مسعود غلامعلی لواسانی

The purpose of this study was to develop a family-centered art therapy program and evaluate its effectiveness in improving the communication skills and social adjustment of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, and control group. The statistical population was comprised of all male and female students aged 7–12 with ASD in Jam County, Bushehr Province, during the 2022–2023 academic year. A sample of 30 students was selected via purposive sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). Initially, all participants were assessed using the Rimland and Edelson Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (1999) to measure baseline communication skills and social adjustment (pre-test). Participants in the experimental group, accompanied by their mothers, attended 11 sessions of the family-centered art therapy program, while the control group received no intervention. Following the program, the same assessment checklist was completed for both groups (post-test). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using SPSS version 24 indicated that the family-centered art therapy program had a statistically significant positive effect on improving the communication skills and social adjustment of students with ASD (P < 0.01). Consequently, this family-centered art therapy program serves as an effective evidence-based intervention for enhancing the social and communicative functioning of children with autism.

Learning disability is one of the most common learning disabilities that can cause many problems in other areas of learning, social, emotional and behavioral. Therefore, early intervention in individuals with reading difficulties is an educational and therapeutic priority. For timely intervention, assessment and diagnosis of individuals with reading disabilities is a very important step.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Jahesh Reading Test in diagnosis of dyslexia in Persian-speaking children in the first period of elementary school.

The present study was an applied test-making study. The statistical population was the first-year elementary school students in Tehran in 2023-2024. A sample of 700 first-year elementary school students was selected by random sampling method and was evaluated with the Jahesh reading test. Content validity was evaluated by the opinion of ten experts using the Content Validity Index (CVI). Diagnostic validity was evaluated by comparing the reading test between groups using the t-test, and developmental construct validity was evaluated by comparing the educational levels in the reading test using the F-test and reliability using the Kuder-Richardson coefficient and test-retest using SPSS and AMOS software.

The results of comparing the average scores of the first grade reading test between the normal and learning- disabilities groups indicate significant differences in all subtests. These results indicate that children with learning disabilities performed significantly worse than normal children in all aspects related to reading skills, and the reading test was able to identify these differences well. Also, the results of comparing the average scores of the reading test in the first, second, and third grades of primary school indicate a significant improvement in reading skills with increasing age and educational level. In general, in most subtests, the average scores of students in higher grades are higher than those in lower grades, and the differences are statistically significant (p< 0.001).

The results of the study show that the Jahesh Reading Test has diagnostic validity and can be used to diagnose dyslexia in Persian-speaking children in the first period of elementary school.

The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of constructive parenting training (Triple-P) to mothers on behavioral problems and children's abilities.

The current research is an experiment, with a quasi-experimental design of pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the research was all the mothers of children aged 6 to 12 with behavioral problems at Razi Counseling Center in 1401, in Pakdasht city of Tehran. The samples were placed in two control and experimental groups (15 people in each group) randomly. The experimental group was trained in constructive training program for 8 2-hour sessions, which was considered as an independent variable, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, both groups were subjected to a post-test. The obtained data were analyzed using covariance analysis and SPSS 22 software was used for this work.

The findings showed that teaching the constructive education program on mothers is effective in reducing behavioral problems (p<0.001) and increasing children's abilities (p<0.001).

The descriptive and statistical indicators of the research results show the positive effect of the constructive education program on the reduction of children's behavioral problems, including emotional problems, hyperactivity, behavioral problems and problems with peers, and increasing children's abilities. This study shows the importance of teaching a constructive education approach to reduce problems and increase children's abilities and includes concepts for improving children's behavioral problems

Infertility, as a stressful and challenging factor in the lives of couples, particularly women, can have significant negative effects on mental health. The stress caused by infertility often leads to psychological issues such as anxiety, depression, and reduced psychological well-being. Psychological well-being has emerged as a key component in improving the quality of life for infertile individuals. Despite the importance of these variables, there is still a gap in research concerning the impact of educational programs based on psychological well-being in reducing infertility-related stress.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an educational program based on psychological well-being in reducing infertility-related stress among infertile women.

