مسعود غفاری

Science is an objective method to study the world. therefore, it has to be, in principle, independent from any type of subjective judgments and preferences. Aesthetics, judgment, on the contrary, is based on subjective tastes. this is the reason why foe a long period of time philosophers believes that there can be no relation between science and aesthetics. logical positivists, for instance, held the claim that scientific propositions directly imply to the objects and events of the world. Reichnbach said even if aesthetic sense were to be proved to have a role in this or that particular scientist's creativity, yet what is finally important for scientific methodology is the objective justification of a theory. i.e. the way a theory or a set of scientific propositions imply to the objects and events of the world. However, in recent decades, there has been a shift in the point of view of philosophers of science. and the relationship between aesthetics and science has become an attractive and serious subject for the field. The main goal of this research is to survey the relationship between aesthetics and science through both scientist's and philosopher's point of view. we take this survey in five levels: practical, methodological, production, thematic, and explanatory level.

Estimating the cavitation damage to morning-glory spillways is quite important due to the uncertainties that affect cavitation (e.g., high velocity, negative flow pressure, etc.). This paper aims to develop the model uncertainties to address the reliability assessment of the cavitation damage to different points of the Haraz Dam morning-glory spillway in Iran. As an explicit limit state function was lacking to determine the cavitation reliability, 35 samples were produced based on the statistical features, probability distribution and inter-correlation of the uncertainties. Using the Latin Hypercube Simulation (LHS) method and Shapiro-Wilk Test, the cavitation response was found for them through the ANSYS Fluent-3D numerical model analyses, and the implicit LSF was created for 4 critical points on the morning-glory spillway. To do so, the Response Surface Method (RSM) was utilized to generate the explicit LSF and the reliability of the cavitation damage was estimated using the Monte Carlo and first and second order reliability methods. The obtained results show that P4, with pf > 80%, is the most critical overflow point whereas the lowest RMSE is between SORM and MCS method.

Critical musicology, which is also referred to by other terms such as "new musicology" and "radical musicology", is a new field in musicology studies that has been popular since the 1980s. In terms of methodology, the unique feature of critical musicology is its distance from positivist approaches and its interdisciplinary feature. Critical musicology uses a variety of fields such as cultural studies, social studies, critical sociology, gender studies, feminism, psychoanalysis, and post-modernism discourse for the study of musicology. In terms of subject of research, Critical musicology considers both artistic and popular music and analyzes the historical evolution of them. In this article, first critical musicology is introduced. Then the features of Lacanian musicology are analyzed and limitations of its application are discussed. After that, four reasons for the justification of using Lacan's theory in musicology are presented. These reasons include "the interdisciplinary nature of musicology", "emotional and non-conceptual nature of music", "contribution of unconscious elements to the creation and reception of music" and "structural analysis of music". Additionally, this research aims to answer the question, "What possibilities does Lacan's theory of psychoanalysis provide for critical musicology?" In this way, first Lacan's concepts that have been most used in musicology are introduced, including "gaze", "object petit a", "three orders of imaginary, symbolic, real", "jouissance" and "fantasy". By investigating works written in the context of Lacanian musicology, the application of these concepts in Lacanian musicology is tested. Then the advantages and limitations of Lacanian musicology are discussed. In summary, the most important advantages of Lacanian musicology are "the possibility of analyzing the unconscious processes involved in the creation and reception of music", "the wide analytical scope of Lacan's theory", "opening new fields of social/cultural, literary and gender research for musicology", "the ability to explain the impact of "extra-musical elements on music" and "pathology of music".  Nevertheless, the limitations of Lacan's musicology are also taken into consideration, the most important of which are "the non-argumentative feature of psychoanalysis", "the openness of Lacan's theories to different interpretations", "the impossibility of providing a unique aesthetic theory" and "the inability to provide a criterion for evaluating and measuring musical works".. At the end, the topic of ethics in music with the approach of Lacanian ethics in "psychoanalytic ethics" is suggested as a plan for future researches.

Nineteen century in Iran was the birth period of "The Iranian modernity". In the process of modernizing of Iranian society, two groups played the main role, the intellectuals outside the circle of power and the bureaucrats inside the government. Mirza Yousef Khan Mostashar Al-Dowleh (1823-1895AD) was one of the most important modernists of that era, whose treatise "One word" is one of the best texts written in the pre-constitutional era about the importance of paying attention to the constitutionalism of modernism in Iran. The theoretical framework of the article is based on two main paradigms of constitutionalism (the interpretation of the rule of law based on natural rights and the interpretation of the rule of law based on state-oriented rights) and the research method is the "analytical-historical" method. From the analysis and interpretation of the content of Mirza Mostashar's treatise in this article, it was concluded that the fundamental intellectual concern of Mirza Yousef Khan Mostashar Al-Dowleh and his main goal of writing his treatise is the establishment of a modern legal institution (establishing the rule of law) based on natural rights inspired by the declaration of human rights. He was in Iran, but at the same time, he tried to use the capabilities of the traditional legal system of Iran (jurisprudence) in the framework of the modern epistemological understanding of law to build a modern legal system.

