مسعود جعفری

Academic performance is a crucial indicator for assessing the progress of the education system in any society (Al-Rahmi et al., 2015). Researchers have noted that academic performance is consistently influenced by a variety of individual and environmental factors, which educational administrators must identify to achieve beneficial outcomes. The perception of the learning environment is considered one of the most significant factors affecting academic performance (Lu et al., 2022). Previous studies have emphasized the impact of learners' perceptions of the learning environment, particularly constructivist environments, on learning outcomes (Cansiz & Cansiz, 2019; Wu et al., 2022).Self-directed learning is another factor influencing academic performance. It is a process in which individuals independently identify and select their learning needs and take responsibility for their own learning (Clair, 2022). Additionally, academic engagement, along with environmental factors and other individual variables, can influence students' academic performance (Sowers et al., 2016; Sukman & Click, 2019; Azma et al., 2022). Academic engagement is defined as the degree of continuous student participation in academic activities, involvement in school-related programs, and commitment to educational and learning goals (Tao, 2021).In light of these considerations, the current study seeks to answer whether an individual's perception of the constructivist environment, mediated by self-directed learning and academic engagement within a causal model, plays an effective role in explaining students’ academic performance.

The present study employed a descriptive-correlational method, examining the relationships between perception of constructivist environment, academic engagement, self-directed learning, and academic performance using structural equation modeling. The research population comprised 6,542 male and female second-level secondary students in Qom city during the 2022-2023 academic year. Based on Klein's recommendation, 408 participants were initially considered. To enhance sampling accuracy and account for potential data distortion, 450 students were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling. Two high schools (one boys' and one girls') were randomly selected from each of Qom's four educational districts. From each high school, three twelfth-grade classes (humanities, experimental sciences, and mathematics) were randomly chosen. Selected students completed the questionnaires. Research instruments included questionnaires on academic performance (Dortaj, 2013), perception of constructivist environment (Taylor, Dawson & Fraser, 1995), self-directed learning (Fisher et al., 2001), and academic engagement (Rio, 2013). Students were allotted one hour to complete the questionnaires. Inclusion criteria were teacher and student consent, while incomplete questionnaires were excluded. After discarding 23 incomplete responses, 427 questionnaires were analyzed.

Demographic characteristics indicated that out of 427 participants in the study, 209 were boys (49%) and 218 were girls (51%). Before conducting the path analysis, the assumptions related to this method such as the normality of the multivariate distribution, the presence of outliers in the multivariate data, the existence of a linear relationship, and the absence of multicollinearity among the predictor variables were examined. After making the necessary corrections, the model fit indices demonstrated that the model had a good fit. As shown in Table 1, all direct coefficients for the perception of constructivist environment on academic performance (β=0.34, t=2.89), self-directed learning (β=0.45, t=4.66), and academic engagement (β=0.59, t=4.15) were positive and significant at the 0.001 level. Additionally, the direct coefficients for self-directed learning on academic performance (β=0.33, t=3.19) and for academic engagement on academic performance (β=0.23, t=5.06) were also positive and significant at the 0.001 level. Furthermore, the indirect coefficients for the perception of constructivist environment on academic performance through the mediating roles of academic engagement (β=0.13) and self-directed learning (β=0.15) were confirmed using the bootstrap test.

 The findings of this study indicate a positive and significant relationship between the perception of a constructivist environment, self-directed learning, academic engagement, and academic performance. Additionally, the results revealed a positive and significant relationship between perceptions of the constructivist environment, self-directed learning, and academic engagement. The path analysis further confirmed the mediating roles of self-directed learning and academic engagement in the relationship between the perception of a constructivist environment and academic performance. These results are consistent with the research findings of Limno et al. (2022) and Bizmana (2022). It can be argued that in a constructivist learning environment, learners are actively involved in constructing knowledge through participation in learning activities, fostering a close relationship between what they have learned and the changing world. The constructivist learning environment primarily provides a stimulating atmosphere in which learners perceive their role in the learning process as effective and feel confident in their cognitive abilities. This belief enhances their motivation to engage with assignments. In such an environment, learners employ more effective strategies for learning, which subsequently improves their academic performance. In classrooms based on the constructivist approach, learning is a collaborative endeavor that occurs through community research, leading to increased student involvement in learning activities and, consequently, better academic performance. In learning environments grounded in constructivist principles, all educational activities are tailored to meet learners' needs. Therefore, such an approach can stimulate intrinsic motivation among learners and contribute to improved academic performance.

