مریم دانشور

The main purpose of this research is to identify the functions of human resource management in the gig economy with the Meta-Synthesis approach. This research is developmental in terms of purpose. In terms of the nature of the data and the style of data analysis, it is part of qualitative research. And based on data collection, it is documented. From the point of view of the research method, it is analytical-descriptive, and the data of the research were collected and analyzed using the seven-stage meta- Synthesis qualitative method of Sandelowski and Barroso. In order to identify the functions of human resource management in the gig economy, the researchers systematically searched for researches related to these factors in 5 scientific databases: Science Direct, Emerald, Wiley, Sage and Taylor & Francis, as well as Scopus reference database between 2010 and 2023. In the initial investigations, 117 sources were found, and after screening and validation and using the CASP tool, finally 21 articles were analyzed. In total, there are 7 main functions of human resources management in the gig economy, including human resources planning, recruitment of human resources, training and development of human resources, compensation for human resources services, job design, performance management, and communication; And 18 sub-functions of human resource management have been identified in the gig economy.

The management and performance evaluation system as one of the management processes has a prominent role in helping to achieve the goals and missions of the organization. The purpose of this article is to present a method to evaluate the performance of the organization's task units. This approach, based on a scientific and systematic method, explicitly considers the existence of uncertainty and ambiguity in the nature of organizational activities.

In this paper, a MADM hybrid approach is used. First, the performance indicators have been determined by the literature review and consulting experts, and then the importance and weight of each of the performance indicators has been calculated using the intuitionistic Fuzzy DEMATEL and finally, the performance of organization's units has been evaluated using the ELECTRE intuitionistic Fuzzy method. In order to apply this method, the performance evaluation of the organization of industry, mining and trade of Tehran province has been done with the proposed method.

This study shows the effectiveness of the hybrid intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL-ELECTRE approach in performance evaluation the organizational units. This method correctly considers the uncertainty in the performance evaluation indicators by using the intuitionistic fuzzy approach and leads to a correct and reliable performance evaluation. The results showed that among performance indicators, organizational improvement and transformation, transparency and productivity improvement have the most weight and importance in performance evaluation of organizational units.

Originality/Value:

 For the first time, this research has used the hybrid intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL-ELECTRE approach to performance evaluation of organizational units. Using the intuitionistic fuzzy approach provides a unique perspective on uncertainty in performance evaluation and increases the reliability of performance evaluation and ranking. The application of this method in a government service organization provides a methodological tool for performance evaluation or rating of organizational units or work teams in different or similar organizations and fields.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of urban planning components in social housing on enhancing social sustainability, focusing on the Mehr Housing project in Torbat Jam.

The study was applied in nature and conducted in 2024. The target population consisted of residents of Torbat Jam district, totaling 267,671 individuals according to the latest population and housing census. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 383 respondents was determined, who were selected randomly from the available cases. The questionnaire was designed and validated by experts, with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.989, indicating strong reliability and internal consistency. Data were analyzed using parametric methods in SPSS 20, and the Dimetel technique was employed to assess the relationships between various urban planning parameters of social housing, comparing them in pairs.

The analysis revealed that housing sustainability (mean = 3.65), social inclusion (mean = 3.63), access to adequate housing (mean = 3.62), and spatial efficiency (mean = 3.60) had a positive influence on improving social sustainability, in descending order of impact.

Factors such as social housing, housing sustainability, location, land use, and attention to low-income groups and the elderly were found to have the most significant influence on social sustainability. Conversely, elements like spatial efficiency, housing quality, modern technology, and participation in housing construction contributed to a decline in social sustainability levels in sealed housing environments.