Social well-being is considered as one of the important dimensions of health among special groups such as blind and visually-impaired individuals, which due to the lack of access to visual information and extensive social interactions with other people, is first rooted in their mental perceptions of the concept of health. This research is a theoretical and experimental study of the social well-being of the blind and visually-impaired individuals in Kashan city and the identification of factors related to it.

This research was conducted through a survey questionnaire and the investigated statistical population included 652 blind and partially sighted people of Kashan, out of which 211 people were selected as the statistical sample using the Sample Power Software.

The results of the multivariate regression analysis show the direct effect of the variables “mental health”, “social security”, and “social abilities” on “social well-being”, which in total explained 53% of the variance of the social well-being of blind and partially sighted people in Kashan city. Also, the results of the evaluation of the structural model indicate that the effect size of the “mental health” variable is at a high level, while other variables are at a low level. In addition, the predictive power of the model has been evaluated at a moderate to high level.

Overall, the results indicate that the mean score of the social well-being variable of the blind and partially sighted is higher than the theoretical mean score. Based on the experimental findings of the research, especially the average amount of the variables as well as the confirmed hypotheses, it is possible to define and implement plans to improve or promote social well-being among this group.

What is the relation between phenomenal concepts and physical concepts? In this paper, I try to propose an answer to this question with regard to the Knowledge Argument and Mary Thought Experiment. I neither argue for nor against the knowledge argument. I am not going to prove whether dualism or physicalism is true. All I do is to analyze the Mary Thought Experiment and see if the story of Mary goes smoothly the way the knowledge argument tells us. I argue that Mary's story has at least one crucial inconsistency. If she has learned a completed physical science of optics and neuroscience, then she has no concept of color because physical sciences are just purely mathematical formalizations. Therefore, after release, she can not relate her phenomenal Experience of redness to her physical lessons. Then I argue that for Mary's story to go smoothly the way the knowledge argument tells it, the physical and the phenomenal concepts should be somehow related to each other through an extra course for her. Then I try to define a relation between physical and phenomenal by putting the argument into the formalization of set theory. I conclude that whatever relation one could define between Physical and phenomenal, this relation must be an equivalence relation. Otherwise, the Mary thought experiment would fail, and there would be no need to talk about something as a phenomenal concept independent from the physical. Finally, I argue that this conclusion is compatible with physicalism and dualism both. So, it can set a new stage for the debate between them.

In the present study, the political dimension of the current underdevelopment situation and how it is tied to the economy as well as its consequences in Kurdistan province have been explored. Undoubtedly, the study of how all aspects of Iran's political economy work and analyze requires extensive research, and sometimes due to lack of data, it is not possible to get an accurate picture of the monopolies that govern it. The arrival of hydrocarbon resources has added to the complexity of this structure, so that many consider the abundance of resources and the emergence of the rentier government as the main cause of the current situation, unaware that the defective structure of Iran's political economy without oil revenues is able to provide a minimum welfare. It also did not have the current limited infrastructure. In the present study, using a qualitative method, we will seek to answer the question of whether there is a significant difference in the development levels of Kurdistan province and the country as a whole or not. Comparing the indicators of human development in 1977 and 2017, it was concluded that in general, Kurdistan province in terms of human development has a lower rank than the national average, the main reason for which can be introduced in the form of political economy of monopolies whose roots It goes back to the period before the Islamic Revolution in 1978.

The philosophy of music is a branch of philosophy that studies the meaning of music, the relationship between the artist and the creation of music, the relationship between the audience and music, and such issues. Since emotions and feelings constitute the meaning of music, the primary focus of theorists in this field is devoted to the fundamental question of where the emotional impact of music originates from. In the philosophy of music, there are two rival theories regarding the source of musical emotions: the expressive theory, which prioritizes the emotions of the artist in creating the work and considers the meaning of music in the expression of the artist's emotions, and the arousal theory, which gives priority to the emotions evoked in the listener and considers the meaning and purpose of music in eliciting the emotions of the audience.
The aim of this research is to facilitate the scientific examination of the relationship between music and emotions. The specific objectives of this research are as follows: _ Introducing and examining the most important theories and discussions in the philosophy of music. _ Investigating the most important criticisms that have been made on various theories in the philosophy of music and showing the efforts of theorists and philosophers to respond to these criticisms. _ Showing that old theories put forward by philosophers like Aristotle can still be relevant in current philosophical discussions. This highlights the importance of mastering the history of philosophy for researchers in this field. _ Demonstrating that music can (or even should) be subject to contemplation and philosophical inquiry. This research is classified as fundamental research in terms of the data collection method, which is qualitative research using a library research approach. Additionally, this research specifically utilizes up-to-date and primary sources in the field of philosophy of music.