The aim of this study was to determine the role of resilience components and self-regulatory strategies in differentiating between students’ acdemic procrastination and non- procrastination. This research was causal- comparative type; it was carried out with the method of analysis of the detection function. The statistical population of the present study included all female and male students of Qom University who were 10071 people in the academic year of 1399-1400. Based on the Morgan and Karjasi table, 420 students were selected by the available sampling method. The tools used in this study included the Solomon and Rothblum academic procrastination scale (1984), the Samuels academic resilience questionnaire (2004), and the Pintrich and DeGroot self-regulatory strategies questionnaire (1990). The data collected was analyzed using the diagnostic function analysis method. The findings of the diagnostic function analysis led to a meaningful function, according to which the metacognitive, motivational and problem-oriented self-regulation strategies related to resilience had the highest differentiation power in two groups of students. Also, the results of the detection function showed that about 78% of people were correctly grouped into the initial classes. According to the research findings, students ' academic procrastiration can be reduced and improved by developing appropriate educational programs as well as implementing strategies to strengthen academic resilience and self-regulation and to create a facilitating environment for learners

Background and Objectives:

 Flipped classroom is an educational strategy or a model for teaching and learning in which the traditional and common structures of the learning process are reversed, that is, in a word, what used to be done in the classroom is assigned to the home. And the processes that students used to do at home are transferred to the classroom. As a new method, this method can be effective on the psychological variables involved in learning, one of which is self-efficacy. The current research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of flipped instruction and traditional teaching of English language on the self-efficacy of the 10th grade students

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research consisted of the tenth-grade male students of Qom. The sample of this study included 60 students (30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group) who were selected via available sampling. The experimental group underwent reverse training for 12 sessions, and the participants in the control group were trained with the traditional method for the same period of time. In the flipped classroom group, videos and podcasts prepared in the form of CDs were used, and pamphlets were also prepared in the printed form so that if the students did not have access to the Internet, they could access the materials. The content used in this research included two lessons from the 10th grade English book. To collect the data, the English self-efficacy questionnaire of Wang (2014) was used. This questionnaire had 32 items that measured the components of listening self-efficacy, reading self-efficacy, writing self-efficacy and speaking self-efficacy. Multivariate covariance analysis method was used to analyze the data. To analyze the data, SPSS (21.00) was used.

The results of this study showed that flipped instruction had a significant effect on dimensions of self-efficacy such as reading self-efficacy (F= 335.48 sig= 0.001), speech self-efficacy (F= 91.69 sig= 0.001), and writing self-efficacy (F= 125.63 sig= 0.001), except for the auditory self-efficacy (F= 0.692  sig= 0.506).

Learning English is the result of interwoven factors such as the learning environment, necessary facilities and equipment, learning conditions and suitable educational methods. The results of this research showed that conducting the class in a reversed manner can be effective in increasing English language self-efficacy as one of the important cognitive skills in learning English. In flipped classroom, increasing the duration of learning at any time and place other than the classroom and the possibility of doing more exercises will make the students master the material and thereby, will create a context for them to be successful. By relying on the educational technology, the flipped classroom makes the contents of the textbooks, especially the English book, more attractive for the students and makes learning more enjoyable. The findings of this research can encourage educational planners to use the flipped classroom approach to improve the cognitive skills and academic performance of language learners by highlighting the role of reverse teaching on students' English language self-efficacy.

Academic acceleration is a kind of educational approach or intervention based on which smart and gifted students can complete courses and educational programs in a shorter period of time and at a faster speed at a younger age than usual. A quick look at the statistics of gifted students shows that the number of these students is increasing and every year the number of applicants for academic acceleration is increasing. Since the performance and academic success of gifted students in the years after the jump is very important, the academic performance of these students was compared and investigated with two groups of their peers in this study. The participants in this research included 207 students, 73 of whom were gifted and the rest were not. In addition to the intelligence factor, items such as parents' education level, occupation and socio-economic status as well as the living area were also taken into account for comparison. For each gifted student, a peer of the same age (third grade) and a peer of the same grade (fourth grade) were selected. Academic performance of these students was measured in reading comprehension, in Math in two axes of application and reasoning, as well as in Science in three axes of knowledge, application and reasoning. The statistical analysis of the research findings showed that there is no significant difference between gifted students and their peers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intangible values of football in the community and the willingness to pay to host valid sporting events with a contingent valuation method.

