مریم ممقانیه

Due to the significant importance of the mental health of women and mothers in society, as well as the absence of a native tool for evaluating their mental health, this study aimed to develop an electronic version of the two-dimensional instrument (psychological well-being and psychological problems). A sample of 1222 mothers with at least one student in Tehran city were selected by convenience sampling. Analysis of missing data, exploratory factor analysis, item analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and calculation of reliability coefficients were performed.The item analysis showed that twelve items from the psychological well-being dimension and one item from the psychological problems dimension did not have the sufficient statistical and conceptual adequacy and were excluded from the analysis. The exploratory factor analysis revealed that three structures for the psychological well-being dimension and five structures for the psychological problems dimension had a simple structure. The exploratory structures, along with the initial theoretical structure and the one-factor structure, were entered as competing structures into the confirmatory factor analysis. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that a four-factor structure for the psychological well-being dimension and an eight-factor structure for the psychological problems dimension had the best fit. In the psychological well-being dimension, the four subscales of grit, happiness, optimism, and relationships, and in the psychological problems dimension, the eight subscales of depression, anxiety, obsession, social anxiety, sleep problems, harassment behaviors, substance addiction, and addiction to virtual space were identified. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the subscales were acceptable and high, ranging from 0.63 to 0.87 for the psychological well-being dimension and from 0.65 to 0.87 for the psychological problems dimension. However, the McDonald's omega coefficients for these coefficients ranged from good to excellent, from 0.71 to 0.91 for the psychological well-being dimension and from 0.74 to 0.91 for the psychological problems dimension.

Today, robots have found a prominent role in our human lives. In recent years, social robots have become a part of all kinds of human activities, especially in programs such as entertainment, education, companionship that include children, the interest of this work is in the interaction of social robots with children in the field of special education. The aim of this research was to systematically investigate the application and challenges of using robots in special education.

To identify the challenges and application of social robots, two documentary methods and reference groups have been used. At the beginning and after examining the related sources, a total of 355 sources were identified, 26 of which were evaluated more precisely based on the criteria of usefulness. After the multi-stage analysis and extracting the findings, the relatively common cases were combined with each other and categorized into three main areas, dimensions and quality indicators. In the next step, after checking the validity of the findings by the peer review method, these findings were refined according to the conditions.

The results showed that social robots were effective in achieving therapeutic and educational goals, especially for supporting children with special needs.

This study showed a large number of attempts to apply social robots in the special education of children with different disabilities, especially in recent years, as well as a wide variety of social robots from the market that are involved in such activities. Also, considering the colorful role that robots can play in education, especially special education, and considering the previous findings that indicated the positive effects of social robots in the education and treatment of children with special needs. The main result of this work is that the specific field of application of social robots is in the first step of development, however, it is expected that it will receive the attention of the research community in the coming years.

The family is the only natural, irreplaceable, and eternal institution of human beings, established by a sacred marriage covenant between a man and a woman. Children are a gift and trust for the family. Every family may face many challenges in their lifetime. One of these challenges is the birth of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). For parents, the challenges of caring for a child with ASD may affect their relationship with their spouse and reduce marital satisfaction. According to research findings, marital satisfaction can be a protective factor for families and help them to cope with the challenges of raising a child with ASD. In addition, marital satisfaction has been shown to affect children's health. This study investigated the factors influencing marital satisfaction in parents with ASD children.

The present study was a systematic review, and its approach was based on collecting, classifying, and summarizing the findings of scientific–research articles related to marital satisfaction in families with ASD children, which were taken from internal and external databases during 1980–2021. For this purpose, the "satisfaction," "marriage," and "child with autism spectrum disorder" keywords were considered. Internal databases included SIDs, and external databases included CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Medline, Embase, Informit, ProQuest, Sage Journals, AMED, PubMed, OT Seeker, and Google Scholar. The search was conducted in English with the above keywords. Eighty–seven articles were selected in the initial search, but 54 were deleted due to their inconsistency with the ASD subject. Subsequently, 3 articles were deleted due to duplication in several databases, and 7 articles due to review. Finally, 22 articles were selected. The inclusion criteria included studies with the keywords searched directly for marital satisfaction in parents of children with ASD and original articles published in English in prestigious journals from 1980 to 1921. The exclusion criteria were articles that could not be accessed in full, as well as articles that were reviewed.

