مریم نادری

One of the important consequences of new technologies is the change in the nature and meaning of knowledge, the creation of a new metaphysics for knowledge in such a way that a new nature and meaning of knowledge emerges, and this change and transformation, affects the teaching and learning methods and strategies (pedagogy). The purpose of this article is to examine how new technologies affect the nature and meaning of knowledge on the one hand (creating a new metaphysics for knowledge) and then to explain the characteristics and components of pedagogy in line with new technologies and also to examine the types of pedagogy that will be from the new metaphysics of knowledge and its implications for the teacher and the learner in the teaching process. The method used is first conceptualization and then reconceptualization and also philosophical deduction. The findings indicate that technology has three capabilities: 1. Production of horizontal folds and as a result changes in knowledge relations 2. Production of hyper textual space and intertextual space and as a result change in the style of knowledge 3. Creating mapping capability and then changing the product of knowledge. Changing the nature of pedagogy in proportion to the changes in relationships, style and product of knowledge is obvious, and finally, the transition from ontological categories to epistemology and then from epistemology to phenomenology and finally from phenomenological category to methodology is the result of this article.

Since errors are in direct conflict with the quality of financial reporting, it is necessary to pay special attention to the position of error management in financial reporting. Therefore, it is expected that by identifying errors and testing their effects on the quality of financial reporting, more favorable information will be obtained. In order to investigate the effects of the identified consequences of the lack of error management on the dimensions of financial reporting, a sample of 150 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange was selected by systematic elimination and studied in the period of 2013-2020. Multivariate regression has been used to test quantitative data. The obtained results show that among the three types of errors identified, which are operational, compliance, and reporting errors, and which were extracted from the contents of the independent auditor's report by means of content analysis, management of compliance errors had a positive and significant effect on the dimensions of financial reporting, the dimensions of financial reporting According to accounting standard number 1, it includes two dimensions of presentation and disclosure, which means that compliance with laws and regulations has improved the quality level of both dimensions of financial reporting.The management of operational errors and reporting (accountability) has a positive and significant effect on the disclosure dimension of financial reporting,, the results show that error management in business units has an effect on the amount of profit by increasing the efficiency of operations and with Increasing effectiveness has improved the level of profit quality.

The Safavid period marks the pinnacle of calligraphic inscription art and sets the foundation for its integration into industrial arts such as carpet weaving. The calligraphic inscription has the most significant presence in Toranji and Mehrabi carpets. Although the material and texture limitations of carpets distinguish them from calligraphic inscriptions in architecture and metalwork, a careful examination reveals distinctive visual components in these carpets that have resulted in apparent differences in structure and content between calligraphic Toranji and Mehrabi carpets. The thematic content and different applications of these two patterns seem to have a significant impact on the similarities and differences of the visual components in the written calligraphic inscriptions of these carpets, which have not been explicitly addressed until now. Hence, the focus of this study is on understanding these components. What are the structural and content differences in the visual components of calligraphic inscription in Toranji and Mehrabi carpets during the Safavid period? This research aims to explore the structural and content aspects of prominent visual components and their differences in calligraphic inscription in Toranji and Mehrabi carpets during the Safavid period. This study used a descriptive-comparative method and gathered data through library research. The sample included seven Toranji carpets and seven Mehrabi carpets dating from the mid-9th to the early 11th century AH (Islamic calendar). The samples were among the representative samples available for each type. The study of the visual components of calligraphic inscriptions in Toranji and Mehrabi carpets during the Safavid period demonstrates significant differences between them. The calligraphic inscriptions in Mehrabi carpets exhibit a greater diversity in visual components compared to Toranji carpets, with the script playing a more fundamental role. On the other hand, calligraphic elements in Toranji carpets are considered a more localized part of the arabesque patterns in the carpet’s design, often following a consistent approach. However, there are shared elements such as spatial composition, rhythm, and the use of Naskh script in the calligraphic inscriptions of both types of carpets.

