مسعود فلاحی خشکناب

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characteristics by abnormal thoughts, patterns, cognitive impairments, and either a diminished or exaggerated expression of emotions. This disorder follows a chronic clinical course, with many many individuals experiencing symptoms over extended periods. Patients with schizophrenia often lack insight into their condition, leading to frequent relapses and multiple hospitalizations. mental disordrs Mental disorders, in general, impose a significant burden on caregivers; however, schizophrenia presents unique challenges. Beyond the decline in individual and social functioning of patients and the direct impact of symptoms on caregivers’ quality of life, the early onset and debilitating nature of schizophrenia further exacerbate the strain on family caregivers. This policy brief outlines strategies aimed to reducing the caregiving burden for for families of individuals with schizophrenia.

Evidence-based care improves the quality of care and patient outcomes and reduces the need for variation in care and unnecessary care. To implement evidence-based care, nurses' knowledge and performance must be evaluated. The present study was conducted to investigate and psychometrically evaluate the evidence-based performance questionnaire created by Upton in 2006.

In this methodological study, after obtaining permission from the questionnaire designer, the steps of translation and re-translation, etc., the validity of the content and the structure of the tool were evaluated. Also, reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Intra-Class correlation. For construct validity, 524 nurses working in teaching hospitals of medical sciences universities completed the evidence-based performance questionnaire.

The exploratory factor analysis results showed the three dimensions of knowledge, attitude, and implementation of evidence-based practice. These three dimensions explained 53% of the total variance of the evidence-based performance questionnaire variables. Also, the tool's reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.894) and Intra-Class correlation (0.881).

The results of the present study showed that the evidence-based performance questionnaire had good validity and reliability in Iran. According to the appropriate psychometric parameters, this tool can be used in future studies to evaluate nurses' performance in evidence-based care.

Alzheimer disease is a progressive chronic disease that causes complete dependence of the patient and the need for round-the-clock care and creates challenges for caregivers and families that need to be investigated and recognized. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the care challenges of caregivers of older people with Alzheimer disease in 2022.

A narrative review study was conducted using the Persian keywords "caregiver and Alzheimer disease" and English keywords "Alzheimer disease, caregiver and carer" in PubMed, Embase, ProQuest, SID, and IranDoc from 2017 to 2022. Out of 4594 articles, 27 were evaluated and analyzed using the Gifford quality assessment criteria.

Following a review of the articles, it was determined that the most common caregiving issues faced by older Alzheimer patients were divided into two categories: 1) Individual challenges, which included psychological subcategories, lack of information, physical and occupational, and workload and 2) Family challenges, which included subcategories economic, marital, social relationship disruption and lack of emotional relationships obtained.

Caring for older people with Alzheimer causes many care challenges for their caregivers. Therefore, in addition to treating and caring for older people with Alzheimer, it is necessary to pay attention to the challenges of the caregivers and plan to empower and solve their challenges in the health and treatment systems.

The quality of nursing care faces significant challenges worldwide. Evaluating quality of care and its influencing factors is important for identifying limitations and improving service delivery. This study aimed to examine the relationship between quality of nursing care, professional identity, and resilience among nurses.

This descriptive-correlational study included 118 nurses from medical centers affiliated with the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences in 2024. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Nursing Care Quality Scale, Hao et al.'s Professional Identity Questionnaire, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25. Parametric tests included independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression.

The mean nursing care quality score was 172.46 ± 20.68, reflecting a high level of care quality. Resilience and professional identity scores were 61.61 ± 14.26 and 56.02 ± 11.72, respectively, indicating moderate levels. Professional identity (r= 0.398) and resilience (r= 0.201) exhibited significant positive correlations with nursing care quality (p<0.05).

Professional identity and self-perception as a nurse are important for fulfilling duties and significantly influence all aspects of nursing performance, including the quality of care provided. Resilience is also important for nurses' professional success and delivering high-quality patient care. Enhancing resilience, professional identity, and implementing relatively stable work schedules can contribute to improving nursing care quality.

Mental health is an essential basis for improving the quality of life and individual abilities in today's world. Master's degree programs in psychiatry in different countries, especially in Iran and the United States, are designed to train specialist nurses in this field. This article examines and compares the educational programs for the master's degree in psychiatric nursing in Iran and Yale University in the United States.