Research Question(s):

Which of these two theories of Expression and Arousal provides a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between music and emotions and offers a better explanation of our emotional experiences when confronted with music?
Which theory can better respond to the criticisms raised against it?
Literature Review
Some of the most important articles published on the arousal theory of music are as follows (in chronological order):Mew, P (1984) The musical arousal of emotions.British Journal of Aesthetics 25 (4):357-361.
Robinson, J (1994) The expression and arousal of emotion in music. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 52 (1):13-22.
 Beever, A. (1998) The Arousal Theory Again? The British Journal of Aesthetics 38(1):82-90.
Kingsbury, J (1999) Why the Arousal Theory of Musical Expressiveness is Still Wrong? Australasian Journal of Philosophy 77 (1):83 – 88.
Matravers, D (2007) Musical expressiveness. Philosophy Compass 2 (3):373–379.
 Arbo, A. (2009) Some Remarks on “Hearing-as” and its Role in the Aesthetics of Music. Topoi 28 (2):97-107.
Cochrane, T. (2010) Music, Emotions and the Influence of the Cognitive Sciences. Philosophy Compass 5 (11):978-988.
Eerola, T. (2016) Being Moved by Unfamiliar Sad Music Is Associated with High Empathy. Frontiers in Psychology 7.
Levinson,  j (2016) Music-Specific Emotion: An Elusive Quarry. Estetika 53 (2):115-131.
Wu-Jing He (2017) Emotional Reactions Mediate the Effect of Music Listening on Creative Thinking: Perspective of the Arousal-and-Mood Hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology 8

This research is classified as fundamental research in terms of its objective. The general aim of this research is to establish a conceptual framework for the philosophical examination of the relationship between music and emotions

In response to the first question, we first need to see what each of these two theories offers in response to the most important issue regarding emotions and music, namely the issue of the "relationship between expressed emotions in music and evoked emotions in the listener." The expressive theory addresses this issue with the concept of "grounding," while the motivational theory uses the concept of "emotional codes." Our analysis shows that the concept of "emotional codes" is more effective than "grounding" for two reasons:"Grounding" is a concept that claims objectivity, while by definition, the meaning of music lies in its sensory content. The conflict between the expressive theory and the motivational theory is essentially a conflict over determining the place of sensory content in music. The expressive theory places the sensory content in the expressed emotions in the musical piece and considers these emotions as a crystallization of the emotions of the creator, while the motivational theory places the sensory content of music in the emotions evoked in the listener through music. Referring to an objective concept to explain the place of sensory content, if not a theoretical impossibility, is an additional effort that only complicates the conflict between these two theories.
The concept of emotional codes conceptualizes the issue at the mental (or intermental) level and provides an effective framework for explaining the position of the sensory content of music. Different and varied reactions to music are appropriate. Furthermore, by introducing the concept of emotional codes, one can pave the way for framing research issues in an interdisciplinary context. This way, the issue of the sensory content of music can be explored in the interdisciplinary fields of musicology, philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience.
Our analysis has shown that the theory of motivation with our experiential intuition is more compatible. This is because the basis of judging a musical work is the experienced emotions, not the assumed emotions that the artist intended to express. For example, when we label a piece of music as sad, it is not because the composer intended to express sad emotions, but rather it is simply and intuitively because that piece evokes a sense of sadness in us.
As a result, the theory of motivation provides a better and more valid explanation of the relationship between music and emotions.
In response to the second question, it is important to consider the main criticism that challenges each of these two theories and how they respond to it. Our analysis has shown that the main criticism of the expressive theory is the "expression of unexperienced emotions," and proponents of the expressive theory, in response to this criticism, question the principles of this theory. They do not necessarily consider the expressed emotions as belonging to the artist, but rather see the artist as simply a narrator of the emotions of another individual (or even a completely imaginary person). In this way, they raise the larger question of whose emotions are being expressed in music. Since the answer cannot be the audience (as that would essentially turn it into a motivational theory), this question remains shrouded in ambiguity and mystery.
On the other hand, in our research, we demonstrated that the responses that have been presented to the issue of "liking sad music" are not defensible and valid. Furthermore, by using the concept of catharsis from Aristotle, we were able to propose an acceptable response to this criticism. We showed that our proposed response can address all the criticisms that were present in other responses.