Among the main flows between urban and rural settlements are economic relations in the field of agriculture, which takes place with the transfer of manufactured products to the city and the provision of necessary agricultural inputs from the city, followed by other flows (labour force, people, capital, etc.). ..) affects Spatial flows between the city and the village over time are key factors in the spatial evolution of rural settlements. If these relations are complementary, they lead to two-way functions and can become the foundation of rural development. The descriptive-analytical research method and the required data were collected with the help of documentary and field methods.In this study, 22 villages were selected using the stratified sampling method. The unit of analysis was farmers in the sample villages of Khorram Abad County, after quantifying the variable of economic capacities (agriculture) and intensity of rural-urban flows, their relationship was investigated. In order to measure the relationship between agricultural capacities and urban-rural links after extracting the amount of agricultural and garden land under cultivation and the products produced, and then calculating the per capita products separately by product and village using the Pearson correlation test and ranking the villages using the Vicor model and AHP was used to weight the criteria.The results indicate that there is a direct and significant correlation between the two variables of the economic capacities of the studied villages and the intensity of rural-urban flows with a strong intensity (0.812) at the 99% confidence level.

The recent crises in the Bahadur stock exchange in the world and Iran, which has caused the loss of individual and macro-national funds, has undoubtedly been most affected by modern corporate factors such as error management, because the existence of problems in this category causes a decrease in production, loss of income, manipulation. Profit has provided wrong reporting and consequently improper investment and capital wastage. Therefore, the study of the effects of error management on the factors affecting the effective categories in investment, including capital market pressure, is the aim of the current research. To investigate the effects of error management on capital market pressure, a sample of 150 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange was selected by systematic elimination and studied in the period of 2012-2018. Multivariate regression has been used to test quantitative data. The obtained results show that among the three types of operational error management, compliance and reporting, which were extracted and compiled by the method of content analysis from the content of the independent auditor's report, operational and compliance error management had a negative and significant effect on capital market pressure, so that Increase in error management. Capital market pressure indicators such as profit pressure, ratio of book value to market value, company size and dividend growth have increased significantly. In general, the results of the research show that the market participants have used the marking of financial statement figures in the direction of their investment, because error management in the operational and compliance department of business units, by increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of business units' operations and compliance with laws and regulations, respectively, leads to improvement The level of income, increasing the market value of equity, increasing the size of the company and increasing the growth of the company. Also According to the results obtained from the hypothesis test, it was found that the proper and optimal management of operational errors (efficiency and effectiveness) and compliance (observance of laws and regulations) had a significant impact on the indicators of capital market pressure. One of these indicators is profit pressure, which is obtained by dividing the income of continuous operations by the market value of equity, therefore, business units with proper error management have been able to efficiently and effectively use the assets of their business unit and use all the existing potentials and find complications of errors and management. They have achieved higher production and operating income, and also such companies have been able to supply the information needed by investors to the market at the right time by following the rules and regulations, and by gaining confidence in the capital market, they have achieved a higher stock market value. Such companies will be more successful if they can bring the numerator and denominator of the fraction closer together. This ratio shows that the market participants have made good use of the marking of financial statement figures and assumed the income figure related to the company's continuous operations, which is the result of proper error management of the company's operational activities, as a strong measure for the growth of the market value of the shareholders' equity, and for each unit Increase the income growth of the market value as well. Regarding the effect of operational and compliance error management on the ratio of book value to market value, the results showed that error management in this sector was able to bring the ratio of the numerator to the denominator close to one because the closer the market value is to the book value, the smaller the price bubble in the market. will be and stocks will be closer to their intrinsic value. Also, the effect of operational and compliance error management on the size of the company and the growth of profit per share has also been confirmed, which means that with the increase in error management, the stock market value and the growth value of profit per share have also increased, so that companies with less error have increased the growth of profit per share. Is. Also, the effect of company life on capital market pressure shows that larger companies bear less capital market pressure. In general, the results of the research show that error management in the operational and compliance department of business units, by increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the operations of business units and complying with laws and regulations, respectively, leads to an increase in the level of income, an increase in the market value of equity, an increase in the size of the company and an increase in the growth of the company. It has been found that these results are consistent with the results of (Naderi et al, 2022) who have stated that operational error management improves the level of quantity and quality of profit and reduces the level of fraudulent financial reporting and increases the level of quality of financial reporting.