This comparative descriptive study was conducted in 2024. The data were analyzed using the Bereday model in four stages: description, interpretation, juxtaposition, and comparison. The psychiatric nursing programs at Yale University and Iran University were evaluated in terms of admission criteria, philosophy, mission, course content, evaluation methods, analysis, and strengths and weaknesses. This method identified vital differences and similarities in the structure and content of educational programs and helped suggest improvements to the quality of psychiatric nursing education in Iran.

The study revealed significant differences between the Master of Science in Psychiatric Nursing programs at Yale University and those in Iran. Yale emphasizes evidence-based research, while Iran focuses on direct clinical services and indigenous needs. In Iran, nursing courses emphasize practical skills and humanistic approaches based on local conditions. Admission criteria differ; Yale considers GRE scores and work experience, while Iran typically relies on average scores from entrance exams. Specialized psychiatric nursing courses at Yale emphasize advanced interventions, while those in Iran focus on individual and group psychotherapy. Both countries use written exams and clinical assessments; however, Yale places greater emphasis on evidence-based evaluation methods and research projects.

To improve the quality of the Iranian Psychiatric Nursing Program and train skilled psychiatric nurses who can enhance service quality, it is essential to pay attention to the differences between this program and that of Yale University. Additionally, revising teaching practices with an emphasis on evidence-based evaluations, research projects, and a focus on advanced interventions within specialized psychiatric nursing courses is crucial. These changes can significantly improve psychiatric nursing education as well as mental health services within Iranian society.

Comparative studies, as one of the best research methods in the fields of education and planning, are of interest to scholars, because the differences and similarities between educational systems can be investigated in order to discover their strengths and weaknesses. The present study aims to compare the critical care nursing curricula for postgraduate courses in Iran and Australia.

This descriptive-comparative study was conducted in 2022. The latest critical care nursing curricula for postgraduate courses were obtained from the official website of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the website of Monash University in Australia. The data was analyzed using Bereday’s model for comparative studies in four steps: description, interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison.

Despite the many commonalities in the mission, vision and goals, and the roles of the students in the two critical care nursing curricula for postgraduate students in Iran and Australia, differences were also revealed. Conditions and methods of admission to the postgraduate course, the type of presentation of the project at the end of the course, and the way of offering the course (full-time or part-time) were among the differences. Also, the lessons of this course in Australia were presented based on clinical evidence and an emphasis on nurses’ critical thinking.

To improve the quality of the critical care nursing curriculum for postgraduate courses in Iran, its differences with the curriculum presented in Monash University should be considered. The type of presentation of the project at the end of the course should be chosen by the students. Offering part-time courses for students, in addition to full-time courses, should also be considered. The curriculum for this course should emphasize promoting clinical reasoning and critical thinking in nurses and their use of clinical evidence as much as possible.

Family members have a significant role in caregiving for older patients with cancer. These caregivers are exposed to a significant caregiving burden. Therefore, it is necessary to support them. In this regard, it is important to know their needs. The present study aimed to explore the support needs of family caregivers of older patients with cancer in Iran.

This descriptive qualitative study was conducted during 2020–2022. Thirty-one participants including family caregivers of older patients with cancer, family members of family caregivers, and healthcare providers were purposefully recruited from healthcare centers in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews until data saturation. Data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman’s content analysis method. Lincoln and Guba’s criteria were used to evaluate the trustworthiness of the data.

The analysis led to the identification of six main themes, including the need for informational support, the need for physical support, the need to get rid of psychological insecurity, the need for improve spirituality, the need for practical support and the need for the help of a care team.

Considering the multiple support needs of family caregivers of older patients with cancer in Iran, policymakers, healthcare planners, and healthcare providers should design and implement various interventions based on these needs by using a caregiver-centered approach to support these caregivers.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among women and the second leading cause of death in women after lung cancer. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between death anxiety and spiritual health and social support in women with breast cancer.

The research is descriptive and correlational. The study population included women with breast cancer referred to selected oncology centers in Tehran. The research sample consisted of 160 people who were randomly selected. The research tools included questionnaires related to demographic information, Templer's death anxiety (TDAS), Polotzin and Ellison's spiritual health (SWBS), and perceived social support (MSPSS). Data analysis was done using SPSS version 25 software.

The data showed that the average score of death anxiety in women with breast cancer was 7.89, the average score of spiritual health was 84.84, and social support was 64.97 and at a high level. Also, the data showed that there is an inverse and significant negative relationship between the level of death anxiety and spiritual health and between the level of death anxiety and social support in women with breast cancer.