This research used a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest design, a control group, and a one-month follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment at the Maam Infertility Treatment Center in Tehran in 2023. Out of this population, 80 women were selected using a convenience sampling method. The data collection tool was the Infertility Stress Scale (Newton, 1999). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of educational intervention based on psychological well-being, while the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance (repeated measures) and Bonferroni post hoc tests in SPSS version 27.

The results showed that the educational program based on psychological well-being significantly reduced infertility stress among women undergoing in vitro fertilization during the intervention phase (P< 0.05), and these changes remained stable in the follow-up stage between the experimental and control groups (P< 0.05). However, the educational package did not have a significant effect on the relational concerns component (P> 0.05).

The findings suggest that educational programs based on psychological well-being can be used as an effective intervention to reduce infertility stress in infertile women. These programs can be integrated into broader treatment plans at infertility clinics and counseling centers to improve the quality of life of infertile women and increase their acceptance of their condition.

Married men struggling with addiction are more susceptible to the harms of addiction due to family responsibilities and social expectations. In this regard, numerous treatment programs have been developed to improve the condition of individuals with addiction, some of which pay special attention to the psychological, spiritual, and familial dimensions of these individuals. Despite existing evidence regarding the positive effects of spirituality and family support in addiction treatment, there remain significant research gaps in this area.

The primary aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a Tawhidi integrated family-based therapy program in enhancing the psychological well-being and self-esteem of men addicted to substances.

The research method was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The study population consisted of all married men addicted to substances in Yazd County in 2023. From this population, 30 families were selected using convenience sampling. Participants completed the Psychological Well-being Scale (Ryff, 1989) and the Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). The experimental group participated in ten 90-minute sessions of the researcher-developed treatment program, while the control group received no intervention until the end of the follow-up period. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS-27.

The study's findings indicated that the Tawhidi integrated family-based therapy program had a significant effect on improving the psychological well-being and its components, as well as enhancing the self-esteem of men addicted to substances during both the intervention and follow-up phases. There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P< 0.05).

Based on the study's findings, the Tawhidi integrated family-based therapy program can effectively improve and enhance the psychological well-being and self-esteem of men addicted to substances. These findings can be utilized by social workers, counselors, and psychologists to support this population.

This study was conducted to evaluate and analyze the educational and therapeutic protocols related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and develop a comprehensive and effective protocol for individuals with this disorder.

This study used a qualitative approach, the exploratory model (Qualitative-Quantitative), and a systematic review to provide a complete picture of the sources and existing research. We searched reputable domestic and international scientific databases using keywords related to ADHD educational protocols. Finally, 54 documents were selected as the main sources relevant to the research topic. The content of the collected documents was analyzed using the Wach & Ward content analysis method. The treatment protocol derived from the document review was presented to a group of ADHD specialists and analyzed using the statistical method CVR.

The results showed that the modified protocol had high validity, and the CVR index for each protocol goal was higher than the specified value. Finally, our study revealed the meta-thinking protocol based on mental-brain simulation as an effective therapeutic method for children with ADHD. This protocol includes eight coherent and comprehensive therapeutic sessions designed based on meta-thinking, imagery, and mental simulation principles to help children manage and improve their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

This research highlights the importance of collaboration between specialists and researchers in developing and enhancing therapeutic interventions for children with ADHD. Endorsing the efficacy of this therapeutic protocol paves the way for its implementation in clinical settings and contributes to the improvement of children with ADHD.

Cognitive abilities play a key role in children's academic success and social adaptation. The Reynolds Cognitive Assessment Scales (RIAS-2) are a reliable tool for assessing these abilities; however, their factor structure and validity have not been thoroughly examined in children from Tehran.

This study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the second version of the Reynolds Cognitive Assessment Scales in children from Tehran.

This descriptive-analytical study included a population of all 3- to 6-year-old children in Tehran. A sample of 200 children was selected using convenience sampling. The second version of the Reynolds Cognitive Assessment Scales (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2015) was administered to the sample, and the data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL version 8.

The results indicated that among various models, the one-factor model of general intelligence with four main subscales (Guess What, Odd-Item Out, Verbal Reasoning, and What’s Missing) and the two-factor model (verbal and nonverbal) with the same four subscales demonstrated good fit.