Education and its elements are among the goals and principles that are depended on knowing the essence and nature of man. On the other hand, benefiting from reliable scientific sources is the basis for ensuring the findings about what is human. Reliance on Nahj al Balaghah as a unique source is undeniable among the available sources. Mainly since this holy text contains valuable words of Imam Ali (AS). In this research, the researcher aims to conduct a semantic analysis regarding the word heart in  Nahj al-Balaghah and then reveal its educational implications. This article explores the meaning of heart as one of the keywords in anthropology by using text and conceptual analysis in semantics through a synchronic approach. This review focuses more on verbs, attributes, and companions of the heart. Then, author studied the indications regarding human education based on the semantics of the heart. The results indicated that the goal of education is to be close to God, achieve a good life and the principle of education, the principle of harmony with nature, principle of seeking guidance, the principle of reasoning and thinking, and the principle of comprehensiveness.

One of the main flows between urban and rural settlements is economic relations in the field of agriculture, which takes place by transferring the products produced to the urban market, followed by other existing flows (labor, people, capital, etc.). It affects. Spatial flows between urban and rural areas over time are key factors in the spatial evolution of rural settlements. These relationships, if complementary, lead to two-way operations and can pave the way for rural development. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to explain the pattern of rural-urban economic relations in Khorramabad city with emphasis on agriculture. The research method is descriptive-analytical and information has been collected through documentary and field methods. The unit of farmers' analysis was the sample villages of Khorramabad city. In this study, 22 villages were selected using the assigned classification and in each of them, the economic relations of 383 rural agricultural households were examined as a sample. In this study, 5 main components and 41 items were used to explain the pattern of rural-urban economic relations. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using one-way analysis of variance. Findings showed that in most components, rural-urban economic relations in Khorramabad city are mainly with Khorramabad city and the pattern of rural-urban economic relations in the field of agriculture is a special type of "domination relations" with an exploitative nature. "Shows the rural areas from the city of Khorramabad. In fact, the existing economic relations have not led to complementary rural-urban ties and have been established in a parasitic manner with the domination of the city of Khorramabad and in favor of the city.

Academic achievement is one of the most important problems faced by the educational system of universities, and it is very important to examine the influential factors. As such, this current study endeavored to model the structural equations of the effect of family support on academic achievement with the mediating role of career path self-efficacy in paramedical students.

The method was structural equation correlation. The research population included all students of paramedical faculties in Yazd province in the 2021-2022academic years, out of which, 300 individuals were selected as the sample by available sampling method. Research data were collected through self-efficacy questionnaires in career decision-making, social support (family scale), and the student's adjusted assessment in the last semester and analyzed using SPSS-23 and AMOS-22 statistical software for structural modeling.

The direct effect of family support on career path self-efficacy (P<0.05 and β=0.236) and academic achievement (P<0.05 and β=0.161) was significant. Besides, the direct effect of career path self-efficacy on academic achievement was significant (P<0.01 and β=0.445). Moreover, the indirect effect of family support on academic achievement through the career path self-efficacy variable was significant (P<0.01 and β=0.105).

According to the findings, it is possible to prepare the ground for students' academic achievement by promoting family support and improving the self-efficacy of students' career path.