Cancers that are related to female identity damage cause more anxiety in women. Therefore, the treatment staff, especially the nurses of the cancer department, the family of these patients and the surrounding people should keep this issue in mind in order to provide the necessary support to these patients.

Training emergency nurses plays a significant role in caring for critically ill patients. The comparison of emergency nursing curricula in Iran with those in prestigious universities is one of the ways to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each curriculum. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the Master's degree curriculum in emergency nursing in Iran and Monash University in Australia.

The current study is a comparative review that was conducted in 2024. First, Monash University was selected as a top-ranked institution based on the Quacquarelli Symonds rankings of nursing schools worldwide. Afterward, the required information was collected from the Monash University website, the Master of Emergency Nursing program, the curriculum file, and field information. The collected data were compared using the Bereday model, which includes 4 stages: description, interpretation, juxtaposition, and comparison.

The Master's program in emergency nursing in Iran and Monash University of Australia showed many similarities in content, general structure, and the role of graduates. However, there were some differences in the procedure of accepting students and educational units, philosophy, mission, and vision. One of the strengths of Iran's curriculum was the presence of general courses, whereas Monash University stood out for the prerequisite of English language proficiency for admission. There were no work experience requirements in either curriculum; nevertheless, a valid bachelor's degree was required. At Monash, there have been significant improvements by using new teaching techniques, such as simulation training. However, regular updates and reviews of the curriculum in Iran remain necessary.

The present study can be one of the appropriate guides for policymakers in the field of nursing education in order to improve the quality and development of nurses' skills. It is recommended that policymakers incorporate new and important courses into the curriculum to promote clinical nursing skills.

One of the main components of community-based care services, which can help to involve families in patient care and self-care, is home care services. This study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the literature related to the barriers to home care in Iran.

In this systematic review, all articles related to the study objectives, published until March 2021, were examined. An extensive search using the keywords "home care", "Iran's health system" and their combination with the keywords "barriers", "implementation", "nursing" and "Iran", "Home care", "Palliative care", "Nursing home" "care", "Iranian health system" and combining with the keywords "barrier", "Iran", "practice", "nursing" in valid databases as SID, Iran Medex, Iran Doc,Magiran, Science Direct, Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library was done. Inclusion criteria were articles in English or Farsi, quasi-experimental,questionnaire, qualitative and was relevant to the objectives of the study. Exclusion criteria were review articles, posters, speeches and letters to the editor.

Infrastructural problems such as non-availability of social platform, uncertainty of service coverage by universal insurance, non-availability of virtual communication platforms, educationalsystem problems, inter-professional and inter-departmental cooperation problems, accreditation,management factors and related to specialists and the lack of guidelines, lack of competence of some nurses in providing home care services, lack of information about the context and family culture of patients, lack of job security, unsafe home environment for nurses, unsuitable environment for performing some nursing services and Medicine was the main barriers of nursing care at home in Iran.

Nursing care plan at home is possible through policy making, reforms and providing infrastructure, defining it in Iran's health system, reassuring the people, benefiting from the capacity of mass media and medical staff, and introducing it on official websites.

Covid-19, as an emerging disease, has caused high cases of infections and deaths worldwide, which has led to fear and stress in various population groups around the world. The fear of getting sick during the covid pandemic in nurses is associated with frequent consequences on people's mental health. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the fear of contracting the disease (cronaphobia) and its related factors in the nurses of the Corona Center hospitals of Qazvin province during the covid-19 pandemic.

The present study is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study. In this research, 356 nurses who met the criteria to enter the study and worked in Corona centers participated. The data collection tools in this study included two questionnaires of personal characteristics, demographics and a standard questionnaire of fear of contracting the coronavirus. After collecting information, the data was analyzed by considering the error of 0.05 and using SPSS software version 25.

According to the results, 59% of the nurses had a high level of fear of contracting the corona disease (cronaphobia). There was a significant difference between the number of corona vaccine injections and the presence of a previous history of mental illness between the two groups of low fear of contracting the corona disease (cronaphobia) and high fear of contracting the corona disease (cronaphobia) (p-value<0.05). So that the number of people who had a previous history of mental illness, almost three times more than people who did not have a previous history of mental illness, had a great fear of contracting corona disease (cronaphobia).