This research aims to identify the consequences of knowledge hiding and develop a structural model and the causal relationships between them using a mixed method. Research methodology is pragmatic paradigm in terms of research philosophy with integrated approach, the first phase is qualitative and the second phase is quantitative, it is also survey in terms of research strategy. The statistical population of the qualitative section includes 34 articles out of 45 related to the period 2000 to 2023 and related to the consequences of knowledge hiding. In the quantitative part of the research, the statistical population included 10 experts in the field of knowledge management. In the first phase, data was obtained from the content analysis of articles related to knowledge hiding, in which 16 consequences of knowledge hiding were identified. In the second step, fuzzy Delphi was adopted in order to select the most important ones and finally 8 factors were identified. In the next step, the structural model of these factors was developed using the interpretive structural modeling method. By using Micmac analysis, the factors were classified based on driving and dependence power. At the end, the fuzzy DEMATEL method was adopted in order to analyze the causal relationships between the factors. The results showed that lack of empowerment is the most important consequence of knowledge hiding, and lack of creativity and innovation, low quality of decision-making, lack of organizational commitment, job dissatisfaction, lack of organizational development, poor performance and turnover intentions are other consequences of knowledge hiding.

This study aims to introduce and review top cited articles, top authors, top journals, top academic institutions, the level of cooperation between authors and the process of scientific production separately each year in the field of urban design of different countries, specially iran based on data from the Web of Science database between 1985 until 2020.

The present research is an applied scientometrics type that has been done by citation analysis method. The research community consists of articles in the field of urban design that were indexed in the Web of Science scientific database between 1985 until 2020. The search in the web of science database was done based on 4 ways, and after several steps of filtering, 1789 articles related to the field of urban design were obtained for citation analysis. Then, the obtained data were entered into the Histcite citation analysis software and the software of creating Scientific maps, Vosviewer, for citation analysis.

Based on the results it was found that 2014 was the most successful year in of producing top cited articles and Respectively United States, China and Australia and also Respectively Berkeley, Utah and Michigan universities in united states producing the most cited Articles in the field of urban design. Meanwhile, Iran is ranked 21st in the world in terms of producing top cited articles in the field of urban design, and also Amirkabir Univ Technol, Shahid Beheshti Univ and Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training Univ are respectively as the top academic institutions in terms of producing top cited articles in the field of urban design in iran.

Due to the interdisciplinary nature of urban design knowledge and the involvement of various disciplines and knowledge related to this field, it is necessary to increase cooperation between different universities and create incentive mechanisms for researchers in this field in order to improve the quality of future researches.

The present study investigates the factors of customers' resistance in accepting and using the services of digital only banks in Pasargad Bank branches in Tehran. This research has been done using methods of descriptive and survey research. The statistical population in this research is the customers of Pasargad Bank branches in Tehran, who, according to their own statement, have never used the services of a digital only bank before. The sample size was calculated using G-Power software. The questionnaire was distributed electronically among the customers, and finally 591 acceptable questionnaires were obtained, and the same number was used as the basis for the analysis and testing of hypotheses. By calculating CVR and CVI for the questionnaire questions, its validity was confirmed. The data have been analyzed by the help of SPSS and SMARTPLS software and using statistical, descriptive and inferential tests. The result of the research indicates that in the category of psychological barriers, perceived tradition had a significant effect on negative attitude of the customers, and on the other hand, perceived image of digital only banking did not have a significant effect on the formation of the negative attitude of the customers. In the category of functional barriers, the impact of perceived value, perceived risk and perceived usage has been confirmed on negative attitude and resistance of customers. Only the effect of tradition on perceived value (as a mediating variable) was not confirmed. In addition, the factor of satisfaction with traditional banking on customers' resistance was also investigated and its positive effect on the formation of customers' resistance to using the services of digital only banks has been confirmed.

Knowledge is always considered a valuable asset and strength for organizations, and its achievement is a competitive advantage for organizations. Just as sharing knowledge has positive consequences for the organization, knowledge hiding can have destructive effects on the organization's performance in various aspects. It is necessary to encourage the factors that reduce the knowledge hiding behavior of employees, and one of the strongest factors of this is the leadership in the organization. The aim of this study is to systematic review the impact of different leadership styles on knowledge hiding with a meta-analytical approach. From a total of 167 articles that were obtained in the initial search from reliable scientific information and citation databases, 24 articles were finally selected for meta-analysis based on the protocol clauses. The analyzes show that according to the heterogeneity of the reviewed studies in relation to the research hypotheses based on the random effect size, the effect of all leadership styles on knowledge hiding is confirmed. Also, the results of the fail-safe N test show the stability and immutability of the results of this research. The results of this research show that ethical, altruistic, knowledge, inclusive and empowering leadership styles have a negative effect on knowledge hiding and exploitative leadership style has a positive effect on knowledge hiding.