Error management is a process that by identifying errors in a timely manner, in preventing the occurrence of errors and dealing with errors as a key to understanding the production of quality in many areas, including accounting and auditing has found a prominent role. The concept of error management is a general term that reflects the joint efforts and activities of managers and employees of organizations for three general principles of error management, namely: 1- Identification and detection of errors, 2- Prevention of errors and 3- Fixing and resolving errors. In the present study, in order to achieve the first principle of error management, ie identification and detection of errors, go to the strategic document of COSO (2013) and by examining and focusing on the document and in accordance with the proposed research model, which is surveyed by accounting elites, it is clear. That error management in business units originates from the internal controls of those units and can be identified and measured in the presence of these controls. According to the principles of the Kosovo Document, the objectives of the internal controls contained in the document are three categories, which are: Has endangered the business unit is considered as an error and is classified as: 1- operational error 2- compliance error and 3- reporting (accountability) error. In order to identify and detect the mentioned errors, the report of the independent auditor has been used and by means of content analysis, the errors have been studied and extracted manually from the mentioned report. Also, because error management in companies is not measurable, the hypotheses have been tested by the inverse criterion, ie the number of errors. Therefore, companies that have managed these errors correctly will have fewer errors in their portfolio. After identifying, measuring and collecting errors, their impact on fraudulent financial reporting has been investigated and the quality of auditing, which is an important and fundamental tool in error disclosure and has played a significant role in this regard, has been included in the models as a moderating variable.On the other hand, financial reporting is an important tool for fulfilling the responsibility of responding to the needs of respondents in society and the usefulness of financial statements and other financial reports is affected by the quality of financial reporting. The quality of financial reporting has important economic consequences such as increasing liquidity, reducing the cost of capital, increasing the growth of the company and adequate accountability for respondents. Quality financial reporting occurs when the activities and operations underlying financial reporting are managed in terms of possible errors and are free of errors and mistakes. Therefore, to achieve this, error management must be done.  Error management is also critical to the quality of business outcome in the business environment, especially in financial environments, because, first, errors are in direct conflict with the quality of financial reporting and lead financial users to erroneous conclusions. Second, errors cause learning within the organization because they provide clear indications that something is wrong and needs to be changed, and third, research has shown that errors are common in environments with high workload, high time pressure, and rapid changes between Things happen, the need to learn new things, sophisticated technology, diverse customers and high demand for order. All of these characteristics are very common in business environments, which means that error management, in other words, prevention and resolution of recurring errors, plays an important role in the daily work of managers, which ultimately manifests itself in accounting and especially in financial reporting. It becomes. Therefore, due to the important position of error management in various fields, including the accounting profession, it is expected that by identifying, modeling and testing it, we can see better quality information in the form of financial reporting.

The present study is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. First, the research model was developed through interviews with 15 experts in the field. The financial statements, which are the most objective criteria for measuring the inaccuracy of the financial statements and the obvious manifestation of fraud and distortion in the financial statements, have been evaluated. The years 2013-2020 have been studied. In order to achieve the research results, hypotheses have been designed that logistic regression has been used to test them.

The results show that among the three types of identified errors, which are compliance, operational and accountability errors, operational error management has a negative and significant effect on fraudulent financial reporting and audit quality has strengthened the relationship. Also, the role of observational errors and reporting (accountability) has been carefully accepted. Regarding the quality of auditing, due to the high independence of the "audit organization" and impartiality in detecting, reporting and disclosing errors in detail in the Annual audit report, business units that have manipulated their actual activities have been forced to record adjustments and resubmit financial statements. They themselves have recorded that this alone has shown the high independence of the organization as a formal institution with a high executive guarantee in detecting and exposing errors.

Error management in business units, especially in the operational sector, in addition to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of business unit operations, also reduces the possibility of fraudulent financial reporting and improves the quality of financial reporting.

The present study was aimed to examine the effect of organizational learning culture on transferring explicit knowledge among the organization's employees.

Research method was correlational descriptive. The statistical population of the research consisted of all official employees in Saveh and Zarandieh's governorships, i. e. 140 individuals from whom 103 individuals were selected. Data analysis was done using SPSS software.

Research results showed that with an increase in learning culture in an organization, there will be an increase in the level of transferring explicit knowledge among employees, and that organizational learning culture has a positive significant effect (0.95) on explicit knowledge transference.

It can be concluded that organizational learning culture has a direct positive significant effect on the transference of explicit knowledge. According this conclusion it has been suggested that managers should promotion Organizational Learning Culture in staff of their institute to achive the goals of knowledge management and Explicit Knowledge Transference among Employees. So It is suggested that more attention be paid to people with good taste, creativity and initiative in organizations, and to provide opportunities for increasing and transferring learning among the employees of the organization. Also support employees who have a calculated risk and allocate the necessary time to learn to employees who need more time for it.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of teaching TRIZ problem solving skills on students' Creative thinking and critical thinking. The statistical population of this study was 3958 female students in the sixth grade of elementary school in the 5th district of Tehran. The sample size was determined using Cohen's table of 60 people and they were divided into experimental and control groups by random sampling. A quasi-experimental research method as pretest-posttest with a control group was used. The measurement tool consisted of Torrance (1974) Creative Thinking Test and Critical Thinking Questionnaire (Robert Ennis, 1961). The experimental group underwent six one-hour sessions of innovative problem-solving skills training (TRIZ). At the end of the intervention, both groups were retested using the Robert Ennis Critical Thinking Test and the Torrance Creative Thinking Test. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and multivariate covariance analysis through SPSS. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and control group and also there is a difference between all dimensions of critical thinking (understanding the meaning of a phrase, identifying the ambiguity in the way of reasoning, logical conclusion, understanding the coordination, justified conclusion, adherence to a rule or principle, the validity and acceptability of the sources of a claim) and the dimensions of creative thinking (ingenuity, expansion, fluidity, and flexibility). The mean score of critical thinking and creative thinking in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the results indicate that the teaching the problem solving skills by TRIZ affects creative thinking and critical thinking.