First: The current water crisis in Iran is the product of years of inappropriate decisions and management, which occurred due to the increase in water demand from the country's water resources. Agrarian reform policy and the issue of land. The result was the fragmentation of agricultural land, which, along with the introduction of deep and semi-deep well exploitation technology, led to the digging of wells by small-scale farmers and landowners and the increase in underground water exploitation; because the easiest way for every person who owned land was to dig a well.Second: New institutionalism does not consider the economic future and the development of societies as a future with unlimited choices; considering that property rights are among the effective institutions; therefore, the policies that target the property rights of the society create major changes in the society. Land reform is a type of institutional change that is carried out by the government to transform the existing ownership structure and transform it into a desirable structure. Therefore, by using the new institutionalism, we can see the historical impact of land reforms, which was the policy of the government institution in changing and redefining the institution of land ownership; it highlighted the current water crisis.Third: Before land reforms, Iran's land system had three characteristics: 1- the concentration of land in the hands of a number of absent owners; 2- Shareholding as the dominant form of tenancy and 3- The prevalence of old and primitive techniques in production was determined. About the type of ownership of Iranian villages at that time, the information related to land reforms shows that 6,885 were in the care of religious institutions, 1,535 villages and parts of the other 245 were owned by the government and the royal institution also owned 2,167 villages and their lands. These institutions owned about 20% of the villages. In addition, Iran had 2,250 private owners, each of whom had more than one village; these people owned 11,740 villages. About 20 percent of the villages were for rural farmers and the remaining 38 percent belonged to 320,000 owners. However, following the changes in the ownership institution, the ratio of independent farmers to the rural population, which was less than 5% before the land reforms, reached 76% of the rural population after the land reforms. Although agrarian reforms increased the number of land-owning farmers, they could not give them enough land to become capable and self-reliant farmers. Because the average area of the farm in 1353 was 6.6 hectares and 37% of the land was in water shortage conditionFourth: The issue of land and the institution of ownership after the Islamic revolutionAt the beginning of the victory of the Islamic revolution, due to the expectations created among the rural strata and farmers within the framework of the slogans of the revolution era, in the rural areas, the conflict over land occupation had occupied everyone; In addition to local encroachments, the new regime tried to implement a series of land distribution policies. These land division policies culminated in the redistribution of what was mostly government land and the setting of ownership ceilings in each locality, which led to the redistribution of some of the remaining private land to large landowners. The result of the land division policy of the 1980s was to once again destroy the remnants of large-scale private capitalist agriculture and convert it into numerous small farms. At the same time as the fragmentation and scattering of agricultural lands, which was the result of land reforms and changes in the ownership institution; we see an increase in the number of well rings; the new owners began to dig wells for their newly acquired lands using the new well drilling technology. As a result of these events, the number of wells in the country increased from about 47,000 wells in the water year 1972-1973 to about 763,000 wells in the water year 2011-2012, and the amount of harvesting also increased from 9 billion cubic meters to more than 47 billion cubic meters. Thus, during this period, the number of wells has increased 16 times and the amount of harvests has increased more than 5 timesFifth: Before the land reforms, the number of small farmers was 320,000, who, together with 2,250 large owners, owned 60% of the agricultural land, and the average land of farmers was more than 20 hectares, the number of underground water resource exploitation wells was less than 40,000 wells, and the amount of exploitation was also It is less than 9,000 cubic meters But in 1979, when the number of small owners increased to 1,601,000 operators, the number of wells increased to more than 70,000 wells, and in 1988, when the number of operators increased to 2,800,000 and the average area of agricultural land is less than 3 hectares, the number of wells 221,691 and the amount of underground water extraction is 32,599 cubic meters and in 2003, when the number of users is 3,480,729, the number of well rings is 468,049 and the amount of extraction is 44,895 cubic meters; In the early 1990s, with the number of 3,359,409 operators, we see more than 763,664 wells and the extraction rate of 47,182 cubic meters.

The purpose of this article is to analyse institutionalization obstacles of political parties in quasi-democratic systems. These systems have a combination of democratic appearance and authoritarianism contents, and lack institutionalized competition between political parties. What is most evident in such systems is the formation of groups centering on prominent individuals and, in effect, changing to mere means to expand their influence. In this study, such parties are recognized as‘entrepreneur parties.’ The hypothesis is the short-comingsconcerned withpolitical culture, laws, regulations, and criteria of judgement, and the performance of political competition, leading to the formation of theentrepreneur party, an organization that does not benefit from the institutional tradition and continue to exist only under prominent figures. In this study, the descriptive-analytical method is based on library data.The aim of this paper is to introducethe comprehensive set of institutional arrangements in quasi-democratic systems that affect the nature of political parties’ organizations and to provide a better understanding of the party-centered relations in quasi-democratic systems.