Urban development plans are one of the planning tools in the urban planning system of Iran. However, in a few studies, the use of the proposed land use of the master plan in the cities of Iran has been investigated, regardless of the type of land use and based on the spatial location of the proposals. In this article, the implementation of the land use plan proposed by the first and second comprehensive plans of Mashhad has been studied. In order to achieve this goal, the present study has used the descriptive-analytical research method and the spatial compliance-based evaluation method. Data collection tools in this article are documentary and library data and data analysis tools based on quantitative and qualitative methods of spatial analysis in ArcGIS software. The research findings show that in general, the rate of land use realization of the proposed comprehensive plans of Mashhad in the periphery of the city and new developments is significantly less than the central areas of the city. Also in terms of area, the proposed land use of about half of the city area has been achieved in both master plans. In the first master plan 47% in the total of fully realized and relatively realized areas and in the second master plan 48% Percentage achieved. It is suggested that similar research be conducted in other cities of the country.

According to economic researchers, tax is the most appropriate and stable type of income for the government and an efficient tool for execution economic policies. Therefore, from their point of view, for the continuation of government activities, an efficient tax system is necessary. One of the factors that is very important in establishing an accurate and effective tax system, especially in developing countries, is the tax behavior of taxpayers. The purpose of this research is identifying effective factors on taxpayer’s tax behavior and the structure of relationships between them. For this purpose, mixed methodology is used. Factors have been identified by content analysis, the structure of relationships between them has been identified by interpretive structural modeling, and they have been classified by MICMAC analysis. The results show that taxpayers' financial behavior, transparency in tax collection processes, tax rates and coefficients, unions and trade associations, mass communication tools, tax laws and regulations, the attitude of senior tax managers towards tax culture, designing and establishment a comprehensive tax system and increasing people's awareness are the most important effective factors on taxpayer’s tax behavior

scattered urban development and dispersion have led to many conflicts in cities. Therefore, the Smart Growth Approach aims to solve these problems. From the viewpoint of urban planners around the world, it is imperative that all actions taken in the field of urban development be sustained. Therefore, this research aims at the Spectrometry of neighborhoods in District 1 of Mashhad by comparing smart growth and passive defense approaches, in this regard along with smart growth, the principles of passive defense are also evaluated. This research is practical in terms of purpose and has been done by using descriptive-analytical method. The required information is collected by documentary and field studies. this study is done by using the views of 12 experts in urban affairs and using the MACBETH technique. the indicators in each approach (7 indicators of smart growth and 8 of passive defense) were weighed and determined by the model of MACBETH, then the analysis and ranking of the neighborhoods of district 1 in Mashhad, based on both approaches, are discussed by ELECTRE model. The results of the study indicate that Goharshad neighborhood has the highest score among the neighborhoods in terms of smart growth, while in the passive defense approach is in the last rank. In the Beheshti neighborhood, the principles of smart growth are less than other neighborhoods, insofar as it is relatively inferior to the principles of passive defense. Kolahdouz among these neighborhoods is the only neighborhood that is in the right position in terms of both approaches.