The findings of the present study indicated the high fear of nurses working in the covid ward, and several factors were related to the fear of contracting the corona disease. Identifying factors related to the fear of coronavirus can be important in planning and promoting mental health programs for nurses.

Urinary incontinence is one of the complications of spinal cord injury that affects various aspects of a person's life and has several negative consequences. This study investigated the effect of clean self-catheterization on anxiety and quality of life of spinal cord injury patients.

This study was a semi-experimental before-after intervention with the control group that studied 80 patients in Rafideh Rehabilitation Hospital in Tehran in 1399. The samples were selected as available and were assigned to two intervention groups (odd numbers) and control group (even numbers) using a regular method. Beck Anxiety Questionnaire and 23-item quality of life questionnaire of spinal cord injury patients were used to collect data, which were distributed to the people in printed versions in person. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon and covariance and SPSS software version 26 and Medcalc version 8. In order to conduct this research, the code of ethics IR.USWR.REC.1399.158 was obtained from the Research Vice-Chancellor of Tehran University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Health.

The findings showed that before the intervention, the two groups were homogeneous in terms of quality of life and anxiety, and the research intervention (intermittent clean survey) led to a significant increase in quality of life and a significant decrease in anxiety.

Intermittent self-probing by the patient can be used as a method to increase the quality of life of patients and reduce their anxiety.

The most basic goal of any care system is to provide patient safety based on person-centered care. Physical restraint (PR) is a common and challenging care measure in care centers, which aims to ensure the safety of patients, especially elderly people. The present study aimed to explore the principles of evidence-based care of PR use for hospitalized elderly people.

this was a scoping review. For data collection, a literature search was conducted in Persian and English databases, namely Scientific Information Database (SID), Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC), Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed as well as the websites of healthcare organizations and associations between January 1, 2010, and January 1, 2023, and according to the main question and eligibility criteria. Search keywords were extracted from the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) and included “physical restraint”, “regulation”, “legislation”, “rule”, “principle”, “guideline”, “recommendation”, “standard”, “hospital”, “aged”, “elderly”, and “older adult”.

Primarily, 873 records were retrieved, while only 21 were eligible for the study. The principles of evidence-based care of PR use for hospitalized elderly people were categorized into five main categories: principles of decision-making for PR use, principles of implementing the PR procedure, principles of monitoring patients with PR, principles of PR use documentation, and principles of PR management.

Applying the principles of evidence-based care of PR use in the stages before, during, and after PR use is effective in reducing the physical, psychological, and ethical consequences of PR use for hospitalized elderly people. Moreover, the supportive and supervisory measures of care center managers have a significant impact on the correct PR use for hospitalized elderly people. It is suggested that the principles presented in this study be used during the PR use for hospitalized elderly people in care centers.

Conveying bad news to patients and their families is a process that requires team collaboration. Different countries have taken into consideration providing suitable solutions. This study aimed to develop an practical guideline, according to the experiences of patients, families, and healthcare providers in intensive care units across three phases. In the first phase, in-depth interviews were conducted with 31 participants selected through purposive sampling, and the initial draft of the practical guideline was created. In the second phase, the initial draft was discussed and reviewed by experts in two focus group meetings, and a secondary draft was developed. In the third phase, the practical guideline compiled by the Delphi method was validated by 43 experts in policymaking and decision-making. Finally, an practical guideline to deliver bad news to patients and their families was developed with 8 main steps and 43 sub-steps. The main steps included before delivering bad news (assessment, planning and preparation, coordination), during delivering bad news (announcing bad news, emotional support, summary and documentation), and after delivering bad news (referral, follow-up). This practical guideline is intended to facilitate the process of delivering bad news in intensive care units to achieve the desired outcomes and reduce the resulting consequences and harms. Accordingly, healthcare providers are recommended to consider the importance of patient and family preferences, adhering to scientific and standard methods for delivering bad news, and upholding the principles of professional ethics.

The geriatric nursing master's program was established to provide care to the elderly. The evaluation of the educational program is one of the most important ways to improve it. Therefore, the current study was carried out with the aim of comparison of the master's program of geriatric nursing in Iran and Duke University.

This comparative descriptive study was performed in 2022. Data were analyzed using Bereday model in four stages of description, interpretation, proximity and comparison. The Master of Pediatric Nursing Education Program of the University of Duck, and Iran was evaluated in terms of admission, philosophy, mission, graduates' job positions, course content and evaluation, analysis, and strengths and weaknesses.