The findings of this study can assist psychologists, educators, and child specialists in using the second version of the Reynolds Cognitive Assessment Scales to more accurately evaluate the cognitive abilities of children in Tehran. This will facilitate the design of targeted educational and cognitive interventions to address weaknesses and enhance strengths in children's cognitive abilities. Additionally, validating this tool in the Iranian population enables its broader and more effective use in research and clinical applications.

This research examines the moderating role of parental reflective functioning in the relationship between the guilt experienced by working mothers and their children's behavioral problems. The population of this study consisted of all working mothers with children aged 3 to 6 living in Tehran in 1403. A sample of 225 mothers was determined and selected using a convenience sampling method. The tools used in the research included the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ), the Guilt About Parenting Scale (GAPS), and the Behavioral part of the Social Skills Rating System-Parent (SSRS-P). The research employed a descriptive-correlational design, incorporating hierarchical regression analysis, with data analysis conducted utilizing SPSS-25 software. The findings indicate the moderating role of the pre-mentalizing dimension of parental reflective functioning in the relationship between parental guilt and behavioral problems (internalizing and externalizing behaviors) in children. This suggests that increases in pre-mentalization among mothers are associated with more behavioral problems in their children, while less pre-mentalization reduces behavioral problems associated with parental guilt.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of attachment styles and sensation seeking in predicting Internet dependency: the mediating role of mindfulness. By applying the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The population comprised all male and female university students in Kashan in the academic year 1400-1401 in the number of 1138 people, a sample of 300 female students of Faculty of Humanities and Foreign Languages were selected by available sampling. The students completed the internet Addiction Scale, the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, the sensation seeking Scale, and the attachment style scale Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the path analysis method and Bootstrapping method was used to examine the mediating role of mindfulness. The fit index also showed that the default model has a good fit. The results showed attachment styles and sensation seeking predicted internet dependency. The results further indicated that mindfulness significantly mediated relationship between attachment styles and internet dependency. The present research shows that mindfulness interventions can be effective to Internet dependency decrease.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the mediating role of academic engagement and educational hope in the relationship between external transformational capital and academic persistence. The current research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose and correlational studies in terms of method. The research population of all sixth-grade females in Mashhad city during the academic year of 2021-2022, and 471 people were selected using stratified random sampling. The research tools included academic engagement scale (AEQ), educational hope (AHS), transformative capital (DAS), and academic buoyancy (ABS). Structural modeling was implemented with SPSS-22 and Amos-24 software to conduct data analysis. The results indicated that the coefficient of the direct path of transformational capital to academic engagement and promise to study, respectively, β=0.469 and β=0.791, is statistically significant at the 0.01% level. The coefficient of the direct path of academic buoyancy to academic engagement, academic participation to academic buoyancy, and educational promise to academic buoyancy is not statistically significant. The indirect impact of transformational capital on academic buoyancy through academic engagement and hope to study is not significant. The research results indicate that the hypothetical model does not have a good fit, and the variables of academic involvement and aspiration to study do not serve as mediators between external transformational capital and academic buoyancy.

The evidence extracted from the comprehensive analyses indicates a considerable increase in the prevalence of cannabis consumption in Iran. The use of cannabis can lead to various adverse consequences for users, such as depression, anxiety, aggressive behavior, psychosis, self–harming behaviors, and suicide. Identifying the factors influencing the tendency to use cannabinoid substances can assist the health care system and professionals in providing better services to consumers of these substances. While identifying factors influencing the propensity to use cannabinoid substances can be quantitatively and qualitatively feasible, qualitative studies allow experts and policymakers to deeply and comprehensively examine the influential factors and become informed about individuals’ perspectives, experiences, and attitudes towards a phenomenon. Given the increasing trend of cannabinoid substance consumption in Iran and the limitations of quantitative studies in identifying a wide range of influential factors, the present study was conducted to investigate the factors influencing the tendency to use cannabinoid substances in young people.