One of the important issues in project management is project scheduling. Since projects are faced with high uncertainty, project scheduling is of high importance under uncertain conditions. The purpose of this research is to present a robust multi-objective model to optimize project scheduling with limited resources by considering uncertainty, in which activities have several execution modes with uncertain duration, costs, and resources.
After reviewing the extant theoretical literature on project scheduling, the assumptions, parameters, and variables of the mathematical model were determined. Then, considering the goals and limitations of the project scheduling problem in deterministic conditions, a mathematical model was developed. This model was transformed into a single-objective model by the epsilon constraint method. To consider the uncertainty in the parameters of the problem, robust optimization, and Bertsimas and Sim's approach were used. Also, Robust optimization of the single-objective model was developed to consider the uncertainty.
According to the obtained results, while the duration of the project increases with the increase in the tolerance of non-deterministic parameters; the percentage of project duration changes decreases for higher values ​​of robust parameters.
The robust parameters are with negative coefficient in the objective function, so their increase leads to a decrease in the objective function value. The highest reduction of the objective function is when the robust parameter is changed from two to one. This coefficient decreases with the increasing value of the corresponding parameter i.e., as the value of stability parameters increases, its effect on changing the value of the objective function decreases. The cost parameter was changed between -40% to +40% for the value of gamma 10 (the state where 10 activities of the project are non-deterministic) for different variation values of parameters of non-deterministic activities. Its effect on the values of the objective function indicated that the variation of the cost parameter in the range of 0 to +40% turns it into an unnecessary constraint and that its change has no effect on the value of the objective function (project duration). Also, in the range of 0 to -40%, the cost reduction caused a decrease in the value of the objective function (increasing the project duration) and the maximum impact of the reduction of the project budget related to the situation where the uncertain parameters of time and cost change by 40% and 50%.

With the increase in population and the number of cities in this century, especially in developing countries, the quality of life in cities has become an important issue in urban planning. The master plan of the city is one of the most important documents of urban development, which is approved in a costly process by local and national authorities. The current research seeks to identify the components of quality of life in the process of approving the third comprehensive plan for Mashhad City The process of approving this plan started in 2018 and finally it was announced in 2018. In order to study the plan approval documents, the content analysis method has been used. The data collection tool was documentary and the data analysis tool was in the form of inductive content analysis in MaxQda software. Based on the literature review, the quality of life components in the planning process has been classified into substantive and procedural dimensions. The Substantive dimension includes health, recreational, educational, technological infrastructures, natural environment, social environment, and economic environment are considered, and the procedural dimension includes qualitative considerations in planning approach, qualitative considerations in planning documents, qualitative considerations in plan implementation, planning organization, and urban plans hierarchy. As a result of the analysis of the project minutes, 1034 codes were identified and classified according to the conceptual model. According to the research findings, 81.23% of the identified codes were procedural and 18.76% were substantive. In the approval documents, the most attention was paid to the planning organization, but the technological infrastructure and quality of implementation were not addressed. At the local scale, the ratio of paying attention to the quality of life in urban planning has been almost double that of the national scale. Based on the findings of the research, it is suggested that the substantive aspects of the quality of life in the process of approving urban development plans, especially on a national scale, should be given special attention by the authorities.

In recent years, rainbow trout roe has become a valuable and popular product among consumers. In this study, the quality and health status of this product were studied during the salting and refrigeration process.

This study aimed to compare the effects of salting rainbow trout roe on its shelf life, volatile nitrogen, and changes in fatty acid profile during refrigerated storage.

After the first wash, we grouped the fish roe into the raw roe (control group) and the salted roe (1.5% pure salt). The groups were kept in the refrigerator for 0, 15, and 30 days and analyzed for chemical, microbial, organoleptic, and fatty acids.

The results showed that salt content affected the fatty acid profile during the salting of the fish roe, but no significant differences were observed between the two treatments. Total bacterial counts increased during refrigerated storage, but the salted fish roe had lower total bacterial counts than the raw roe. Total volatile basic nitrogen in raw roe increased from 5.97 to 30.00 mg/kg and in salted roes from 6.05 to 23.18 mg/kg.

Salting (1.5%) fish roe is a good way to increase its shelf life while preserving its high quality. After salting, the amount of fatty acid decreased, but no change was observed during storage.

In organization and management studies, the collective expression of constructive ideas, dissatisfactions, formal and informal participation in influencing the development of the organization is known as the employee's voice. Studies show that the two-way relationship between employees and supervisors and leader-member exchange (LMX) are factors influencing voice behavior. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of leader-member exchange (LMX) on employee voice. In this research, in order to understand more comprehensively the impact of leader-member exchange on the employee's voice a systematic review and meta-analysis approach were used. From the total of 88 articles obtained in the initial search, according to a systematic protocol 33 articles were analyzed using the meta-analysis method with two fixed and random effects models and using CMA 2 software. The results show that according to the heterogeneity of the reviewed studies, the influence of the leader-member relationship on the voice of the employees is confirmed. Also, the results of the Fail-Safe N test show the stability and immutability of the results of this research. The results of this research show that employees express their ideas when there is a strong LMX relationship between leaders and followers. This type of encouragement allows employees to be more creative and take risks and fostering innovative work behaviors.