The results showed that due to the scope of elderly care, Duke University offers nursing master's degree in both acute and primary care, but in Iran, it is offered as a single program. Philosophy, mission, and vision are written specifically in Iran, but at Duke University, they are the same for all master's programs. The admission of students to Duke University is checked by various criteria, but in Iran, entrance exam is the only admission criteria. The courses offered in Iran are appropriate to the existing conditions of the country, but it seems necessary to pay attention to other subjects in nursing. Unlike Duke University, the job status of graduates in Iran is clearly stated. Also, teaching and evaluation methods in Iran are very diverse.

The geriatric nursing master's curriculum in Iran has many strengths, but in order to improve the program, attention should be paid to things such as entrance interviews, professional qualification tests, distance and online learning, and consideration of evidence-based practices and transitions Professionalism also seems necessary.

Nursing is a challenging profession. Workplace bullying is one of these challenges. Compared to other professions, prevalence of workplace bullying is higher in nursing. However, there is little information available about workplace bullying and work environment in nursing and psychiatric nursing in particular, in Iran. This study aimed to determine the relationship between workplace bullying and work environment of nurses working in Razi Educational and Therapeutic Psychiatric Center in Tehran in 2023.

This study used a cross-sectional descriptive analytical design that was conducted on 153 nurses working in Razi Educational and Therapeutic Psychiatric Center in Tehran in the fall of 2023. Participants were included in the study via simple random sampling method and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic questionnaire, Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) and Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Working Index (PES-NWI) were used to collect data. Data was analyzed by SPSS 25 software.

Prevalence of workplace bullying among nurses in the last 6 month was 24.2%. The mean score of Practice Environment Scale was 2.41±0.45. A higher work environment score [OR=0/129, 95% CI for OR (0/046, 0/359), p<0/001] was significantly associated with a lower risk of bullying. Having a good relationship with managers [OR=0/242, 95% CI for OR (0/081,0/724), p=0/011 ] and being interested in the work unit [OR=0/190, 95% CI for OR (0/063,0/549), p=0/003] were also associated with lower risk of bullying.

The work environment influences the presence of bullying. Therefore, nurse managers are advised to reduce workplace bullying by improving work environment. Improving nurses’ communication with managers and increasing their interest in the workplace can also be helpful in this regard.

The migration of nurses is a widespread phenomenon that impacts the stability of the nursing workforce in healthcare systems worldwide. This is often used to address labor shortages in the destination country. However, this phenomenon caused significant challenges, including a shortage of nursing staff and limitations in providing health services in the countries of origin. This study aims to review the factors that contribute to the migration of nurses globally.

This study is a narrative review study. In the first stage and based on the purpose of the research, searching for articles using Boolean operators in the time range of 2011 to 2023 in English and Farsi with the keywords "Migration, Immigrant, nurse" in the national information databases SID, Magiran and also Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was done. In this study, 13 articles were examined based on the entry and exit criteria and the appropriateness of the content with the purpose of the study.

The migration of nurses involves four main categories of psychosocial, organizational, economic, and individual-family factors. At the global level, organizational factors were the most effective and economic factors were the least effective factors.

Nurses' migration is a multidimensional issue requiring policymakers to pay special attention to it. Nursing managers should take steps to increase nurses' job satisfaction to prevent them from leaving.

Respecting the rights of patients is one of the care priorities that should be paid attention to by nurses. In this regard, cultural nursing interventions are one of the effective ways to preserve and promote it. This study was conducted to determining the effect of implementing care based on cultural competence on the attitude towards respecting patients' rights among nurses working in Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group, the research community of which was formed by nurses working at Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah in the first half of 1400. 60 nurses who met the entry criteria entered the study through available sampling and were randomly classified into two test and control groups. To collect data, the nurses' demographic information form and the attitude questionnaire toward respecting patients' rights were used, which were completed by the participants before and two months after the implementation of the intervention. The intervention group received skills based on cultural competence, including its concepts and components, dimensions, principles and prerequisites, and practical skills to increase it during one month in four sessions in person and virtually. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 statistical software and using descriptive and inferential statistical tests.

There was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of demographic characteristics. The attitude towards respecting patients' rights in nurses before the intervention was 43.50 ± 7.11 in the nurses of the test group and 42.10 ± 4.10 in the nurses of the control group, which did not have a statistically significant difference (p=0.73). However, after the intervention, it reached 49.96 ± 6.93 in the test group and 42.00 ± 4.39 in the control group, which was significant in the test group (P<0.001).