The research method is descriptive correlation and is of the categories of the applied research. The statistical population of the study included all people in the northern provinces of Iran. The sampling method was clustering and stratified and the required information was collected by simple random sampling. The urban centers of three provinces of Tehran, Golestan, Guilan and a total of 1155 people were selected as a research sample. To collect information, Vicker et al (2016) willingness to pay questionnaire, which has 15 questions and measures 12 intangible components of exercise, was used. In order to analyze the data, inferential statistical methods such as logistic regression and diagnostic logistic regression were used to predict the variables.

The findings showed that, in general, %49 of the population were willing to pay 69.245 tomans. The variables of credit, sense of stadium and sports facilities, satisfaction, success, motivation for a healthy lifestyle, honor, fame, have the most and the strongest significant relationship with predicting the willingness to pay.

Relevant officials can support the improvement of the effects of sports development in the community by using appropriate facilities and equipment and providing conditions for hosting prestigious sports events.

The objective of this study was to determine ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA) of canola meal using the standardized ileal digestibility (SID, ad libitum-fed), and a precision-fed ileal broiler assay (force-fed). For the SID, sixteen male Ross 308 broilers were fed a semipurified diet with 20% crude protein and containing canola meal as the only source of protein from 17 to 21 d, with ileal digesta collected at 21 d. For the precision-fed, sixteen )four groups of four chicks( 21-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were precision-fed by 10 g of semipurified diet containing canola meal mixed with chromic oxide, and ileal digesta were collected at 4 h post feeding. Then, ileal digesta samples were lyophilized, AA and chromic oxide concentration determined and standardized ileal digestibility of AA was calculated. Results showed that digestibility values for Lys, Val and His for SID assay were greater than precision-fed assay, and these values were greater for Thr, Phe and Asp for precision-fed assay than SID assay (P

The use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) in animal nutrition has been beneficial for the improvement of growth performance and prevention of diseases (Barton, 2000; Snel et al., 2002). Due to its antimicrobial properties, garlic has been tested as an alternative growth promoter in broiler chickens (Freitas et al., 2001; Demir et al., 2003 and Lewis et al., 2003). Freitas et al. (2001) showed that body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens, that received a diet supplemented with commercial garlic product at concentration up to 45 Kg/ton were not affected by garlic supplementation. However, Lewis et al. (2003) and Demir et al. (2003) reported a trend in improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens fed low concentration of commercial garlic product. Garlic (Allium sativum) is widely used as either a flavoring agent for food or as a medicinal agent for the treatment of a variety of diseases (Essman, 1984; Konjufca et al., 1997; Sallam et al., 2004). According to Lawson and Wang (2001), the increased benefits associated with garlic consumption can be attributed to the thiosulfinates, the single most abundant class of organosulfur compounds. Allicin, typically accounting for 70% of the total thiosulfinates (approximately 0.4% by fresh mass), is produced when fresh and raw garlic is chopped or crushed, rupturing the intercellular compartments that keep alliin and alliinase physically separated from each other (Lawson, 1998; Rybak et al., 2004). On the other hand ration fatty acid level may influence on effectiveness of medicinal plants and their extracts on broiler chickens performance. Aim of this experiment was to explore effect of garlic powder on broiler chicken performance and immunity fed diet with different levels of crude fat.
Material and This study aimed to investigate the effect of garlic powder and flavomycin antibiotic on performance and fat digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets with different levels of crud fat (CF). Three hundred one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design with a 3×2 factorial arrangements. Each treatment consisted of 5 replicates with 10 chicks each. Dietary treatments were 1) basal diet (BD) (3% CF), 2) high fat diet (HFD) (5% CF), 3) BD plus 1.5% garlic powder, 4) HFD plus 1.5% garlic powder, 5) BD plus flavomycin (200 g/kg) and 6) HFD plus flavomycin (200 g/kg). At the end of the experiment feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were recorded then feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Broiler chickens carcass traits (carcass, breast, thigh and abdominal fat percentage) and white blood cell count (heterophil, lymphocyte and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio) were determined. In order to investigate humoral immunity of broilers, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used as T-dependent antigen to quantify the antibody response. Two birds from each replicate were injected intramuscularly with SRBC (2.5% suspension in PBS, 1 ml/bird) at 23 d of age, followed by a booster injection at 8 days after the first injection. Blood samples were collected at 7 days after the first and second injection. At the d 42, blood samples collected from one broiler of each replicate then serum glucose, cholesterol, total protein, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were measured.
Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, fat digestibility, blood metabolites, blood cells count and carcass traits of broiler chickens were not influenced by dietary treatments (P 0.05). HFD increased broilers first IgM and total antibody contents against SRBC as compared to control birds (P 0.05). Similarly, some studies focused on growth, conversion and meat quality of different types of animals indicate positive effects. Cullen et al. (2005) examined the effect of garlic supplement in the amount of 1% in pig feed and recorded an increase in growth, conversion and meat quality in comparison to the control group. Horton et al. (1991); Freits et al. (2001) and Bampidis et al. (2005), had similar results in their study of broilers, but they also concluded that lower concentrations, ranging between 1 and 2%, were actually more effective. In contrast to our results some studies, however, suggested that commercial garlic oil, garlic powder, and commercially available garlic extract may not be hypocholesterolemic (Berthold et al., 1998; Isaacsohn et al., 1998; McCrindle et al., 1998). Although the reason for this is unknown, it likely relates to preparation methods, the stability of chemical components, and the duration of the study (Amagase et al., 2001). Many studies indicated that allicin was the potentially active component of garlic; however, it was observed that allicin was unstable and poorly absorbed from the digestive tract (Lawson et al., 1992).
These results suggested that dietary fat percentage significantly decreased broiler chickens feed intake whereas garlic powder improved broiler immune response and it maybe use as an alternative to flavomycin.