It was found that urban plans are inefficient from the legal and regulatory aspect. The root of some of these inefficiencies is in the "legal structure and laws". This study aimed to obtain a theory for the legal structure of compiling the rules and regulations of urban development plans.

The research method is Grounded Theory. The interviewees and documents were selected using the snowball method in a purposeful manner, and the interviews were conducted using the content analysis method. The validity of the research was obtained with two methods of Creswell's Ten Questions and Comparison with specialized literature.

The inefficiencies of urban planning regulations have their roots, foundations, and conditions that return to the "legal structure of the process of developing regulations" with the core code of "uncoordinated and fragmented structure". In most of the stages of preparation of the project, the legal guardian of the regulation is not present, and "inconsistency in the process of drafting rules", "inconsistency in theoretical foundations", "inconsistency in the structure of the drafting system", and "inconsistency in the structure and elements of Ruling" is observed.

The legal structure of urban planning, which can be called the Governance structure of urban planning, has the focal phenomenon of "coordination" and "developmentalism", which interacts with intervening conditions and lays the groundwork for the theory of "coordinated legal structure" and guided by the strategies of "harmonized legal structure with a coordinated urban governance approach".

The city needs ecology for survival and an economy for sustainable growth. These components are found in the form of the city as effective communication between the ecological components and the sustainable economy. On the other hand, uncontrolled physical development has limited the ecological capacities and capabilities of natural ecosystems. And unbalanced economic activities have disturbed the biological balance in all aspects of human life and the form of the city. For this purpose, the Noh-Darreh neighborhood of Mashhad has been selected due to its ecological background of the southern highlands for tourism development, along with the risk of ecological degradation of the region due to inefficient morphology and abnormal social groups and economic opportunities. To reach a practical solution to the problem by spatial analysis of the relationships of the influential components in this neighborhood. for this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of characteristics and components whose validity and reliability was measured in the neighborhood were developed. The questionnaire was distributed among 378 residents in Noh-darreh. using analytical tools, lisrel 8.8 and spss22 software and by structural equation modeling technique, the relationships of components and their effects were investigated. Also, in line with the main purpose of the research, using the Spatial Analysis tool of GIS software, the spatial analysis was performed based on the relationships between the components of the research. Finally, according to the research findings, it can be said that the indicators related to improving the housing situation of people in the ecological context of the neighborhood have a significant impact on improving its sustainability. The primary nucleus of the Noh-Darreh neighborhood is at its lowest in terms of the characteristics of the overlapping maps produced to determine the status of the components in the Noh-Darreh morphology. As a result, the most important non-invasive strategy in the Noh-Darreh neighborhood can be considered to promote economic sustainability in the ecological context to improve housing. this strategy, whose practical solutions are based on statistical results obtained from the criteria, can be considered as a turning point in solving the problems of the physical context of the Noh-darreh.

There are many criticisms and suggestions in the field of urban planning laws and rules and regulations of urban development plans, but the roots and context of the emergence of such rules that have been criticized or proposed to amend them are not clear and have not been addressed. The purpose of this study was to reach the sources of problems and inefficiencies in the rules and regulations of Iran's urban development plans.

Data collection was done by documentary research method, in the form of open codes related to criticisms, inefficiencies, and suggestions presented in 200 written documents between 2000 and the end of 1400. Axial organization and coding, code selection, and categorization were performed following the data-based research method and with the help of Access 2016 software. The research process and results were confirmed with the participation of 5 experts and evaluation based on 9 Cresol questions.

The study showed that the roots of the mentioned inefficiencies go back to the category or fields of vision, governance structure and organization, a system of formulation and approval, rules-rules and regulations, planning institutions, and  Legislative authorities each of which has smaller categories and their central codes are theoretical base, manpower, theoretical shortcomings, the inadequacy of supreme laws, shortcomings of institutional elements and approach and theoretical shortcomings, respectively.

