مریم سادات غیاثیان

This article examined the effect of picture on the vocabulary developement in the first-grade elementary students in the non-profit schools in Kerman.Within the framework of Pavio's dual coding theory (1986) and the descriptive statistics methods, their vocabulary developement was compared. Two schools were selected by cluster sampling and then sixty selected students were given a vocabulary pre test and post test. After choosing two story books and reading them for three groups in different conditions and giving test, the results showed that the vocabulary developement in the first group (seeing picture with emphasizing on it) compared to the second group (seeing picture during narration) and the third group (control group (not seeing picture)) in school A (4/03) with the significant level (0.002) and in school B (2.52) with the significant level (0.02) is higher and seeing the pictures with emphasising has significant effectiveness in expanding the vocabulary of new students.

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is one of the new approaches to discourse analysis based on which metalanguage factors such as power, history and ideology are examined. This approach was formed in the second half of the twentieth century by some linguist scholars. Tune Van dijk is one of the prominent pioneers who studies in this field. In his opinion, ideology can be represented through strategies called ideological square and based on bilateral contrasts between in group and out group. The discourse of Imam Ali (AS) in his letters to Mu'awiyah has a feature that can be scrutinized by this approach and via descriptive- analytical method. This research is crucial because it explains the audience the ideology of two opposing thoughts during the history of Islam through CDA.The findings indicate that the ideology of Imam Ali and Muawiyah has led to polarization between two groups, i.e. the contrast between "us" and "them". In explaining the differences between the two groups in identity, members and actions, the status of the ingroup (us) has been raised and the status of the outgroup (them) has been degraded. In addition, the nobility of ancestors, purity, believe in God, relation with goods and courage as the most important positive points of "us" and hypocrisy, disbelief, relation with evils and following the devil as the most important negative points of "them" are represented in Imam's discourse. Furthermore, it seems that "true belief in the religion of Islam" versus "deviation from the religion of Islam" are ideologies that can be achieved as a result of the contrast between Ali and Mu'awiyah.Among three mentioned approaches, critical discourse analysis (CDA) analyzes meta-language factors such as power, history and ideology. This approach was formed in the second half of the 20th century by the efforts of some linguistic scholars and theorists. Teun Van Dijk is one of the prominent pioneers of study and research in CDA. According to him, ideology in the discourse can be represented through strategies called ideological square, which is based on bilateral contrasts between in group and out group. Imam Ali’s letters to Muawiyah can be analyzed by a descriptive-analytical method based on Van Dijk’s ideological square as his discourse aligns with this approach.This research is crucial because the ideology of two opposing thoughts during the history of Islam is elaborated to the audience through CDA. The findings indicate that the ideology of Imam Ali and Muawiyah has led to polarization between two groups, i.e. the contrast between "us" and "them". In explaining the differences between the two groups in identity, members and actions, the status of the ingroup (us) has been raised and the status of the outgroup (them) has been degraded. In addition, the nobility of ancestors, purity, believe in God, relation with goods and courage as the most important positive points of "us" and hypocrisy, disbelief, relation with evils and following the devil as the most important negative points of "them" are represented in Imam's discourse. Furthermore, it seems that "true belief in the religion of Islam" versus "deviation from the religion of Islam" are ideologies that can be achieved as a result of the contrast between Ali and Mu'awiyah.

Markazi province is located in the center of Iran with 1.8% of the area of Iran and approximately 1% of the Iran population. In this research, based on the instructions of the “Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI)”, the language distribution and the approximate percentage of the speakers of Markazi province were obtained. The results show that the local Persian language (Persian with an accent, for example, Araki Persian), standard Persian, Turkish group, Luri, Raji, Khalaji group and South Tati language group (including: Vafsi, Alviri, Kahaki, Vidari), Lakki and Kurdish have the most speakers in the province respectively. Vafsi, Kohki, Amrei, Raji, Alviri, Vidari languages are among the most endangered languages. Laki, Kurdish and Lori languages are local languages whose speakers have migrated to this province from other regions of the country, due to the industrial hub of Markazi Province. Statistical results of the research show that in Markazi province, speakers of the local Persian varieties include around 42.33%, speakers of standard Persian include around 33.11%, speakers of Turkish group around 14.36%, speakers of Lori group around 4.49%, speakers of mixed languages around 3.06%, speakers of Raji around 1.81%, speakers of Khalaji around 0.450%, speakers of South Tati language around 0.287 %, speakers of Laki of Kermanshah around 0.10%, and speakers of Kurdish around 0.003%, of the population of the province.