The aim of study is Evaluation of the Iranian-Islamic identity Farhangian University student-teachers and provide a template for it. The research design is of a mixed type with the quantitative approach a survey on the status of Iranian-Islamic identity in a student-teacher and the qualitative approach provide a model for the Iranian-Islamic identity.The instrument is a researcher-developed questionnaire, the validity of which was verified by the experts and CVR and the reliability of which was 0.91 through Cronbach alpha.The statistical population of male and female student-teachers in Tehran comprised 2833, the sample of which (i.e.348 participants)was chosen through stratification to respond the questionnaire.One-sample t-test was employed to analyze the data.The findings revealed thatthere exist pitfalls in seven components: belonging to Iran, national heritage, national dress, self-sufficiency and moral ethics. In the method of synthesis, the statistical society consisted of all valid scientific articles in the field of Iranian-Islamic identity. According to systematic search in databases, 1075 articles were identified based on the indexes and, based on the exit criteria, 225 researches The final analysis was selected. To provide the required information, a worksheet designed by the researcher was used. To analyze the findings, a six-stage Roberts synthesis model was used using open coding methods. According to the findings The first question, the Iranian-Islamic identity model, whichincluding fundamentals, principles and method Based on the three philosophical fundamentals: anthropology, epistemology and value-recognition were presented.

Using an analytical-comparative and critical approach, this paper seeks to answer these two questions, first, what is the nature of Noddings’ moral education? Second, what are the most important criticisms of Noddings’ moral education based on Allame Tabataba'i’s perspective? The findings show that, rejecting the universal moral, Noddings believes that the purpose of moral education is acquiring the ability for a better life in society and playing the role of citizenship. While emphasizing the exclusive role of emotions, Noddings considers man and his nature to be the center of moral education. Allame Tabataba'i, however, looks at moral education differently. The following are some of the most important criticisms of Noddings’ moral education from the viewpoint of Allame Tabataba'i, relativism, the secularist approach, neglecting individual spiritual wayfaring, extreme emphasis on emotionalism and external interactions in moral education.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional, intellectual and physical biorhythms with the quality of primary school teachers in Zanjan. The statistical population of this study consisted of all elementary school teachers in Zanjan with a population of 1655 of two groups of state and non-state school teachers. The sample was 313 people using a stratified sampling method. Measurement tools included a standard 20-question Seraj teaching quality questionnaire and the secret of biorhythm account software. The validity of the research instrument was obtained by face validity and construct validity and its reliability was estimated using Cronbach''s alpha coefficient. Pearson and regression tests were used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that there is a relationship between intellectual and physical biorhythm with the quality of teaching; the intellectual cycle had a high explanatory power, physical cycle had a moderate explanatory power, and the emotional cycle had a poor explanatory power, respectively. Biorhythm knowledge can also be used to increase the productivity of human resources in organizations, especially in education and training.

The purpose of the study is to provide an illustration of the curriculum of neo-pragmatism approach through the conceptual and inference methods. The features of the philosophy of Rorty (the founder of neo-pragmatism philosophy) include: the instrumental and language features of the language, the feature of the self and the community, the contradiction between public and private affairs, social solidarity instead of objectivity and critical look at the vocabulary. Regarding neo-pragmatism curriculum, it can be said that education goals are relative and variable; however, the achievement of self-development, the education of a critical citizen, the establishment of conditions for the establishment of democracy, the emphasis on the transfer of knowledge, the valuation of practical knowledge can be the goals of neo-pragmatism. Due to changes in objectives, the content is also variable and there is no consistent content. Neo-pragmatism teaching methods involve participatory learning and critical discourse. Neo-pragmatists, including Rorty, reject objective evaluation methods. In general, the goals and content, methodology and evaluation of the curriculum are flexible and adapted to the environmental conditions and so-called emerging syllabus.