Qualitative interviews and a phenomenological approach were used to identify the factors influencing the inclination towards cannabis use among the young. The target population of the qualitative study included all young people aged 18 to 40 living in Tehran City, Iran, in 2023 who were consuming cannabis at the study time. The sample members were initially selected using the snowball sampling method. The data saturation criterion was used to determine the sample size in this part of the study. In fact, after 10 in–depth interviews with the participants, the researchers concluded that the obtained data were repetitions of previous interviews. For further assurance of data saturation, two additional supplementary interviews were conducted (12 samples), resulting in repetitions of previous interview data. Data collection was done through semi–structured interviews. The data analysis was based on the descriptive phenomenological method by Giorgio (2009). Before conducting the interviews, permission was obtained from the samples to record the conversations, and if the sample subjects agreed, the interviews were conducted orally. The conversations were recorded simultaneously in the samples that did not agree to be recorded. The interviews were conducted over two weeks, usually lasting between 20 and 40 minutes.

A total of 12 cannabis users participated in this study, with 8 being male and 4 female. The participants’ average (SD) age was 33.84 (4.5) years, with an age range of 27 to 41 years. The educational level of the participants varied from high school diploma to postgraduate, but most (6 individuals) had a bachelor’s degree. Apart from one participant, the rest of the participants were employed. Additionally, 83% of the participants were single. Furthermore, the mean (SD) age at first cannabis use was 20.24 (23.5) years, with an age range of 16 to 30 years. From the interview texts, 108 items were extracted and categorized into 18 subthemes and 5 main themes. The 5 main themes were: 1) individual factors (8 subthemes and 53 items), 2) social–environmental factors (4 subthemes and 33 items), 3) media role (2 subthemes and 11 items), 4) legal and policy constraints (2 subthemes and 5 items), and 5) effects of cannabinoids (2 subthemes and 6 items). Overal, the results indicated that factors such as lack of awareness about the consequences of cannabis use, inability to cope with stress and negative emotions, curiosity and inclination to experience the effects of the substance, lack of recreation and entertainment, lack of experience and awareness, inability to say no and lack of self–confidence and hopelessness, and lack of future plans are influential individual factors in the tendency to use cannabis.

The inclination of young people towards the use of cannabinoid substances is influenced by various factors including individual factors, social–environmental factors, media role, regulatory factors, and policy–making, as well as understanding the effects and consequences of substances, that effective prevention requires comprehensive action against the influencing factors to reduce the prevalence and incidence of the use of this substance.

 The aim of the present study was to develop a comprehensive parenting program with a rational approach.

Methods and Materials:

 The research method was qualitative, and the participants in the model design phase included academic experts (faculty members in the fields of general psychology, educational psychology, clinical psychology, and philosophy of education in higher education institutions), organizational experts (senior managers and consultants of family counseling centers and clinics), and specialists in parenting styles. In the validation phase, the participants included faculty members in related fields and senior consultants from family counseling centers and clinics nationwide. In the qualitative phase, using the snowball sampling method, 18 experts were selected, while in the validation phase, 16 experts were chosen through purposive sampling. The data collection tools consisted of semi-structured interviews in the qualitative phase and an expert evaluation checklist in the validation phase. For data analysis, thematic analysis was employed in the qualitative phase, utilizing initial, axial, and secondary coding through Atlas software. In the validation phase, the Delphi method was applied in three rounds using SPSS software. To ensure validity and reliability in the qualitative phase, necessary assessments were conducted, including acceptability (expert review) and confirmability (expert re-examination). In the validation phase, the content of the expert evaluation checklist was reviewed by several academic and organizational experts to ensure clarity and comprehensibility, and its reliability was confirmed through the test-retest method, yielding a coefficient of 0.88.

 According to the findings of the qualitative phase, the final model consisted of six main themes: (1) parental education and awareness, (2) development of communication skills, (3) enhancement of critical thinking and problem-solving, (4) emotional support and psychological security, (5) establishment of logical boundaries and rules, and (6) encouragement of autonomy and independence. The model further included 24 sub-themes and 112 criteria. The validation results confirmed the main and sub-themes identified in the qualitative phase.