Autism spectrum disorder has always been associated with pragmatic language disorder. The present study aims to investigate the effect of audio-visual social stories and pragmatic exercises on improving (non)verbal communication skills in children with autism. It is a clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design. Subjects were selected by convenience sampling method which included 19 children aged 7 to 9 years old with autism spectrum disorder (level 1: requiring support). They received an intervention program organized in 18 individual sessions of 45 to 60 minutes. The findings of the study revealed that utilized audio-visual social stories and pragmatic exercises improved pragmatic level in children with autism spectrum disorder. In other words, it had a positive effect (p< 0.05) on the subscales of pragmatic skills in the Bishop Communication Checklist Questionnaire (1998). According to the results, it was shown that audio-visual social stories and pragmatic exercises improved (non)verbal communication skills in children with autism.

This paper is concerned with analyzing the tricks of the Hollywood Cinema’s discourse formation when introducing the environmental problems and their proposed solutions in the Lorax animation. Descriptive-analytical research method was employed and by using the idea of juxtaposition and critical reading of the discourse of capitalist global system, the mechanisms of stabilization and consolidation of the Western semantic discourse system was decoded or deciphered. The Lorax animation, which is a representation of this discourse, tries to present a new profile of widespread environmental problems, culprits, responsibilities and solutions to the audience. But, the findings of this research show that environmental problems, like cutting the trees and air pollution, are just an excuse for legitimization of consumerist discourse, marketing for multinational corporations, and more importantly, promotion of humanism. Believers and theists in this animation are represented as impotent and helpless beings. But, through a clearer, more powerful, and deeper expression of thoughts and abilities of independent human being, humanism uplifts its hero to the etheric domain of gods until he/she becomes the subject of observational reflection of the audience. At the end of this animation, the audience will find out that for the first time in the world history, the Western discourse has appeared in the form of a just global system that is the output of “the profound orientations and tendencies of the social world,” and, without any need to the divine guidance, can provide man with various options of semanticization of a happy life.

The main activity of Academy of Persian Language and Literature is accompanied with progress and development of country on the basis of the science and in this regard the terminology work groups have dealt with the specialized and scientific lexis. In this research we study approved terms of Academy of Persian Language and Literature based on linguistic and morphological approaches to present optimal ways for terminology work and word formation. The research is theoretical and the way of research is content analysis in method of qualitative analysis. The terms and the related data which are all the approved terms of Academy of Persian Language and Literature, thirteen note (1395-1376), which were collected in library method. The findings of the research revealed that Academy of Persian Language and Literature did not exploit of all potential and actual abilities of word formation in Persian language and word formation based on derivational morphology is the best solution for deficit of lexis of Persian language. The study showed from all the approved terms (32800), about 1310 loan word ( except for Arabic words and omitting the common words), about 17 terms reduplication( omitting the common words) and just 7656 terms ( omitting the common words) were formed from main ways of word formation and the rest of terms are calque and there is not any innovation in the approved terms of Academy of Persian Language and Literature.

The aim of this research is to study Persian discourse markers in Azerbaijani speakers’ speech. Data was collected from Azerbaijani speakers’ conversations over 18 hours in Ardabil. Investigating data shows that Persian discourse markers," xob, be hǝr hal, yǝni, vǝli, belǝxǝre, ǝslǝn, vaqeǝn, kolǝn, vallah, mǝsǝlǝn, xolase, be xatere, ǝlbǝte, be qoli, ǝma˒ dǝrhalike˒bǝd˒ ҫön˒ dǝqiqǝn˒ dǝrvaqe are used in Azerbaijani conversations. They take place in different positions in a sentence with various discourse functions. The reasons of these substitutions are multifunctionality, lack of equivalents and simplicity of Persian discourse markers. Data analysis based on linguistic and non-linguistic criteria of borrowing/code-switching differentiation shows that the majority of Persian discourse markers have been borrowed by Azerbaijani and some of them appear as code-switched elements in bilinguals’ speech. The findings are in line with Myers-Scotton’s view describing borrowing/code-switching continuum as a mechanism for accomplishment of borrowing process.