Mixed method research emphasizes the collection, analysis and combining of both quantitative and qualitative data in a single research or a set of research. This research methodology is still in development and still many researchers may not be fully familiar with this kind of research methodology. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to introduce the researchers to more familiarity with the mixed method research methodology and to review the studies conducted with this approach in the field of emergencies and disasters.

This study is review article was conducted based on scientific Persian and English languages, including SID, PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Sciences and Library Studies in 2000-2018.

mixed method research has been promoted as a distinct method. Linking and integrating quantitative and quantitative data into the research process is the key to differentiating the mixed method research compared to other methods. Researchers looked for studies in field of disasters and emergencies. In this study, some of these studies have been investigated.

The mixed method research methodology is very diverse and the use of this method can be recommended to researchers.

The environment is the place we live, work, and play; it supplies the most basic human needs, as it is a thing that is becoming increasingly important every day. However, during his dominance over the earth, human beings have consumed the resources indiscriminately and in an unplanned manner. Many of the threats made against human society are merely associated with environmental issues. Although these threats have a non-security nature, in fact, they affect the national security of the countries. As human societies are facing with the growing trend of environmental degradation, it is essential to set some measures for environmental management and other critical resources. Therefore, to prevent irreversible damage to renewable sources, long-term management is a necessity. As rural areas play an important role in production, employment, within the geographical borders and population, they should have a special place in the development of the country. Climate changes and global warming, desertification and lack of fresh water are among the issues the study seeks to investigate. Proper management is essential for the protection of rural areas, but there are some challenges that the current study have tried to examine. The main question is: what are the main challenges in managing environmental resources in the study area?

Binaloud County (Torghabeh Shandiz) with an area of 1185.26 km2 is located in the center of Khorasan Razavi province, northeastern Iran and has a population of 69,640 people. Based on the latest administrative divisions of Iran, this county consists of two districts (Torghabeh and Shandiz) and four Dehestans (rural districts) including Jaghraq, Torghabeh, Abardeh and Shandiz. The county has 52 villages with a total population of 34,653 people in 10,905 rural households.

The study is an applied one, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. To answer the research questions, we reviewed the literature and comments made by experts, and accordingly formulated the standards and features of effective environmental resources management. After setting the boundaries of the study area, the data was collected. The next step in the research process was to identify and verify the classification of the factors, and to explore the interrelationship between the indicators based on their effects on each other. Data analysis was conducted by Analytic Network Process (ANP), in which after discovering the inter-relations between indicators, similar to AHP method, the weight of the indicators must be determined compared to the target group, and the weight of each sub-indicator is determined compared to the relevant indicators. This was performed by designing questionnaires that were completed by 22 certified experts. According to their responses, the appropriate weight of each criteria and sub-criteria were determined.

The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a multi-criteria decision making technique. Given the complexity of various environmental issues, ANP may produce better results. Looking at the related literature, the criteria and indicators were organized into 10 clusters. Within each cluster, relevant elements and criteria were divided. While elements of each cluster are interconnected, some of them may also be associated with elements of other clusters. According to the diagrams and table of the final weight of clusters, it was concluded that challenges in the cluster of laws and regulations with an impact factor of 0.237, is the biggest challenge to the management of environmental resources. Monitoring cluster was the second challenge affecting the management of environmental resources in the study area. The findings showed that issues such as lack of legal mechanism for the protection of environmental resources, weak laws and regulations on investment, lack of transparency of investment rules on environmental resources, and access to resources, services and facilities in rural areas and environmental degradation, a subset of performance cluster, is the least significant challenge to the management of environmental resources which has the impact factor of 0.037. The challenges related to economic issues and personal skills have the second and third least impact factors, respectively.

In this study, using ANP the authors analyzed the challenges for managing environmental resources and identified indicators which are among the most important challenges in managing environmental resources. Challenges, including the lack of screening in accessing the effects of environmental resources, lack of deterrence and executive guarantees of environmental regulations in evaluation of natural resources, lack of expert instructions for environmental assessment of the projects, lack of reform in making use of natural resources and curbing the unstable factors, lack of clarity about environmental resources on land use planning and its legal status are the most important challenges. On the other hand, lack of legal mechanisms for protecting the environmental resources, weak laws and regulations on investment, lack of transparency in investment rules about environmental resources, access to resources, services and facilities in rural areas and environmental degradation are the least important challenges to the management of environmental resources. Accordingly, in this study, it is recommended that the Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with other stakeholders, evaluate the efficiency of environmental laws and regulations, and report the performance, efficiency and achievement of legislations based on the indicators of environmental quality, and present it with suggestions for updating and promoting their efficiency.