 The findings of this study indicated that rational parenting, emphasizing parental awareness, communication skills, critical thinking, emotional support, logical rules, and independence, contributes to the cognitive, emotional, and social development of children.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the educational program based on psychological well-being in improving positive thinking and marital satisfaction in infertile women. The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the study included all infertile women who received donated eggs and were treated at the Mam Infertility Treatment Center in Tehran in 2023, who were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. All of them completed the automatic positive recognition questionnaire of Ingram et al. (1988, APAC) and the consent of Afrooz wives (2019, AMSS) before the intervention. After that, the experimental group received the educational program based on psychological well-being in 8 sessions of 90 minutes and once a week. The research data was analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements. The results showed a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test among the groups (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that there is a substantial difference in the variables of positive thinking and marital satisfaction between the two groups in the post-test and follow-up stages (p<0.05). Based on this, it can be said that using an educational program based on psychological well-being can be effective in increasing positivity and marital satisfaction in infertile women.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, and early diagnosis is crucial for effective interventions. The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS-3) is a widely used tool for diagnosing ASD.

This descriptive research aimed to validate the Persian version of GARS-3. The sample consisted of 318 individuals aged 3 to 22 years with ASD, as well as normal, mentally retarded, and deaf individuals. Purposeful sampling was used to select the participants.

The results indicated that the Persian version of GARS-3 has good diagnostic and discriminative ability between individuals with ASD and those without (p < 0.05).

The study recommends using GARS-3 for screening ASD in Iranian children, emphasizing the importance of using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria alongside the scale’s desirable psychometric properties.

The Purpose of the present study was to investigate the academic life experiences of students with visual impairments at the University of Tehran. In this study, the qualitative method of phenomenology was used. The participants in this research were students studying in all levels and fields of University of Tehran In 2023 .The purposeful snowball sampling method was used for sampling. Sampling continued until the stage of theoretical saturation of data and a total of 18 people (8 men and 10 women) of visually impaired students who expressed their satisfaction and readiness were interviewed in a semi-structured way. Finally, in order to analyze the findings, the Colaizzi method was used. The analysis of the findings regarding the lived academic experience of students with visual impairments at the University of Tehran led to the production of 438 codes, which were analyzed to extract 7 main themes and 44 secondary themes. The main themes include society, teaching and learning, problems and limitations, university, family, individual characteristics and looking to the future. The results of the study showed that the occurrence of visual impairment in educational environments requires optimal recognition of the dimensions of these individuals, and predetermined assistance without regard to the perceptions of these individuals can cause them to experience negative emotions and overshadow their educational and academic performance.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the rehabilitation package based on executive functions on cognitive flexibility and social interaction of students with autism spectrum disorder. This research was semi-experimental, involving a pre-test, post-test and control group, and follow-up period. The statistical population comprised all male pupils diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder in the academic year 2022-2023 in Tehran. Available sampling method was employed to select 20 male students from a special school for autism spectrum disorder, based on the criteria for admission and the existence of the study. These students were inadvertently divided into two groups: the control and experimental. The individual underwent 20 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation intervention that focused on executive functions,each lasting 20 minutes. The experimental group and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data was collected before, after, and two months after the cognitive rehabilitation program was implemented using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) (Social Interaction Subscale). T​he SPSS software version 24 was employed to conduct data analysis using the repeated measurement method. The results revealed that the cognitive rehabilitation package, which is founded on executive functions, has had an impact on the social interaction and cognitive flexibility of students with autism spectrum disorder (P<0/001). The cognitive rehabilitation program mentioned above was found to have enhanced cognitive flexibility and increased social interaction among students with autism spectrum disorder. It is suggested that this program be used to enhance and enhance executive functions and mitigate behavioral symptoms in academic environments for children with autism spectrum disorder.

The aim of the current research was to predict emotional reactivity based on object relations with the mediating role of mentalizing capacity. This study was carried out with the descriptive correlation method of structural equations type.The statistical population included married women in Tehran, and for this purpose, 272 samples were selected using available sampling method.The tools used were Emotional Reactivity scale (Nock et al., 2008), Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (Bell, 1995) and Reflective functioning questionnaire (Fonagy et al., 2016). The data was analyzed using path analysis with the help of spss 22 software.The fit indices showed the excellent fit of the data with the modified model and the results of the research showed that object relations both directly and indirectly through mentalization capacity can predict emotional reactivity. Slow nose and self-interview component among other components of object relations has contributed more in the explanation of emotional reactivity. Therefore, based on the findings, it can be concluded that the patterns of early mother-child relationships along with the ability to mentalize together can play a very important role in predicting emotional reactivity in adulthood.