Today, many organizations meet with many risks to employee development. They are suspicious about return on investment in employee development. Managers expect that developing investments improve employee performance and organizational wellbeing. The organization spent time, cost, and experience on employee development, but the turnover of employees, less of competence, limitation of competence, absence, and leaving the organization cause human resource development risk. The purpose of this research is to review the articles on risks and human resource development. After that, a model of human resource development risk in the knowledge-Based organization was presented. The method of this research is a mixed approach. This mix-method is a developmental and applied study. The model of human resource development risk used was designed based on interviews with 17 experts in this field. To evaluate the model, a fieldwork questionnaire was distributed among 100 experts. The collected data were analyzed via Theme analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. The findings indicate individual dimension is less mentioned in the literature, but it is a high priority for the organizational dimension. perceptual risk, knowledge risk, and behavioral risk are three components of individual risk and human resource environment risk with operational risks are two components of organizational risk. Managers can better analyze via the human resource development risk model in individual and organizational dimensions.

Different social groups each make efforts to achieve health, and due to their social status, they also face obstacles to achieving health. Among them, blind and combination women also have unique experiences in They have this background. This phenomenological study analyzes the efforts of blind and partisan women in the context of their life experience and also the obstacles to their progress in Kashan. In this regard, using purposive sampling with the criterion of theoretical saturation, 25 blind and combo women were selected for in-depth interviews. The interviews were then analyzed using Brown and Clark thematic analysis. After extracting the appropriate codes, two main themes with the titles of health-centered agency and perceived barriers to health have been obtained. Health-oriented agency includes actions and actions that are in the field of awareness of individuals and occur to maintain, improve or promote health. And has the sub-themes of basic health presuppositions, conscious prevention in order to maintain health, reconstruction and treatment, and measures that are detrimental to health. Perceived health barriers also refer to macro-social categories that restrict the realization of health in blind and visually impaired women outside the will of individuals and contain sub-themes of economy-based health, harassing behaviors. Society is a disabling social context and a challenge to the institution of treatment and the passive family.

The divisions of the country are based on the administrative-managerial structure of the regions to accelerate the process of development and balanced and coordinated growth.According to the law of divisions, it is the largest unit of the country's divisions in the province, which in fact consists of a large, homogeneous geographical area, and the sovereignty of the central government is vested in the governor, who is the highest representative of the government in the region. Khorasan province is one of these geographical areas which was divided into three provinces of North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan according to the approval of the parliament in 2004. Khorasan province, at the time of division, was the largest province in the country with 313 thousand square kilometers and a population of nearly 6 million people.This research has been compiled to investigate the effect of the pattern of national divisions on the development of Sabzevar, Joven, Jaghtai, Khoshab and Davarzan counties and seeks to answer the question that; Has the equation of dividing and creating different levels with all its consequences and costs, been able to lead to the harmonious development and growth of regions and the provision of better services? The results showed that Sabzevar city after the abstraction of new cities from it, has grown in all indicators, but its growth rate has not been significant and among the newly established cities extracted from it, Joven city has had a relatively better growth than other cities.

Health and its conceptualization among the blind and visually impaired is an important issue due to the complexity of health and disability as well as their unique experiences. This phenomenological study examines the concept of health in the context of the lived experience of blind and sighted women in Kashan. In this regard, using purposive sampling with theoretical saturation criteria, 25 blind and combo women were selected for in-depth interviews. Then, using clause analysis and extraction of appropriate codes, two main themes with the titles of multi-dimensional perception of health and strategies for expressing health in the face of unhealthy society have been obtained; So that the theme of multidisciplinary perception of health in blind and visually impaired women includes sub-themes of mentally healthy, social welfare, spiritualism ,and physical health. The content of health expression strategies in the face of unhealthy society also includes the sub-themes of body management and beauty, trying to show independence in individual and social affairs, self-affirmation, striving for efficiency, not expressing illness and pain in society and relationship management. (Halo, constructive interaction). Multidimensional perception of health expresses the concept of health in blind and partially sighted women, which is formed after accepting blindness or partially sighted and paying attention to other aspects of health. And health. Also, health expression strategies in the face of unhealthy society show the actions and efforts of these women to show their ability and health in society.

The goal of this study is to analyze the introduction and expansion of factors of political modernity in the Qajari government era. Cultural exchange with the west led to a flourishing in the field of political modernity. Intellectuals knowing about such concepts were the first to indirectly mention these concepts. Intellectuals played the greatest role in this transition and in spreading political modernity factors in Iran. These included the necessity of having a parliament and bureaucracy, constitution, centralized government, civil society, legitimacy and Separation of religion from government. In the time of constitutional era, much effort was made to meet these demands and for the very first time such demands were asked for in the traditional system of tyranny in Iran. Due to political modernity, he design of these discussions and the development of these developments began during the Qajar government, especially Nasser al-Din Shah, but to put these demands into practice was time consuming and needed time to pass.