The uniformity of specialized terms of science and the clarity of scientific concepts to establish a common language among disciplines are essential in the domain of language planning. In this comparative research, the principles and policies of the Academy of Persian Language and literature (from 1989 to now) and the Infoterm were studied. To get an understanding of how theses principles and policies work in coining words in the Academy of Persian Language and literature, the scientific terms approved by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature were examined. This study is a type of theoretical research. The research method was content analysis and the data consisted of 40 scientific terms approved, published in its first to thirteenth booklet (1997-2016). The finding showed that the principles and coining of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature are in line with the principles and policies of the Infoterm. However, the synonyms and multiplicity of terminology and the conceptual plurality in various fields of science coined by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature causes confusion among experts in the scientific fields which is suggested to be at the Academy of Persian Language and literature 's agenda.

In this research, we are going to describe and analyze the visual texts in those banners and billboards that their main concern is to reduce two environmental crises, i.e. the water shortage and the air pollution. The banners and the billboards were installed by Tehran's municipality during 1393-94, and they were archived in the municipality's site. In the research, all the samples were analyzed, but due to some limitations, just six samples were chosen randomly and reported here. The main question of the research is how the visual texts in the banners and the billboards can help to reduce the environmental crises of the water shortage and the air pollution in Tehran via using the multimodality discourse analysis. In order to answer the question, Cheong (2004) was used. The research is descriptive- analytic, and its results show that some elements of the generic structure according to Cheong (2004) have not set properly in municipality's banners and billboards. The results demonstrate some deviants from Cheong's generic structure. In general, it is concluded that if some changes have been made to the setting of the elements, the viewers can decode the visual texts easily. In this case, the advertisers can reach their goals which are reducing the environmental crises. It is important to mention that this research is not taking into consideration the viewer's perspective.

This project aimed to compare the pragmatic skills of initiation and applying the context of situation across two groups of participants: children with hearing loss and using cochlear implants, and hearing children. Pragmatics is the study of speaker’s intended meanings and hearer’s interpretations in the context of situation. In this research, communicative competence as an ability for properly using language in different social situations was studied. This study was a cross-sectional and quantitative one in which two groups of participants were selected by snowball sampling. Each group comprised 15 Turkish-Persian bilinguals aged 5 to 8 years. Data collection instrument was the Persian version of Bishop's Children's Communication Checklist, validated in Iran. Data were analyzed by t-test. No significant difference was observed between groups in initiation, but the difference was significant in their use of context. Children with hearing loss and using cochlear implants perform poorer than their normally hearing counterparts in some pragmatic skills, but they perform much better that children with profound hearing loss.

Since the publication of the novel “Savushun”, contemporary female novelists have challenged the traditional crises of Iran’s literary novels via creating female protagonists and even, occasionally, an antagonist. The two studied authors have very well represented the social and identity crises of the women within formats unique to them and, in the meanwhile, they have depicted the process of the society’s transition from its traditional to modern forms. The present article intends analyzing the relationships between the literary work, the creator of the work as well as the society wherein the author lives based on sociological literature theory proposed by Lucian Goldman followed by the comparative analysis of these aspects, if possible. In doing so, pivoting about the relationship between the society and the community, the social crises and conflicts and the norms governing the Iranian society, the sociological investigation of the mentioned social concepts will be carried out. The novel “wandering island”, has been successful in representing various viewpoints regarding the social life of women in Iran as well as the social and cultural norms that are somehow interwoven with the history of this country. Ravanipour, as well, has been able to portray the rapid social and cultural changes in conjunction with the southern regions’ ecosystem within the cast of a character named gypsy girl.

Standardization is one of the main processes in promoting a language's position. The Academy of Persian Language and Literature as a language planning institution can standardize its new scientific, technical and specialized terms in different fields in order to enable experts of scientific fields use their native language for exchanging information and technical knowledge. This research is theoretical within the framework of Infoterm and it is exploratory with content analysis methodology which is done in two parts. In first part of the research, the approved terms of Academy of Persian Language and Literature, from first to thirteenth pamphlets (1376-1395), are studied from the viewpoint of standardization. The study of the total of approved terms revealed: 1- about 18% of them are referred to each other, 2- about 4% of them are polysemic, and 3- about 2% of them have more than one lexical entry with different equivalents. In the second part of the research, the activities of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature in relation to the standardization of specialized dictionaries in scientific fields are studied. The primary data include more than 100 words from specialized English–Persian dictionaries in 25 scientific fields. The study showed disorders and multiplicity of terms and concepts in the specialized dictionaries; therefore, the standardization of these dictionaries can be considered as a priority for the Academy of Persian Language and Literature.