Migraine pain affects all aspects of life, i.e., physical, mental, social conditions and relationships between couples. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of family-oriented psychological intervention on acceptance of chronic pain in married women with migraine. This study was a semi-experimental study with a three-month follow-up. In this study, 40 married women with migraine participated in two intervention and control groups randomly. Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) was used in the evaluation stages. The intervention group underwent intervention during eight sessions and the control group was on the waiting list and received their usual interventions. Data analysis was done by repeated measurement variance analysis method with SPSS 24 software. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the chronic pain acceptance variable (F=46.622, P=0.001) (P<0.05) and 55% of the observed differences in the pain acceptance variable. Chronicity was caused by the intervention. The results of the follow-up test showed that the mean difference between pre-test and post-test, pre-test with follow-up and post-test with follow-up is significant only in the intervention group (P<0.05); In fact, the chronic pain acceptance score increased over time in the intervention group compared to the control group. The results of this research showed that family-oriented psychological intervention can be effective in accepting the chronic pain of women with migraine.

Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD), is a type of worry about the existence or occurrence of serious medical diseases. worry, alexithymia, intolerance of uncertainty and cognitive emotion regulation strategies can be effective factors in the development and persistence of mental disorders such as illness anxiety. Since individuals with IAD suffer from many problems, identifying the influencing and predicting factors of IAD simultaneously in research are considered important.

The purpose of the present study was to predict illness anxiety symptoms based on worry, alexithymia, intolerance of uncertainty and cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

The present study was descriptive correlation and the statistical population included all people living in Tehran between the ages of 20 and 60 in 2021. A total of 414 individuals (344 females, 70 males) participated in the study. Participants were asked to complete the Illness Anxiety Scale (Besharat, 2011), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (Meyer et al., 1990), Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (Bagby et al., 1994), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Carleton et al., 2007) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2007). The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression methods by SPSS27.

worry, alexithymia, intolerance of uncertainty and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies had a significant positive association with illness anxiety symptoms (P< 0.05). This result was reversed for adaptive emotion regulation strategies; revealing that this type of strategies had a significant negative association with illness anxiety symptoms (P< 0.05). Furthermore, the cognitive emotion regulation strategies were removed from the model due to the lack of predictive power, but worry, alexithymia and intolerance of uncertainty have the ability to predict the illness anxiety symptoms.

Based on the research findings, worry, alexithymia and intolerance of uncertainty can predict illness anxiety symptoms. These results can be useful in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of IAD.

A mathematical learning disorder is a disability that makes understanding, learning, and performing mathematical calculations difficult for children. Both boys and girls are equally affected by mathematical disorders, and they usually start displaying problematic behaviors as soon as they begin math classes in school. Studies have shown that strengthening the four quadrant brain processing skills effectively improves cognitive functions, but there has been limited research on processing these skills in children with mathematical disorders.

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of training on the four quadrant brain processes on the cognitive functions of students with mathematical learning disorders.

This study falls into the category of semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up, using a matched group. The study population consisted of male students with learning disorders in mathematics in fourth, fifth, and sixth grades, referred by schools to the Learning Disorders Education and Training Center in Tehran. A sample of 50 students meeting the required criteria was selected purposively, and then 30 students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, with 15 students in each group. The training package based on the four quadrant PASS brain processing skills was provided to the experimental group twice a week for 10 sessions of 75 minutes each. During this period, the control group received no educational interventions. After 6 months, a follow-up test was conducted for the experimental group. Data were collected using 10 subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fifth Edition (WISC-V). Data analysis was performed using a one-variable covariance analysis test.

The results of the research showed that the training package on the four quadrant brain processing skills had a significant effect on cognitive functions and subscales of visual-spatial ability, fluid reasoning, active memory, and processing speed of students with mathematical learning disorders. However, it did not have a significant effect on verbal comprehension. The impact on active memory and processing speed was more significant than the other five factors (p < 0.05).

In conclusion, the four quadrant brain processing skills training package can be considered a practical and effective intervention for improving cognitive functions in students with mathematical learning disorders diagnosed with the Specifier for Mathematics.

Given that the second version of the Reynolds Cognitive Assessment Scales is an advantageous tool in terms of comprehensive assessment of cognitive dimensions, duration of performance, independence from visual-motor and reading speed, and easy performance conditions, the aim of this study was to validate the second version of the Reynolds Cognitive Assessment Scales in children in Tehran.