The paradigm of developmental state and its comparison with the type of government and policies pursued by the Iranian governments in the constitutional and Pahlavi periods can help us to explain situation of Iran's political economy and to some extent significant differences in development levels of the different regions of Iran and the overlap of these differences with identity gaps in this period. Iranian governments have not been developmental and by creating trade monopolies and a heavily backed industrial sector, extract wealth generated at community and concentrate it in the hands of members of the dominant coalition to redistribute these resources in addition to revenue of underground resources in the form of concessions and high-paying jobs for their supporters to reproduce the existing low-level balance. The response of the dominant elites of society and their organic intellectuals to the backwardness of the country against the West, have shaped the contemporary history of this country and the salient features, form of government, approaches and governance of different governments and politics in general in Iran for past century and half.

The formation of social classes in Iran, developments and relations between them and their relationship with the government are strongly influenced by oil revenues. In Iran, the modern middle class was not born from the womb of production. That is why it is necessary to change the modern middle class of Iran from a dependent class to a productive and independent class. In this study, while examining the emergence and nature of the modern middle class in Iran, we investigate the role of the rentier government in the formation and expansion of the modern middle class. In general, three causal mechanisms can be introduced to explain the impact of a government benefiting from oil rents on the modern middle class: Rantier effect, suppression effect and modernization effect. Based on the presented economic-political analysis in relation to the influence of the ninth and tenth governments on the modern middle class of Iran, the following two conclusions can be drawn: First, the modern middle class of Iran has grown quantitatively due to the increase in oil revenues in the period 1384 to 1392. Second, this positive oil rent shock has had a significant negative impact on the functioning of a strong and independent middle class. To test the second hypothesis, data on good governance have been used.

There is a need for rethinking in sociology, but numerous studies in this area, if not evaluated in the form of review efforts, can themselves lead to diversity, confusion, and sometimes contradiction in the findings and results obtained. In such an atmosphere, in addition to loss of rethinking effort, the field of attack on the legitimacy and position of sociology also expands. As stated on mentioned problem, the present study aimed to reflect on the reflection of sociology in Iran based on the systematic review strategy. The statistical population includes research done on sociology in Iran from 1991 to 1999 and published as articles, dissertations, and books. The fundamental question is, "What are the characteristics of accumulated knowledge in terms of form, methodology, and content?" To answer this question, based on the methodological steps, the literature on the subject was reviewed through field study, searching for works and sources, selection, studying, filing, coding, and finally, description and analysis. Finally, the results were presented in two sections: formal and content findings. Suggestions from this description and analysis emphasize the need to carefully ask questions, clarify concepts, and rely on approaches such as the sociological approach of sociology in future reflection efforts.

Good governance and the ways to achieve it have long been the subject of discussion among philosophers and political scientists. Many world revolutions were achieved with the aim of achieving good governance, including the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The Islamic Revolution of Iran, with its Islamic slogans, has been a harbinger of taking a step towards the desired Islamic rule. This has caused the different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran to adopt different approaches in the political system of the country to seek to achieve the desired components of good governance. In other words, the method of achieving good governance in the Islamic Republic of Iran is the issue of Iranian political scientists and authors of the present study. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the main question of the research, what is the relationship between centralism and good governance in the ninth and tenth governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran by using descriptive-analytical method and using library data and using the theoretical framework of good governance. The aims of the research are the pathology of the centralist approach of Ahmadinejad's government, the explanation of the decentralized political system and the production of research literature to help experts and government officials. The research hypothesis is that there is an inverse relationship between centralism and good governance because the six indicators of good governance to achieve the needs of decentralized society, while Mahmoud Ahmadinejad due to the desire to directly manage many institutions and large political and managerial organizations, the political system Had created a strong centralism that prevented many of the hallmarks of good governance from being achieved.

Commercial routes play an important role in the geopolitical position of countries. Meanwhile, Turkey has always been known as the bridge between Asia and Europe, and part of the ancient Silk Road, the most profitable trade route, has passed through the country in the past. In recent years, Turkey's geopolitical position has become a valuable tool in realizing China's belt and road project and connecting it to Europe; in addition, the Turkish government has unveiled a plan in recent years called the "Middle Corridor." Its aim is to encourage the Turkic-speaking people of Northwest Asia to further engage and interact with each other and strengthen the sense of regional ownership. The project, which will connect Asia to Europe, will reduce Iran's geopolitical capacity for trade with Europe and will increase Turkey's regional power from a geopolitical perspective. From the other hand, After the end of the Cold War, Iran showed a desire for a new direction in foreign policy, known as the "look to the East. With this in mind, it seemed the “Look to the East” policy can only serve Iran’s national interests if it can remove any kind of dependence on the West and enforce a balanced foreign policy that could also widen Iran's foreign policy options. From this point of view, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is unable to make institutionalized relations with the West, adopt a strategic and long-term approach towards Eastern actors such as China and plan to integrate agenda to propel the foreign policy in line with this objective. Iran also tries to tie itself into surging flow of development and integrity in the East. This article shows that, linking China's Belt and Road project with Turkey Middle Corridor project would be similar to US geopolitical neutralization of Iran and versus Iran's geopolitical position and “Look to the East” policy.