Considering the effectiveness of training and implementation of care based on cultural competence in the attitude toward respecting the rights of patients in nurses, it is suggested that health trustees and nursing managers use the results of this research to preserve and respect the rights of patients and empower nurses in the field of cultural competence.

Postmodernism is an intellectual, social, cultural, artistic, and moral evolutionist movement in the contemporary era. Nursing theorists consider postmodernism essential for formulating and presenting a care program because rethinking, critical thinking, and evidence-based training and practice are the main concepts of this philosophical thinking. The present study reviewed the available literature and evidence about postmodernism as an evidence-based approach to nursing.

In this study, a non-systematic narrative review method was used. Articles were searched using the keywords Postmodern, Postmodernism, Evidence-Based Practice, and Nursing. The search for Persian and English articles was done in the internal databases of SID and Magiran and external databases of PubMed, ProQuest, and Science Direct without time and methodological limitations. A total of 207 articles were found, and after reviewing the articles, 18 studies were evaluated and analyzed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria for data extraction.

The results showed that the five features of postmodernism in evidence-based nursing science include "decentralization in care practice," "attention to patient values," "strengthening decision-making and clinical reasoning," "reflection and critical thinking in evidence," and "interaction and communication therapy."

Since the postmodernist theory shares many concepts with the evidence-based approach, this point of view can be used to increase the standards of education and care in nursing. Therefore, it is suggested that respected nurses consider using this approach. Also, professors, clinical nursing trainers, and nursing managers should pay more attention to applying this important approach.

Numerous evidences indicate the extensive effects of the Covid-19 crisis on the working conditions of nurses and their job satisfaction. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the job satisfaction of nurses during the covid-19 pandemic.

This study was conducted using a systematic review based on six Cochrane stages. After determining the objectives and questions of the research, the key words "job satisfaction", "work satisfaction", nurse, Covid-19, coronavirus and their Persian equivalents including job satisfaction, nurse, covid-19 and corona in valid databases including Web of science, PubMed, Scopus and electronic journal Science Direct and SID and Magiran were searched using AND, OR and NOT operators in the period of December 2019 to January 2022. Also, the Google Scholar search engine was also checked in order to ensure the extraction of all available related articles. Finally, out of 495 articles included in the screening stage, 22 articles were selected based on the entry and exit criteria for full review and data extraction.

After reviewing the full text of 22 included articles, the findings about "job satisfaction of nurses during the covid-19 pandemic" were summarized in three categories: (1) the level of job satisfaction (2) factors related to job satisfaction and (3) Solutions provided to improve job satisfaction

Job satisfaction of nurses during the pandemic was moderate in most studies and was related to three categories of individual, social and organizational factors. Also, researchers have presented solutions in their studies that can be used to improve the job satisfaction of nurses during this crisis.

Burnout syndrome is common among health workers, especially nurses. Among the nurses of different departments, the nurses working in the emergency department are more prone to burnout due to the existence of several factors such as high workload, long shifts, and insufficient human resources. The purpose of this study is to investigate burnout in emergency nurses.

This is a review study by searching for Persian studies using the keywords of job burnout, health care workers, medical staff, health care workers, nurses, emergency, in databases of SID, Civilica, Magiran and using the keywords of burnout, emergency, care provider, health care workers, nurses in PubMed, ISI Web Of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar databases between January 1, 1990 and December 30, 2022. Of the 761 studies that were found after an extensive search and screening; 44 studies were evaluated and analyzed for data extraction.

The results of these studies indicated that emergency nurses face burnout syndrome more than other nurses. It was also observed that various factors such as age, marital status, workload and working hours have a direct relationship with the job burnout. Also, the results of the studies show the impact of coping strategies, mindfulness and training programs on reducing nurses' burnout.

A significant number of emergency nurses had moderate to high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, along with low levels of personal success. Using coping strategies, mindfulness, meditation, and meditation are suggested ways to control and prevent burnout in emergency department nurses.

social media such as tv and radio, It plays a significant role in presenting a professional and sometimes unprofessional picture of different professions from different angles, dimensions and perspectives in societies. With the unexpected arrival of the covid-19 pandemic, nurses and the nursing profession received more attention from the public media, so this study aimed to compare the nursing image in this social media before and after the covid-19 pandemic.