This descriptive-correlational study involved a sample of 82 children aged 3 to 6 years from Tehran, selected using a convenience sampling method. The second version of the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales was translated, adapted, and administered to the sample. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test was also concurrently administered to the sample. Following the administration, 30 participants who scored significantly above the mean on the Stanford-Binet were selected as a gifted group. Then the data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and independent t test.

Convergent validity was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient, which revealed a high correlation between the two scales. To assess diagnostic validity, the mean scores of the normal and gifted groups were compared using an independent samples t-test. The results indicated significant differences between the normal and gifted groups on all subscales ('Guess what', 'Verbal Reasoning', 'Odd-item out', 'What is Missing', 'Verbal Memory' and 'Nonverbal Memory) except for Speeded Processing Index subscales ('Speeded Naming Task' and 'Speeded Picture Search').

The findings of this study suggest that this instrument is a suitable tool for assessing various dimensions of cognitive abilities.

Recently, the field of education has undergone a profound transformation marked by the integration of technology into traditional teaching and learning methods. Acknowledging the necessity for a thorough investigation, this sequential mixed-methods research delves into the intricacies of the teaching-learning process in the electronic environment at the University of Tehran.Employing a phenomenological research approach in the qualitative phase, interviews conducted with students and professors, using purposeful sampling guided by considerations of data saturation. Qualitative findings shed light on the nuanced experiences of 25 students and 18 instructors actively engaged in electronic teaching-learning at the University. These insights contribute to the development of a theoretical framework encapsulating the dynamics of the teaching-learning process within the electronic landscape at the University of Tehran.In the quantitative realm, researchers designed and validated a questionnaire based on qualitative insights and extensive theoretical reviews. After undergoing content validity scrutiny by experts, the questionnaire administered to 495 University of Tehran students. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses confirmed the final validity and reliability of the questionnaire, consisting of 35 items and 8 factors, with a Cronbach's alpha exceeding 0.70. This instrument emerges as a valuable tool for scrutinizing the teaching-learning process within electronic environments across universities.This study outlines the key aspects of e-learning at the University of Tehran, offering a specialized conceptual model. Additionally, it introduces a questionnaire to create an evaluation tool for this crucial aspect at the university and beyond

The objective of the current investigation is to utilize a descriptive phenomenological qualitative research methodology to identify the components of the electronic platform at the University of Tehranthat are involved in the teaching and learning process. The statistical population of the current research consisted of all students and professors at the University of Tehran during the academic year 2021-2022. Purposive sampling was employed to select 18 students and 25 lecturers, who subsequently participated in a semi-structured interview. In three phases, the questions were developed and revised in accordance with the theoretical framework of the research. Also, the seven-step Colaizzi method was implemented to analyze the data. The participants’ components can be classified into three fields: institutional, technological, and pedagogical. The most significant field is pedagogy, which is the science and practice of teaching and learning. In general, the research indicated that the teaching-learning process can be facilitated by the experiences and skills of students and lecturers in teaching and learning, as well as excellent content and intuitional and technical support. Dissatisfaction can result from the delay and inaccuracy of the teaching-learning process, which can be caused by a lack of knowledge. Therefore, in order to enhance the teaching-learning process on the electronic platform at the University of Tehran, it is necessary to be cognizant of people, appropriate content, and tools for proper technical and institutional background.

The aim of the present study was to develop an academic self-confidence training protocol for students with special learning disabilities. The research method was comparative content analysis. Sampling was started in a purposeful way and written sources with the topic of self-confidence were used. Then, the content of books and articles was analyzed in terms of components related to academic self-confidence. In this study, educational components were first extracted, then they were classified in the form of basic content, main component and secondary component. The academic self-confidence educational package is based on 6 comprehensive themes including: academic vitality (with themes that create motivation and academic involvement), academic self-efficacy (with themes that create a sense of competence and self-confidence), self-regulation (with themes that create self-awareness), self-monitoring, purposefulness, self-management and the use of effective learning strategies), scientific thinking (with the themes of critical thinking, creative thinking and cognitive flexibility), executive skills (with the themes of planning and organization, attention control and concentration, problem solving, and resilience) were formulated with the constructive themes of stress management, emotion management, adaptation and positive interactions and self-care. The educational self-confidence training model obtained can be used in the formulation of the intervention for the education of students with specific learning disorders, along with other existing interventions.