In present study, Case study research is a methodology which can take either a qualitative or quantitative approach. Case study in this article refers to the in depth analysis of some facts about “Middle Corridor” and China's “Belt and Road”. In addition, Data were collected by four

individual interviews, survey on formal reports and news study, documentation collection and study the related Books and journals in Chinese, English and Persian languages. Data analyses was based on describe-analysis

The efforts of regional and supra-regional powers to limit and neutralize Iran's geopolitics, especially over the past two decades, have always been unprecedented. The most important of these efforts are US investment in Turkmenistan and the United Arab Emirates. Meanwhile, Middle East and West of Asia is considered as one of the most important areas for China's presence and influence in international affairs. in such a situation, China's economic role in the West Asian region and Turkey's development program in recent years has led to the expansion of Beijing-Ankara relations, which could pose a new threat to Iran. As this article shows, Iran's geopolitical neutralization of the Asian continent's connection to Europe and Iran's deprivation of its geopolitical position are among the consequences of the expansion of Beijing-Ankara relations. In other words, Turkey, which has influence in most of Iran's peripheral regions such as Azerbaijan, Central Asia and the Caucasus, could reduce Iran's geopolitical importance in the medium and long term if it expands ties with China. On the other hand, given Turkey's advantages, especially its better economic situation compared to Iran, as well as Turkey's better relations with the United States, China can expand its economic relations with Ankara more than before.According to this scenario, cooperation between Iran and China will remain limited and there's not a great chance for Iran to expand relations with China. This scenario will be caused, threat and at least opportunity for Iran, and Iran's position in China's foreign policy will be reduced. Moreover, Iran's rivals will be able to find a better place in the region

Up to now, the few studies have been investigated on the shallow benthic Eocene successions from the eastern Lut Block. Here, the larger benthic foraminifera were practically one of the most important components for reconstructing of the paleoenvironmental conditions. In fact, they were abundant during the Paleogene, and are as a useful tool for sedimentary and paleoecology interpretations. The highest diversity and abundance of the Large Benthic Foraminifera (LBF) was during Eocene, where they were known as the Foraminiferal limestones within (neritic) carbonate succession. The LBF are generally recognized with calcareous algae (red algae) which can be used as paleoenvironment indicator.  However, the investigation of the facies data which is combined with paleontologic characteristics confirm paleoecologic condition during deposition of Eocene strata in the studied area. Eventually, vertical distribution of identified microfacies and sequence stratigraphy of the mentioned succession supports the depositional system and paleoenvironmental condition.

In this study, the Eocene carbonate marine successions were investigated in south of Kerman from the Khan Gazan and Khadagan sections with thickness of 75 m and 48 m, respectively. The identification of the microscopic data are provide by Embry and Kelovan (1971) and Dunham (1962). Field work and laboratory studies based on LBF stratigraphic distribution of the Eocene deposits led to the identification of seven facies includes: (FT1) Terrigenous bioclast packstone, (FT2) Nummulites rudstone, (FT3) Bioclast–coralline algal packstone/grainstone, (FT4) Coralline algal rudstone/bindstone, (FT5) Coral wackstone/boundstone, (FT6) Nummulithoclastic packstone/grainstone, (FT7) Bioclast packstone/ grainstone into a carbonate ramp model, which can be divided into four depositional environments: tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and open marine. The regional discrimination most likely reflects their position on separate tectonic blocks on which different facies conditions developed due to different tectonic movements. Based on Catuneanu (2006), the results of sequence stratigraphy studies were identified two third-order depositional sequences containing of four systems tracts.  The gradual vertical changes of the facies and the process of rising of sea-level from the shallow area to seaward direction are well illustrated with lateral facies changes such as the nummulitic accumulations or banks that represents of a high-energy conditions and tests transport to the deepest parts of the basin.

According to studies, the frequency of microspheric forms increases with increasing water depth, while megalospheric forms are frequently in shallower or relatively deep areas (Beavington- Penny and Racey, 2004). Quartz grains are characterized by well sorting, sub-rounded, and maturity, which represents a large transport distance to the deepest parts of the basin. The proximity of coralline red algae facies trough FT5 can be referred to the margins of coral reefs. Also, Field observation suggests the development of small reefal build-ups (Patch Reef) with limited lateral extensions resulting from coral and coralline red algae assemblages in the Khan Gazan section. The evidence of our study on the FT5 in the Kagan section is indicating a gradual deepening trend of the basin. Likewise, developing of the Nummulites banks show a decrease in seawater levels as major sea-level fluctuation, thereby, the Khan Gazan section is deposited in an environment with high energy conditions and near to the origin of sediments.In addition, the nummulite accumulations (nummulite banks) or low-relief buildups into the middle ramp area under influence of a moderate-high energy condition (e.g. currents and waves) were represented with predominance of Nummulites perforatus monospecific tests for the first time in this region. According to field work, the mentioned nummulites Bank is assigned to B form (reaching to 10 cm in diameter).  The Nummulites banks were not referred to original biocoenosis which were formed by wave activity as parautochtonous or residual assemblage (Papazzoni, 2008). Combination of LBF and coralline algal facies was previously recorded from northeastern Italy (Bassi, 2005) which is close to FT5 of studied sections. The predominant facies associations are shown an overall transgression-regression cycle of the Eocene successions in the east Lut Block.