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of SAF Mannan prebiotic and Liptol HPA organic acid on performance¡ carcass traits and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. In this experiment¡ 160 one-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were allocated to 4 treatments¡ 4 replications and 10 Chicks each by employing a completely randomized design for a period of 42 days. Experimental diets including: control diet (no additive) and diets containing 0.1% prebiotic¡ 0.1% organic acid and 0.1% mixed of prebiotic and organic acid. Feed intake (FI)¡ weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined periodically and carcass characteristics¡ productive index (PI) and intestinal morphology was measured at 42 days of age. Results indicated that¡ there were no significant differences between treatments in FI. The highest WG was observed for diet containing organic acid (P

Urinary incontinence is any urine leakage without control from bladder that is classified into persistent incontinence, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence and stress incontinence. Stress incontinence is more prevalent than another types of incontinence and results in economy expenses and social costs. . In this study, we compared the transurethral platelet rich plasma combined with autologous fat injection versus autologous fat injection on abdominal leak point pressure in patients with stress urinary incontinence in Hamadan’s Beheshti Hospital.
In this clinical trial study, we studied female patients with stress urinary incontinence in Hamadan’s Beheshti hospital from September 2012 to March 2012. Platelet rich plasma combined with autologous fat were injected into the patient’s bladder neck as a bulking agent. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16. At the end, all analyses were compared at 95 percent level of confidence. Paired t-test statistical analysis was used. Significant level was considered less than 0.05.
The interior – posterior thickness of injected fat tissue along with PRP in MRI and also the level of ALPP increased significantly and the symptoms in patients improved based on questionnaires data.
With regard to different aspects of our study such as the intensity of urinary incontinence in accordance with the questionnaire, changes of thickness in fat tissue using MRI in Sagittal sections, changes in ALPP using Urodynamic and complications resulting from the treatment, the obtained results were promising and its seems that this is one of the treatment options recommended to the patients. Its seems that PRPᐄ may be used as factors to treat females with stress urinary incontinence.

Seyed Hasan Qaznavi is one of the great poets whose poetry and character have not been known very much due to living in one of the most fruitful periods of Persian poetry. His divan was first published with many problem in 1328 (A. H) by the correction of Muhammad Taqi Modares Razavi. These problems can be studied in the following fields: the method of correction (not specifying the basic copy and order of using other copies، not specifying the source of verses and poems، the defect of copies); variant copies (mentioning the variant copies without the sign (/) of copy، incomplete variant copies، preference of annotation over the text، sameness of annotation and text); incorrect forms; omissions (poems and verses); general problems (repetition of poems and verses، print errors، not having appendices and defection in end indices and using sources with unscientific publishing). Besides some points such as determining and explaining the specific method of correction and providing complete variant copies by considering trustworthiness which is one of the primary and obvious principles of scientific correction and should be regarded in the critical correction of this Divan، nowadays some authentic copies of this Divan have been obtained which eliminate many mistakes، Tashifs and omissions of Modares’ printed version. Proposing various instances of such mistakes and defections، this research emphasizes the necessity of recorrection of Seyed Hasan Qaznavi’s Divan.