 This article is a narrative review article. Search articles with the keywords "Nursing Image", "social media" and " Covid-19", through national databases, SID IranMedex, Magiran and Pubmed and International, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, web of science was conducted between 2000 and 2022. The twenty-eight article was searched based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and the purpose of this study was finalized.

The findings were reviewed in foreign and domestic media before and after corona and showed that before the covid-19 pandemic prevalence, nurses had more stereotypical or propaganda images in terms of appearance, gender and professionalism and were more engaged in non-specialized and physician-dependent tasks with the pandemic prevalence of covid-19 nurses in the media, mostly with the words "hero" and "soldier". And the health advocate was introduced and found a special place.

Covid-19 pandemic caused the media to present a more realistic image of nurses' role in health and disease control to the community and increase awakening and public awareness of the profession and nurses to be seen more prominently than before.

Heart failure is one of the common chronic diseases in old age and is considered as a progressive and debilitating disorder. Nowadays, the use of supportive and non-pharmacological methods in disease management and empowerment of elderly patients is of increasing importance. This study was aims to assess the effect of a 5A model-based self-management program on self-management ability and dyspnea severity in the elderly with chronic heart failure.

This is a randomized controlled clinical trial that was conducted on 75 eligible elderly people with heart failure (Class II or III) in Babol, Iran. They were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group received the self-management training program based on the 5A model for 12 weeks. The control group received the usual training. The data before and immediately after the intervention were collected using the self-management ability scale (SMAS) and the five-item modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea scale. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software version 24. 

The mean age of patients was 68.026±3.956 in the intervention group and 69.595±4.079 in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. After the intervention, the total SMAS score and severity of dyspnea in the intervention group were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.001). The difference was also significant in all subscales of SMAS between the two groups (P<0.001). 

Considering the positive effect of the 5A model-based self-management program on improving self-management ability and reducing the severity of dyspnea in the elderly with chronic heart failure, it can be used as a simple, low-cost, effective method, without the need to go to medical centers, to improve the quality of life of these patients.

The ever-increasing speed of changes in today's world has led to the emergence of an era called uncertainty, and an environment full of opportunities and threats has made the current complex systems a precursor. One of the challenges of accurate and big planning for the future is the uncertainty inherent in the future and rapid changes in various fields in health. A powerful tool that predicts future competitive environments and develops long-term strategy even in environments with the greatest uncertainty is the scenario planning tool. Scenarios are descriptions of future situations and possible events in those situations so that a person can move from their current situation to a planned future. Scenario writing is not only a planning tool, but also an effective learning tool. Thinking about scenarios helps us to understand the logic of development, to recognize driving forces, trends and challenges. Drivers are a set of future-shaping forces that affect different futures globally or locally. Proponents perform the task of advancing and solving challenges simultaneously. For its development and sustainability, nursing education needs drivers so that it can maintain its existence in a turbulent age. Drivers are the main factors consisting of several processes that cause change in a studied area. Nursing education in the country, while having many challenges and crises, has diverse and somewhat unknown capacities. Drivers and trends that, if identified and applied, can overcome some of the existing challenges. Therefore, the current research tries to identify the key factors and the main drivers involved in nursing education and then by designing the desired and probable scenarios in the future, it provides a framework for policy making and flexible planning according to the conditions. Therefore, the current research was carried out with the aim of scenario planning the future of nursing education in Iran.

This research was conducted with an exploratory nature and with the aim of knowing the leading futures in the field of nursing education in Iran in the undergraduate course. In the first stage, in order to identify drivers and trends, qualitative interviews with nursing professors of Iran and Delphi universities were used. Sandelowski and Barroso's seven-step method was used for synthesis. In the second step, a semi-structured interview was used. The participants were selected in a goal-based way from nursing professors who had managerial experience in nursing education. Interviews were conducted by phone and in person. The Shannon entropy method was used to analyze the content of the codes. In the third step, the Delphi method was used to confirm and evaluate the drivers identified. 30 people, including nursing specialists (members of nursing board and teaching assistants and managers of nursing departments in all nursing schools of medical sciences universities of the country) participated in the research by means of targeted sampling. A report of the drivers and trends obtained from the previous stage along with a summary of the research method and research objectives was sent to the members. For evaluation, scoring was used in the form of 0 to 5. This process continued in three consecutive rounds of e-mail and face-to-face visits. Then, using a panel of experts, the influence and uncertainty of the identified trends were scored. In the next step, using influence/uncertainty diagrams, the key axes for writing the scenario were determined. Scenarios were designed by Scenario Wizard software version 11/4 and strategies were presented. The validity of the scenarios was examined from the four perspectives of feasibility, internal consistency, usefulness and differentiation. All four conditions were acceptable according to the experts.

