due to the test modules, evaluations, and systemic and underlying databases.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of the perceived support in predicting psychological distress based on emotional control and coping styles in the mothers of children with thalassemia.
The statistical population included the mothers of children with thalassemia in Tehran. The convenience sampling method was used to select 200 subjects as the sample.
The research evidence and the results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the perceived support had the mediation role in predicting psychological distress, based on coping styles, but it didn’t have the mediation role in predicting psychological distress, based on emotional control. Also the perceived support had a significantly direct impact on psychological distress (-0.75). Emotional control had a significantly direct impact on psychological distress, too (0.36). The significantly direct impact of coping styles on psychological distress and the perceived support was 0.36; however, emotional control did not have a significantly direct impact on the perceived support.
According to the research findings, it can be concluded that the perceived support, emotional control and coping styles influenced the psychological distress among the mothers of children with thalassemia. Therefore, training in these topics can help reduce the psychological distress among the mothers of children with Tallahassee.

This study was aimed to compare the behavioral activation/inhibition system and temperament and character between addicted and non-addicted people.
A descriptive research design along with a causal-comparative method was used for the conduct of this research. The research population consisted of all dependent and non-dependent men living in Kish Island, among whom 200 individuals were selected by convenience sampling method. The data were gathered using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory and Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and multivariate analysis of variance.
The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of behavioral activation system, fun seeking, and reward dependence, while there was only a significant difference between the groups in Drive and inhibition system (P Substance dependent individuals have a weaker behavioral system than non-addicted subjects. However, unlike previous studies, the drive sensitivity in non-addicted individuals was obtained higher than those addicts in this study. High levels of harm avoidance and low self-directedness affect the severity of addiction in drug dependent people. Regarding the sample large size of this study in comparison with previous studies and the homogeneity of the research sample, the conduct of similar research is needed to achieve more clear results.