In the present study, according to a review of 22 studies conducted in the field of children with ASD and their families during 32 years of research and study in this field, it was concluded that a total of 8 groups of components affecting marital satisfaction in the parents of ASD children. We collected and analyzed these components and examined them in 8 groups: 1) child characteristics such as age, gender, and cognitive function, 2) severity of autism spectrum symptoms, 3) challenging behaviors, 4) sociodemographic and family characteristics, 5) parent characteristics such as age and gender, 6) parental stress and psychological well–being, 7) parental personality, resources cognitive and coping strategies, and 8) strategies to maintain marital satisfaction.

Based on the general findings of this systematic review, couples with children with ASD are less likely to have marital satisfaction compared to couples with children without disabilities; Therefore, couples with children with ASD need social support to maintain the satisfaction of their marriage.

Due to conflicts in the results of previous studies comparing the mental health and personality characteristics of pet owners and non-pet owners, and because of the lack of similar research in the Iranian society, this study was conducted to compare the mental health and personality characteristics of pet owners and non-pet owners. The test group consisted of 400 individuals who referred to the veterinary clinic of the University of Tehran in a 12-month period, and 100 non-pet owners as a control group that were matched based on sex and age with the owners. The International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) and General Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ- 28) were applied for data collection. Data analysis, using multivariate analysis of variance showed that all groups of pet owners were less open to experience than control group members. Furthermore, mental health problems were observed at a higher frequency in pet owners. Therefore, it was concluded that the causes and conditions of pet ownership in the Iranian culture could be different from those in other cultures.

Autism is one the most disturbing neurodevelopmental disorders associated with variety behavioral problems including communication deficits. The present study is aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) on behavioral problems of autistic children. This study follows a quasi- experimental single subject A-B design. Four boys with autism (aged between 3-7 years) were selected from the Center for the Treatment of Autistic Disorders, Tehran. They were received PECS training for duration of four months (42 session), three sessions per week. Direct observation assessment and Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist were applied 6 times during the course of the study. Separate set of analysis of the data reveled a positive effects of PECS on reduction of behavioral problems in three children, although, some differences were identified between them. Enhanced ability to communicate by PECS, would effectively reduce behavioral problems of children with Autism.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between reliance on God and mental health among Payame-Noor university students. This research method is a kind of correlation. In order to research، 177 students (98 girls and 79 boys) were chosen randomly، and took identical tests (reliance on God in critical life events scale and GHQ). Data was analyzed through Pierson corelational coefficient، Z scale and MANOVA. Research findings indicate that there is a significant negative correlation between reliance on God in critical life events scale and anxiety، somatic symptoms and depression، but correlation of other dimensions of life events scale and mental health is not significant. Difference between girl and boy students in all subscales mental health is significant whereas in subscales life events scale is not significant. Results indicate that reliance on God as a religious coping strategy has an effective and important role in increasing mental health.

Current study conducted to identify personality characteristics and negative events as prediction factors of suicide attempting. This descriptive-correlating study performed on totally 148 people included 74 male and female suicide attempters and 74 male and female non-attempters that matched with attempters. Used Instruments for collecting data were Millon Multi-axial personality inventory-II (MCMI-II) and researcher-made negative life events checklist. Maladjustment personality patterns such as borderline, antisocial, narcistic, passive-aggressive, anxiety and depressive disorders were more prevalent among suicide attempters than non-attempters. Also, suicide attempters experienced negative events more than non-attempters. Among psychological disorders, anxious, narcistic and antisocial and among negative life events, sever conflict with family and blame experience have the highest power to predict suicide attempt.