In the meta-synthesis stage, after internet search, 723 articles were reviewed, among which nine articles were used for the final analysis. At the end of this stage, the researcher identified 127 codes, which according to the purpose of the research and also based on the semantic proximity and the only verbal difference between some codes, the codes were merged and brought under a common title. Finally, 24 codes were identified. In the next step, considering the concept of each of these codes, they were categorized into a similar concept. In order to evaluate the quality, the results were given to one of the experts to be evaluated by the Kappa index. Using SPSS version 16 software, at a significance level of 0.05, this coefficient was obtained as 0.83, which shows the appropriate reliability of the codes. In the interview phase, 17 nursing professors (2 professors, 6 associate professors, 6 assistant professors, and 3 instructors) with an average clinical experience of 16 ± 1.2 years and an average managerial experience of 6 ± 3.1 years were interviewed. A total of 23 interviews were conducted with an average of 25-30 minutes. 15 of the interviews were conducted over the phone and the rest of the interviews were conducted in person. In this step, 356 codes were obtained. The findings of the content analysis were categorized using Shannon's entropy, and the results were entered into the next step for agreement and confirmation. In the third step, the experts agreed on 6 drivers and 31 trends. With five key uncertainties, the scenario was designed in three optimistic, intermediate and pessimistic assumptions. According to the size of the matrix and its dimensions (15 x 15), four problem-oriented, ethical, maintaining the status quo and closed educational system scenarios were reported for nursing education in Iran.

In the current study, four different scenarios were designed. Ultimately, each of these scenarios is believable and each has the potential to be realized, but which one will happen depends on today's plans. Scenarios have no prescription for the future itself, but rather a short film of the possibilities that may occur. This research is an analysis of the reliable results of our current possible actions. Further researches can obtain indicators for these scenarios. The application of future planning methods such as scenario in Iran's national health system can be considered as a warning system for awareness of opportunities and threats before the crisis. In order to improve the future of nursing education in Iran, it is recommended to form an expert working group with technical skills of scenario planning for more coordination in the strategic planning of specialized and sub-specialized fields and to formulate a comprehensive plan for the correct implementation of future planning projects. The manager or decision maker of the health field can see the serious part of the consequences of different decisions in the form of future scenarios of experience and future failure points right now.

In all societies, educational goals have many similarities. However, educational planning to achieve the goals varies according to the needs of the communities. Comparing different educational programs in nursing can improve the content and quality of the educational program and respond to the needs of the community to train and provide a skilled nursing staff. Therefore, this comparative study was conducted to identify more similarities and differences between the two curricula.

In this descriptive-comparative study operated in 2021, the required data in relation to the Master of Pediatric Nursing Education Program was gathered using the following keyword search: The comparative study, Curriculum, Master, Pediatric Nursing, America, Iran. Moreover, a review of the history and details of the curriculum of the master's degree program in pediatric nursing in Iran and Duke University were searched and collected. Then the data were analyzed using Bereday model in four stages of description, interpretation, proximity and comparison.

The Master of Pediatric Nursing program in Iran and Duke University were similar in terms of philosophy and perspective, the role of students after graduation, and educational strategies and teaching methods. However, it differs in terms of admission conditions (in the case of decentralized admission, a formal work permit (RN) and one year of pediatric care experience are required), the nature of the field (in Duke, it focuses on field and clinical education, in contrast, it is mostly based on education, research, and research dissertation in Iran). Moreover, the mission of the field (In Iran it focuses on family-centered care and at Duke University it focuses on cultural issues) as well as the perspective of the field (in Iran, the position of
pediatric nursing education is in line with international standards and in Duke university is focused on training transformational leaders in the future) were evaluated.

The Master's program in Pediatric Nursing in Iran has many similarities with the similar program at Duke University, but to improve the quality of this field in Iran, its differences with the Duke curriculum such as work experience requirement for accepting volunteers, conducting interviews to assess psychological characteristics Before entering the course and also focusing on teaching clinical skills and paying attention to cultural issues in family-centered care should be further examined and considered in the program review.