The following could be among the responsibilities of the government towards the deployment of an environmental resources management system: to achieve consensus and coordination in various sectors of industry and production;
to set priorities in development, completion, and promoting the regulations;
to impose limitations or bans on the indiscriminate and irresponsible consumption of natural resources;
to define research projects to develop standards and guidelines;
to formulate and implement comprehensive programs of quality management and environmental resources;
to review the laws and regulations on protecting the environment and quality of resources;
to make managers sensitive to issues of environmental resources and their improper use;
to employ academic and practical methods to manage resource consumption;
to develop a risk management plan for resources against natural disasters;
to assess the environmental impact of projects.

A nation's identity is one of the factors in the formation of a society.In the current globalization era, enhancing the Iranian-Islamic identity is among the strategies to confront the cultural invasion against the Islamic Iran.A teacher plays a key role in the formation process of this identity among the youth. Obviously,teachers themselves should deserve and have the privilege of the mentioned identity to meet the objectives. The aim of stady is After delineating the philosophical fundamentals of this kind of identity,the research aims to study and pathologize the identity components among Farhangian University teacher_students and, accordingly, present strategies to enhance the relevant components. The research design is of a mixed type with the qualitative approach focusing on the delineation of the identity philosophical fundamentals and the quantitative approach surveying the pathology of the identity components among the teacher-students.The instrument is a researcher-developed questionnaire, the validity of which was verified by the experts and CVR and the reliability of which was 0.91 through Cronbach alpha.The statistical population of male and female teacher-students in Tehran comprised 2833, the sample of which (i.e.348 participants)was chosen through stratification to respond the questionnaire.One-sample t-test was employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that teacher-students achieved %85 of the components of the three philosophical fundamentals: anthropology, epistemology and value-recognition. However,the results of pathology showed that there exist pitfalls in seven components: belonging to Iran, national heritage, national dress, self-sufficiency and moral ethics.The paper ends with some suggestions regarding the relevant strategies to reinforce the identity.

Tracking of macro financial corruptions in many countries have shown that how weakness in internal control can lead to significant and main distortions in financial statements. Regarding the importance of these controls, the present study was focused on the effect of accounting quality on important weaknesses of the internal control. In order to evaluate of this hypothesis, the effect of independent variables of operating cash items, total accruals, operating accruals items and investing accruals items were investigated as measurement of accounting quality on the dependent variable, which is the internal control material weaknesses. The statistical population of the study consisted of the 129 companies that meet definite conditions and listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 1390-1394. Regression analysis showed that the total accrual items and operating accruals items have a significant positive effect on control material weaknesses and invest accruals items and operating cash items with internal control weaknesses had a significantly negative relationship

Epilepsy is one of the most common diseases of the brain. Because of the drug resistance, finding new drugs is important. Recently, the beneficial effects of Ursodeoxycholic acid on brain disorders have been considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA)on the Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced kindling, and related learning and memory impairments on Morris water maze.
This research is an experimental study. In this study animals were divided into 4 groups. The first (n=7) and the second (n=9)groups have received three injections of 0.5 ml NaCl or 50 mg/kg of UDCA respectively and third (n=7) and fourth (n=9) groups have received fifteen injections of 0.5 ml NaCl or 50 mg/kg of UDCA respectively. All injections were given intraperitoneally(ip)(every 48 hours). In all groups, chemical kindling were started after third injections. Twenty-four hour after the last injection, spatial memory was investigated in the Morris water maze.
FINDING: Fifteen injections of UDCA significantly reduced the seizure stage from 3.5±0.17 to 3.08±0.11 and duration of stages five from 12.37±1.21 to 8.43±1.09 and increased time to reach the stage five seizures from 1021.65±72.07 to 1252.41±49.63 as compared to control group. However, three injections of UDCA have no effect on the kindling process. Three and fifteen injections of UDCA had no effect on spatial learning. In contrast to a 15 injections group, three time administration of UDCA significantly increased reference memory from 18.72±1.2 s to 26.11±1.8 s.
Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits chemical kindling and improves kindling induced memory impairment.