Researches about the development and effectiveness of the family-centered psychological intervention program on the importance of promoting spiritual vitality in patients with multiple sclerosis are limited. Therefore, the aim of the current research, in addition to developing a program, was to determine the effectiveness of family-oriented psychological intervention on the improvement of spiritual vitality in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The research design included two qualitative and quantitative parts. In the qualitative part, a family-centered intervention program was developed and in the quantitative part of this research, it was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a three-month follow-up along with a control group. In the qualitative part, the statistical population included psychology professors, multiple sclerosis patients and psychologists living in Tehran who had experience working with multiple sclerosis patients. The sample included 4 psychology professors, 4 psychologists who had experience working with multiple sclerosis patients, and 4 patients with multiple sclerosis who were selected in a targeted manner. In the quantitative part, the statistical population of the study includes all patients with multiple sclerosis living in Tehran who were members of the MS Association and in the spring of 2023, they referred to the MS Association. In order to form two groups using the purposeful sampling method, First, 32 people were selected and then they were randomly grouped into two experimental and control groups. Questionnaires and surveys were used to collect qualitative data. also, Afrooz spiritual vitality questionnaire (2015) was used to collect data in the quantitative part. The research data were analyzed in the qualitative part by the Laushe method and the data in the quantitative part by using mixed variance analysis tests with repeated measurements in SPSS software version 22.

The results of the validation of the developed program showed that the family-oriented psychological program has high validity (r=0.84). Other results showed that between spiritual vitality (F = 5.730, P = 0.023) and its components including feelings and behavior (F = 5.395, P = 0.027) and beliefs (5.754). F, P=0.023) there is a significant difference in the experimental and control groups, and this difference is the result of the implementation of the family-oriented psychological program intervention in the experimental group.

According to the results of this research, the developed family-centered intervention program is an effective method in improving spiritual vitality in patients with multiple sclerosis, therefore, multiple sclerosis therapists and centers are advised to use family-oriented psychological intervention programs to improve the psychological status of these patients.

Researches about the development and effectiveness of the family-centered psychological intervention program on the importance of promoting spiritual vitality in patients with multiple sclerosis are limited. Therefore, the aim of the current research, in addition to developing a program, was to determine the effectiveness of family-oriented psychological intervention on the improvement of spiritual vitality in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The research design included two qualitative and quantitative parts. In the qualitative part, a family-centered intervention program was developed and in the quantitative part of this research, it was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a three-month follow-up along with a control group. In the qualitative part, the statistical population included psychology professors, multiple sclerosis patients and psychologists living in Tehran who had experience working with multiple sclerosis patients. The sample included 4 psychology professors, 4 psychologists who had experience working with multiple sclerosis patients, and 4 patients with multiple sclerosis who were selected in a targeted manner. In the quantitative part, the statistical population of the study includes all patients with multiple sclerosis living in Tehran who were members of the MS Association and in the spring of 2023, they referred to the MS Association. In order to form two groups using the purposeful sampling method, First, 32 people were selected and then they were randomly grouped into two experimental and control groups. Questionnaires and surveys were used to collect qualitative data. also, Afrooz spiritual vitality questionnaire (2015) was used to collect data in the quantitative part. The research data were analyzed in the qualitative part by the Laushe method and the data in the quantitative part by using mixed variance analysis tests with repeated measurements in SPSS software version 22.

The results of the validation of the developed program showed that the family-oriented psychological program has high validity (r=0.84). Other results showed that between spiritual vitality (F = 5.730, P = 0.023) and its components including feelings and behavior (F = 5.395, P = 0.027) and beliefs (5.754). F, P=0.023) there is a significant difference in the experimental and control groups, and this difference is the result of the implementation of the family-oriented psychological program intervention in the experimental group.

According to the results of this research, the developed family-centered intervention program is an effective method in improving spiritual vitality in patients with multiple sclerosis, therefore, multiple sclerosis therapists and centers are advised to use family-oriented psychological intervention programs to improve the psychological status of these patients.