This study aims at investigating the relation between attachment to God and mental health among the parents of exceptional and normal children. The present study is an applied research conducted by correlational methodology. 358 persons (125 parents of normal students and 233 parents of exceptional ones) were selected via random cluster sampling. They answered the scales of God attachment styles (Larson and Ghobari, 2009) and SCL-90-R. The data were analyzed by using correlation coefficient, T test and Z test. The results show that there is a highly significant relationship between attachment to God and mental health of the two groups of this study. Also, the relationship between the said two variables is more significant in the parents of exceptional children than those of normal ones (p = / 0001). The result of the present study showed that there is a significant relationship between attachment to God and mental health in parents of exceptional and normal children. It is thus suggested that in order to reduce stress and improve mental health in parents of exceptional children, they should be encouraged to have faith and rely on God.

In recent years, appearance of Distributed Generation (DGs) in power systems networks has provided important implications. Important advantages of DGs include increased reliability, loss reduction and improving voltage profile. In case of failure in the network, DGs can provide islands (isolated networks) resulting in continuation of supply loads and may reduce the number and/or duration of interruptions for customer residing within their protection zones. In this article, using a combination of Ant Colony system (ACS) algorithm, Analysis Hierarchical Process (AHP) and sensitivity analysis, optimal placement of reclosers and DGs are carried out based on economic and power quality considerations. The cost function include improving reliability, voltage profile and network losses. The method was implemented on a modified 34-feeder IEEE distribution network. Simulation results validated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The objective of this study was to determine of chemical composition، true digestibility of amino acid (TDAA) and true metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen balance (TMEn) of three poultry by-product meals (PBM). Three PBM were obtained from Tabriz، Mahabad and Urmia commercial slaughter plants. TMEn and TDAA of PBM samples were determined in 16 adult cecectomized broiler roosters with completely randomized design. Four roosters were assigned to each treatment and four roosters were deprived of feed throughout the experimental period to measure endogenous excretion of energy، N، and AA. The mean levels of nutrients (percentage) in the meals for CP، EE and ash were 56. 84±0. 42، 21. 57±0. 48 and 7. 62±0. 17، respectively. TMEn and TDAA were significant differences among meals (P< 0. 05) and mean of TMEn for all samples were 3528 (kcal/kg). TMEn for Tabriz sample was greatest and for Urmia sample was lowest (P< 0. 05). Mean of TDAA for Tabriz sample (81. 56%) was higher than Mahabad (67. 71%) and Urmia (66. 9%) samples (P< 0. 05). However، digestible amino acid was greatest for Tabriz sample among the PBM. The results of this study indicated that the nutritive value of Tabriz PBM was higher than that of Urmia and Mahabad meals.

This study reviews and compares the relationship between different aspects of the relationship between two variables: self-determination skills and the quality of life in two groups of male students: students with and students without hearing damage of guidance schools in the academic year 88-89 in Tehran. This is a correlation study. The statistical population has been all the male students with and without hearing impairment of all guidance schools of Tehran in the academic year 88-89. Accessible sampling was undertaken including 18 hearing impaired and 15 non- hearing –impaired students. The samples were matched for age, intelligence and social class. The assessment tools were: the Self Determination Scale and the Quality of Life questionnaire. The statistical analysis was done with the Fisher's Z test.The results show that only the correlations between two dimensions of “having choice” and “being independent” were significantly different between the two groups. There were no significant differences in the correlations amongst other aspects of the findings. So we can conclude that self- determination relationship skills with quality of life in both groups are equal between the two groups, whereby there is no significant difference to register. Conclusion and recommendations: Based on the results of this study, it is to promote the quality of life of the students suffering from hearing impairments while the results indicate that their autonomy is not sufficient as “having choice” and “being independent” are the underlying capacities they have shown to be lacking.