Animations, one of the virtues of digital world, subjectively demonstrates anthropomorphic representations of fantasy worlds in which human and non-human identities are constantly being revalued. In this milieu, animators are heirs to aesthetic resources functioning a mediating force to re-conceptualize and reorganize the world’s spatial coordinates. This paper probes the nature of creeping ideologies about consumerism, globalized world and denigrated non-American local cultures propagated in popular, animated Hollywood film Fantastic Mr. Fox through a multimodal analysis. Multimodality, an interdisciplinary approach to the study of contemporary communication and representation, justifiably claims that there are intricate processes of meaning-making achieved not only through language but also through a variety of modes, including image, gaze, gesture, movement, music, speech and sound–effect, that simultaneously and in various degrees contribute to the gestation of semiotic landscape. Applying a multimodal approach, we try to answer these questions: In what ways is multimodality a repertoire for scaffolding cultural identity? How can multimodal representations help immerse interpreters in the life-worlds of fictional characters? What is the best way to study processes of remediation as they bear on issues of multimodality? The significance of current study is emphasized by the formation of an increasingly intimate association between children, consumer culture, and lucre-oriented media in the USA, as well as the increasingly dire information emerging about disparaged local traditions. This analysis grossly represents the dual, alienating and often conflicting messages that commercial film provides for its young audiences about promised American utopia and their vociferously alleged panacea for the audiences’ desperate situation.

Abstract: Cultural patterns could be expressed explicitly in the language and language teaching. Today the educational content of English textbooks has become a cultural tool which conveys the cultural content. This article examines the cultural content of ninth grade English textbook from the viewpoint of Iranian-Islamic culture, target culture and international culture. This analysis is conducted based on Brown (2012), Lee (2009), and cultural subcategories of Davari Ardakani’s proposal (2007). The research method is text based, non-experimental and descriptive, which is done based on content analysis. The corpus included ninth grade English textbook (prospect 3) with relevant workbook, published in 2015 (first edition). The units of analysis include vocabulary, visual and image themes and texts. The findings revealed categories of words, images and text including 427 cultural cases: 315 cases of which equivalent to 73.77% include culture and Iranian-Islamic ulture and identity.

Communication is comprised of verbal and non-verbal skills. Moreover, communication process has some components (e.g. sender, receiver, message, media, channel, noise, feedback, texture, etc.) which have the potentiality to be analyzed from different perspectives. Two principles of turn taking and interruption are among the important communicative competences that have integral connections with other competences. These two principles have close relationships with the principle of social politeness. The correct observation of these principles leads to a more effective and successful rapport between the presenters and audience. This article puts emphasis on interior design (decoration and furniture), and proximities, (territoriality, proximity, and orientation) in the context of the principles turn-taking and interruption . Considering this, a hundred and twenty minutes of presenter-oriented programs on Iranian national television channels (channels One, Two, Three, and Four) were analyzed , focusing on the first fifteen minutes of eight programs (that is, two programs from each channel). This article employs descriptive-analytic approach to “circumscribe the current communicative competence of presenter-oriented programs in Iranian national television programs in comparison with an ideal condition”.
The findings of this study showed that many factors affect turn-taking, including failure to observe verbal and non-verbal principles, compliments, concluding phrases, clarification probes, information, adjacency pairs, apologies and their acceptance, subject matters, reflection, imperative demands and doubt.

Importing the pragmatic theories of ‘politeness’ (Brown and Levinson, 1987) and ‘impoliteness’ (Culpeper, 1996) into the domain of literary studies, this article intends to investigate politeness and impoliteness strategies used in ten highly acknowledged Persian youngsters’ novels published from 2002 to 2012. For a novel to be included in the samples it should not be translation; most of its events should be narrated through dialogues; and that it should have won the majority of prizes for youngsters’ literature. This article addresses two central research questions: (1) How is the characters’ uses of politeness and impoliteness strategies in peer-group and non-peer-group vary? (2) In general, which strategies (politeness strategies or impoliteness strategies) are more frequently used by characters in Persian-speaking Youngsters’ Novels? The results, came by Chi-Square test, demonstrate that the characters in Persian youngsters’ novels are more inclined to using impolite strategies in peer-group interactions compared to non-peer-group interactions and that characters, in general, make more use of politeness strategies than impoliteness strategies.