The results of this study indicate that the shortcomings and inefficiencies of the rules and regulations of Iran's urban development plans have multiple roots that, when clarified, pave the way for their correction. The axis of the six constructive fields is paradigm transition, respectively; Politics and lack of cooperation and coordination; Participation, the interdisciplinary nature of urban planning laws, inconsistency of elements and inconsistency of views and approaches, which have been the cause of inefficiencies due to inadequacy in words and lack of common language.

Cities have always been population absorbent because of having specific economic and social characteristics. These geographical movements are not only for immigrants and Residents of cities are also constantly moving to intend to improve their social status. All these socio-spatial variations have profound effects on the pattern of urban settlement which doubles the complexity of the urban planning process. So it is very important to be aware of the factors affecting these variations. Therefore, this paper, through the social ecology approach, identified the factors affecting the urban settlement pattern.

The present research has been carried out using content analysis in 2021. The content has been selected from English-language sources from social ecology theorists who have dealt with issues related to urban Settlement and have been published between 1925 to now, so eighteen Primary sources were selected and the process of summarization, coding, and categorization was performed on them. Finally, quantitative analysis was carried out on all units including concepts, categories, and factors.

The results of the analysis on the first variable, show that the concepts with the social, cultural, and economic approach, respectively, had the highest frequency. The results of the analysis on the second variable, also show that among the ten factors affecting the Settlement pattern, "social distance" and "socio-spatial movement" had the highest frequency. The results of correlation analysis between the ten factors, also show that "social homogeneity" by a direct relationship and strong correlation with six other factors, has the greatest impact on urban settlement patterns.

The results indicate that the final ten factors, through a network of interactives, shape socio-spatial variations and change the pattern of urban settlement.

Today, cities are increasingly competing with each other to attract more and more tourists, investors and companies, new citizens, and a valuable and creative workforce. However, city branding plays an effective role to attract or repel them. Therefore, preparing strategic urban branding plans to recover and promote the brand of cities is of great importance. In Iran, some efforts in this regard such as the strategic branding plan of Isfahan, Tehran, and the strategic plan of the visual identity of Mashhad and Kelardasht have been made. Therefore, studying the effects and evaluation of strategic urban branding plans can improve the quality of strategic city branding programs in Iran. As a result, studying the effectiveness and efficiency of these strategic plans is of high importance. In this research, the qualitative content analysis method was used to study the strategic branding plan of Isfahan and identify the components of urban branding according to the existing documents. To do so, the emphasized or neglected dimensions were identified and presented in Isfahan’s branding. The purpose of this study is to determine the components of city branding and the way the dimensions of the subject are emphasized or neglected in the existing document.

Today, sustainable placement is one of the main approaches of urban planners and regional planners. The purpose of this study was to design and fit a consolidated model of localization of densely populated areas with emphasis on environmental balance. The purpose of this research is practical and it is a survey-analysis type. At first, according to the theoretical foundations, the research background and interviewing the experts designed the integrated model (basic conceptual model). Then the model was fitted by referring to experts (86 simple). The initial model of the research was investigated and tested using SEM using Smart PLS 2 software. The results showed that the factor loadings of all questionnaire questions were more than 0.4 and were therefore acceptable. The t-values ​​for all questions are greater than 1.96 and are therefore significant at 95% confidence level. On the other hand, environmental equilibrium in locating subtropical regions is affected by 7 criteria and 22 sub criteria, among which environmental quality had the highest impact (path coefficient= 0.5227) and semantic structure (path coefficient = 0.0353) the least. Also, the mean of the common index index was 1.147 and the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9184. The overall fit of the model (GOF) was calculated to be 0.55235. In the final study, it was found that all paths have significant coefficients and thus the conceptual model of research was confirmed.