Earnings smoothing is concerned with and influenced by various factors. In this regard, manager's properties and traits can affect the style of making decisions investigating "optimism can result in our better and more precise cognition about the firm's performance particularly in making decisions regarding purchasing stock.This research studies how managerial optimism can influence earnings smoothing. In this regard, 107 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange in a period of 11 years (2005-2015) were selected as the sample. The index of net income divided to total assests is used to assess the earnings smoothing, and the index of the number of increase in the price of stock days is used to appraise the management optimism. Also, effective variables on earnings smoothing (the dependent variable) such as agency problems, asymmetric information, and corporate governance have been used to investigate the issue in-depth. The obtained data were gathered annually by the help of "Tadbir Pardaz", "Rahavard Novin", and official site of Tehran Stock Exchange. Multivariable regression model was applied in order to test the research hypotheses. Data were anaysed by “Eviews8" software. The results present that optimistic managers are more capabable of earnings smoothing. In other words, the financial manifests and lists of the companies administered by the optimistic managers present more smooth earnings.

Today, prehospital care is an essential component of emergency patient treatment. The proper performance of different parts of this system leads to prevention of death and disability, so this study aimed to determine the performance of prehospital emergency in Birjand.
This descriptive study conducted in five prehospital emergency stations of Birjand in 2015. Data on staffs and equipment of these emergency stations were examined using check-list and the mission reports in recorded information in the central database. The status of human resources and also their response time was compared with the Iranian Ministry of Health Standards; as well the equipment status is compared with Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research.
The study showed that none of the stations had adequate human resources and no emergency ambulance had all the necessary equipment. The best situation was diagnostic equipment (94.17%) and the most shortage of equipment was related to personal protection (63.96%).
The elimination of human resources shortages and the provision of ambulances to emergency equipment especially in terms diagnostic equipment seems to be necessary.

Ancient cities had a high level of walking accessibility, afterwards following that industrial revolution and dominance of personal cars over transport systems the idea of walking faded away. Walking as a cheap and available way of transportation that has no need to specific device is always popular with all social classes in any kind of living contexts. When urban atmospheres were affected by air pollution and lack of fossil fuels, reducing quality level of urban spaces usage of public transportation and avoiding personal became popular among citizens. In this study, the visual elements and how they influence as activating elements of the urban spaces. Achieve a deeper understanding of sounds, images and their impact on human and contextualized approach to the issue of urban design elements in the environment due to the collective perception psychology and social behavior in the environment that can be in the form of architectural and landscape design considered. The questions of the environmental impact of the graphic elements are in line with the activating urban spaces? The points discussed include a variety of visual elements as well as the effectiveness of rational design based on human psychology and physiology city for activating According to the notification the moment and review the purposes of collective perception in the long term. The results show that the rational design of visual elements and check on the proper use of environmental graphics psychological understanding of human and collective memory in the urban areas (at micro and macro levels) and citizens profound effects on the environment and urban spaces pedestrians which was designed to lead to activating urban spaces.

Aim and XRCC1encods the protein involved in base excision repair (BER) system. Because of important role of XRCC1 gene, polymorphism in this gene could increase the risk of many neoplasms in human. We conducted a research project to find out the association between endometriosis with XRCC1polymorphism. In this cross sectional study 102 cases were enrolled. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and then genotyping of codon 399 of XRCC1 was carried using specific primers and RFLP method. Data from102 cases in an endometriosis group (n=52) and a control group (n=50) were analyzed and led to the following. the Arg399Gln polymorphism of XRCC1 gene was 76.9% in the endometriosis group compared with 28% in the control group (P=0.0001) with OR= 2.47 and 95% CI: 1.72–4.39 (for GG vs. GA+AA) using Fisher’s exact test. Allelic Frequency on the Endometriosis group was 57.69% for G and 42.31% for A allele; these rates for the control group were 86% and 14% for G and A alleles respectively (P=0.0001). we came to the conclusion that arginine to glutamine polymorphism of XRCC1 gene codon 399 is associated with an increase in the risk of endometriosis and obtained odd’s ratio indicates that people with this polymorphism have 2.47 times the risk of developing endometriosis compared to people without polymorphism.