The power of ecolinguistic approaches, a burgeoning approach in critical studies, lies in their ability to transcend the readers beyond the determinisms of language and encourage friendly and humane relationships with nature and all species of life. This paper appraises how language contributes to the oppression and exploitation of animals by scrutinizing the definition of animals given in Moin Persian to Persian Dictionary. The results show how Moin Dictionary, by concentrating mainly on environmental problems, fails to criticize the environmentally destructive cultural values institutionalized unconsciously by Iranians, and directs attention away from alternatives. This dictionary portrays animals as objects, resources or token species. According to the results, intensive confinement, oppression and slaughter of animals depend on the implicit consent of the population. By applying a critical approach, this paper attempts to expose ideologies embedded in the discourse of this dictionary.

This research aims at analyzing the narrator type and the modality governing his point of view in the short story "Frankness and Decisiveness" (1349) by Bahram Sadeghi". We have used Simpson's model (1993) in which narrative and point of view are studied utilizing a linguistic framework. The goal of this paper is to determine the type of narrator (first, second or third person) and modality of the story (positive, negative, neutral). We have assumed that the narrator is third person and modality is neutral. The data are analyzed according to categories and analytic instruments introduced by the theory; Therefore, the method of this research is descriptive-analytic. Modality in linguistics concerns the writer's view on the truth of a proposition stated in a sentence. Findings of this study show that the narrator is type B (third person) who willingly enters the character's mind and reports their intentions and thoughts to the reader. Analyzing the modal devices in every sentence shows that the narrator uses verbs and adverbs of request, sentences stating opinions, generic sentences, imperative verbs and evaluative adjectives and adverbs all of which denote positive modality. To show the procedure which ends in a misunderstanding and also for evaluating the situation, the writer makes use of negative modality devices through which the most important elements are cognitive verbs.

The process of language change is an inseparable feature of the inherent nature of every language. This change is so slow and delicate that it will be tangible for the native speakers only after a long time and in comparison with the past. A diachronic outlook of the language is especially beneficial here. The present research seeks to examine the transition process of (negative or positive) semantic prosody of some presently neutral Persian verb compounds into connotation. To this end, different researches on semantic prosody, connotation and their transformation in different languages and especially in English are reviewed and the same trend is traced in some verb compounds in Persian. Two corpora from two different historical periods (12th century and modern Persian) of language data were compiled and the semantic prosody of seven verb compound was established in the two. The results show that the semantic prosody of some of these compounds have changed from positive to negative over time and this negative semantic prosody in some of the compounds especially mojeb shodan (cause) is changing to negative connotation.

The primary purpose of the research is to find the discursive strategies by which Iranian managers and elite legitimize or delegitimize discourses on tourism in Iran and the secondary purpose is to find the differences between governmental and nongovernmental discursive legitimacy of managers and elite in Iran. Critical Discourse Analysis of Van Leeuwen(2008) has been selected as a method of analysis . The population is 70 articles consist of news, interviews and speeches on tourism and 23 of all were selected purposefully as the samples. Both groups of governmental and nongovernmental managers and elite have legitimized positive interaction with the world and the security of Iran but have delegitimized the situation of tourism infrastructure and negative propaganda against Iran. Governmental sector agrees presence of private sector but with monitoring services of travel agencies, while private sector demands reduction of the role of government in this field.

Language contact occurs in various ways in multi-language societies. One of the most significant results of language contact is code switching, which refers to the use of phrases and words of more than one language within the same utterance or the same conversation. Code switching can be divided into two types: intra-sentential and inter-sentential. Armenian-Persian bilinguals frequently switch from Armenian to Persian in their Armenian conversations. This study examines two types of code switching based on 10 hours of recorded informal Armenian conversations in Tehran. In order to investigate intra-sentential code switching in this research, the model proposed by Myers-Scatton is utilized. For inter-sentential code switching the approach presented by Blom and Gumperz is employed. The results show that in Armenian conversations of Armenian- Persian bilinguals both kinds of code switching take place and intra-sentential is used more frequently.