In order to reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and geologic history of the Eocene succession of the Lut Block, the litho and biostratigraphic studies of other exposures are required. Actually, vertical distribution of facies of several stratigraphic sections and their correlation supports paleo-tectonic behavior of various location during deposition of Lut Block Eocene sediments.

The present research tries to focus on the political modernization of the performance and policy of the ninth and tenth government in the field of political rights of citizenship during this period. Political modernization emphasizes the distinction between the public and the private sphere, the state and society, the individual and the citizen, the recognition of this distinction and divisions leads to the limitation of the power of the state, the spread of civil society and political freedoms, the rule of law, and ... Which is the basis for the development of citizenship political rights. This paper, by analytical-descriptive method, merely examines the political rights of citizenship, which is one of the components of political modernity. Because in the ninth and tenths of the state, there is a Rupture between differences and divisions with the emphasis on political modernity, we are faced with a kind of authoritarianism and expansion of government interference, which leads to the further weakening of the political rights of citizenship. The question of this research is: How can the politics of political rights of citizens of the ninth and tenth governments be explained in the field of political modernity? Our assumption is that the policies of the ninth and tenth governments are aimed at weakening the political rights of citizenship and the expansion of mass society. Key words: political modernization, political rights of citizenship, ninth and tenth governments, mass society

The Purpose of this Paper is to examine the goals of the ninth and tenth government in formulating and executing targeted distribution of subsidies under the title of 'Targeting Cash Subsidies Plan' in iran. The question is how targeting these Payments during the presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad can be explained. The hypothesis of this research is that the characteristics of a rent prepared the circumstances for making such payments by the mentioned government. in this research considering the nature of collector government which is always accompanied by an increase in the rent incomes, the government's policies have a distribution approach which aim to increase supporters and provide political legitimacy  and popularity.

This research was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of humic acid and NPK fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of mini-tubers of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars in the research farm of Zare Gostar -Arta Agricultural Co. in the province of Ardebil in 2016. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor consisted of three levels of humic acid (0, 200 and 400kg.ha-1), the second factor including the compound NPK 20-20-20 fertilizer combination at zero (control) and 50kg.ha-1, and the third factor was the mini-tuber of two potato cultivars Agria and Sprite. According to the results, potato cultivars and different levels of humic acid were significantly different for all studied traits.The effect of fertilizer (NPK) on all traits except the number of main stems per plant and the number of tubers per plant was significant. The interaction between cultivar×humic acid in terms of plant height and the number of main stems, the interaction between cultivar×NPK only in terms of plant height and interactions of humic acid×NPK in terms of plant height, tuber weight per plant, tuber yield and tuber yield were significant. Interaction of cultivar×humic acid×NPK cultivar was significant only in terms of tuber weight per plant, yield, tuber yield and tuber dry matter percentage. Comparison of simple effects means showed the highest number of tubers per plant, specific gravity and percentage of starch were obtained using 400 kg of humic acid and the highest specific gravity and percentage of starch at 50 kg NPK fertilizer level. According to the comparison of the mean of traits for interaction, the highest tuber weight per plant, marketable and total tuber yield were obtained by using 50 kg of fertilizer and 400 kg of humic acid. Based on the results, for both cultivars, 50kg.ha-1 of NPK fertilizers with 400kg/ha of humic acid is recommended to achieve high marketable and total tuber yield.

One of the challenges of the Islamic Republic of Iran during her forty years since the 1979 revolution is the bewilderment for the realization of social justice. Although it is argued that the lack of social justice during the Pahlavi regime finally resulted in the Islamic Revolution, failure in the improvement of social justice indices after the revolution, especially after the end of the war between Iran and Iraq in 1988, has resulted in governance policies that are contrary to social justice. Given that social justice in Iran is not desirable and the current situation in Iran, forty years after the revolution, does not resemble much the ideals of the revolutionary leaders for establishing social justice, the present article, by referring to reliable data and using analytical-descriptive method, attempts to show that the governance practices in Iran have not been able to realize social justice which entails taking into consideration the successful international experiences and implementation of the good governance practices.