 Studies show that the concept of urban self-organization can pave the way for researchers to achieve actual citizen participation. Despite the importance of this issue, there is a significant cognitive gap in this field in Iran. Due to the contextual nature of urban self-organization, to use this concept in the development of the country's neighborhoods, one must first understand the specific concepts and elements of this phenomenon inside. This study aims to identify the concepts and categories of urban self-organization in the neighborhoods of Sabzevar and investigate the relationship between these concepts and categories. 

 the research uses the multi grounded theory. The existing theoretical texts were reviewed during a round-trip process, and 18 activists of urban self-organization processes in Sabzevar, officials, and experts on urban issues were interviewed. A combination of purposeful judgment methods and snowballs, non-probabilistic methods, has been used to select the statistical population. Adequacy of sampling has also been achieved by the theoretical sampling method. 

 During the research process, 423 initial codes, 68 concepts, and 22 categories were identified. Among the obtained categories, "constant energy flow" was introduced as a core category. "motivating factors", "Structural forces and capacities of the local community", "Transparency and accessibility of information", "Socio-psychological characteristics of key people", "Spatial-social proximity" and "Determination of managers" "Were identified as causal conditions. Strategies resulting from a core category in the model include "negotiations and agreements", "multi-sectoral funding methods", "creating common interests" and "collective learning". On the one hand, in this model, the categories of "technical capacity, knowledge, and awareness of citizens", "capacity of local scientific societies", "capacities and physical assets of the neighborhood", "recognition of self-organized groups" and "independence of Self-organized groups" is introduced as the context conditions. On the other hand, "institutional rules and forces" are the intervening conditions in the mentioned model.

 The flow of communication, interactions, and exchange of ideas, experiences, and information among the various actors of urban self-organization processes, including citizens, key individuals, and Responsible official bodies, form the basis of urban self-organization processes. Therefore, efforts to establish and increase this flow can provide the necessary conditions for forming urban self-organization processes. According to the research findings, structural and legal reforms in urban management processes are inevitable to achieve real and self-organized participation. Changes to multi-level management systems, the development of flexible rules that are adaptable to local conditions, and the elimination of cumbersome administrative procedures are among the most essential measures that should be considered in this regard. Finally, the proposed model promotes functional, semantic, and environmental dimensions and brings "economic achievements" and "social and behavior-oriented interventions".

One of the main issues in the field of urban planning in Iran is the performance of urban development projects. Urban development plans have been prepared in Iran since the 1960s. However, over time, they have encountered some problems in practice. In order to identify the problems, the performance of urban development projects has been evaluated in different periods. According to the requirements of the time, various solutions have been presented in order to improve the process of preparation and approval of urban development plans in Iran. Most of the evaluations have been done in relation to the physical recommendations of the performance of the plans and most of the solutions have been presented in order to change the methods of preparing urban development plans. In the global literature today, the nature of the discourse of planning and decision-making in the public sphere is followed by scholars such as Foucault, Allmendinger, and Healey. Accordingly, the attitude towards urban development plans in this study has shifted from an empirical perspective to more flexible and deductive perspectives. In the field of urban development plans, this article seeks to reveal the components affecting the process of preparation and approval of plans in Iran based on the experiences of the city of Mashhad. In order to achieve this goal, the present study will use the capabilities of new methods of the grounded theory called situational analysis. The use of situational analysis could show us that the factors influencing the preparation and approval of urban development plans in Iran are very diverse, dynamic, and complex. Different factors affect urban development plans and they are influenced by different discourse worlds at different scales. Data collection tools in this study include field data and library data. Field data collection includes 17 interviews with specialists. There were also 546 interviews, reports, and articles published in the press that were used to collect library and documentary data. Data analysis in this study was carried out by using the proposed method of Adel Clarke using location maps and arena/social world maps on the national and local scales. The results of this study showed that in different social worlds, different discourse structures affect the preparation and approval of urban development plans in Iran. Areas affecting the preparation of urban development plans were divided into three categories: political, intellectual, and social capitals. As a result of the impact of these three types of capitals, different planning methods and decision-making methods have emerged. The analysis of the arena-social world map in this study showed that there are content differences in the fields of social capital, intellectual capital, and political-managerial capital at national and local scales. consequently, planning tools and decision-making methods are also expressed differently at national and local levels. At the local level, due to the role of municipalities in urban development plans and their vital relationship with the people, there is a tendency for short-term, collective, and action-oriented decisions, while at the national level due to centralist approaches and oil revenues, long-term, governmental, and idealistic measures are in focus.