مسعود معیری

Urban parks are part of a public infrastructure that citizens can use for visual, environmental, educational, health, cultural, social and recreational entertainments. But one of the main challenges in realizing such vital functions of parks is lack of safety. Therefore, measuring the quality of park safety is important in order to improve its efficiency. The purpose of this study was to analyze the safety indexes of Urmia Regional and Urban Parks. The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytic method. The method of data collection is documentary and survey. The sample size was estimated by the Cochran formula according to the scale and the population of 380 people at the areas where the parks were located. A random cluster sampling method was also used to select samples. Data processing tools include a multi-criteria decision-making model for checking the weight of the studied parks in terms of safety indicators and Pearson's path analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient for measuring the relationships between variables and the individual characteristics of the respondents.The results of the analysis indicate that: First, based on the model of the Gulflag Baghre Park with the number 5 is in the best conditions and the first rank and Saat Park with number 1 ranked 5th and is in the worst conditions. Second, according to the results of the analysis of path in relation to the most important safety indicators in the studied parks the physical safety index was recognized as a direct factor in the sense of safety with a beta of 394/0, a brightness index with a beta of 0.9 and an index of physical access with beta of 0.178 as the main indicators of safety sensitivity.

Land application of sewage sludge is one of the most important disposal methods, which allows the sludge nutrients to be used beneficially. However, it should be noted that its pollutants and pathogenic organisms can pose a high risk to the public health and it should be monitored before land application. The aim of this study was to investigate the dried sewage sludge quality from Shahin Shahr WWTPS for its heavy metals concentration. Samples were collected seasonally from Shahin-Shahr sewage sludge (in three replicates) within 2011-2012, and the concentration of some heavy metals along with microbial and chemical parameters of sludge were measured using DTPA, atomic absorption and standard methods. The results were then compared with the standard levels (EPA) using t-test, and seasonal variations were studied by one way ANOVA and Duncan’s post-hoc test. The total and fecal coli forms values did not fall within any standard ranges, so re application of the sewage in the given conditions was restricted due to hygienic precaution. The pH, total solids, organic matter and moisture values were in normal ranges. Seasonal variations of sludge structure showed that the best conditions in terms of absorbable heavy metals concentration lowness belonged to winter. The maximum and minimum annual loads of absorbable concentration belonged to Fe and Cr respectively. Considering the total concentrations, most of the measured elements had the minimum concentration in winter (except for Zn, Pb and Cu) and the maximum concentration in spring and summer (except for As, Zn and Cu). All of the studied metals, except as, and their annual loads (kg/ha/year) had a concentration below the acceptable level. The annual load of as was estimated to be 1.6 kg/ha/year for. Although the annual load of as was below the standard level, it should be taken into account due to being close to this level.

Active faults are located in those parts of earth crust with tectonic movements in the post-Quaternary period and especially in Holocon epoch and are expected to have hazardous occurrences in future. The previous studies performed using geomorphologic indices on the other global parts، revealed the efficacy of them in identification of active faults. There are a variety of discussions regarding selecting and using active tectonic geomorphologic indices، their relationships and analysis procedures of the obtained results. In the present work، Central Zagros area was selected and assessed that included head branches of Dez River، Zayandehroud River، and Karoon River and is located in both sides of Main Zagros Fault، Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and high Zagros zone.

Based on the Regression analysis results, the best factors which justifies the Nebkha volume are canopy cover and the plant height together with determinant coefficient 86% (formula 1).the canopy of the plant cover lonely with determinant coefficient 85% (formula 2) and the plant height with determinant factor 67% (formula 3) are placed at the next stage from the view point of justifying Nebkha volume So reaumuria turcestanica with having canopy cover and moderate compaction is capable of producing new shoots to replace those buried by on blowing sand. In this way plant growth copes with the sand accumulation and establish nebkha mound. The witness of this pretension is strong relationship between canopy cover plant heights with nebkha morphometry characteristics.Formula (1): V= 262.983L + 76.347H – 11085.474Formula (2): V= 299.435 – 11141.297Formula (3): V= 488.520H – 5054.452V: Nebkha volume(cm3)L: canopy cover(cm)H: plant height(cm)

Morphology of alluvial fans with different levels might be recognized as an index from tectonic activities, because they reflect the amount of tectonic processes such as corrosion fault, displacement and folding over and next to the mountain front.The watershed of Degh Sorkh is located in tectonic zone of Iran center. Building blocks in this part of Iran are the result of young Alpine tectonic process and the general process of the main buildings of geology in this zone are matched with the general process of tectonic zones in Sanandaj, Sirjan and Zagroos.

Several methods have been offered to explain the uneven change patterns in the form of developmental investigations as well as studies of geomorphologic processes and systematic literature probes. One of these methods entails the creation of a mathematical model based on analytic extrapolations and numerical simulations, while another is modeling physical landscape changes, using reality display hard wares on a small scale (Massly and Zimpfer, 1976). A third approach is based on the assumption that creating the revolutionary patterns of a geomorphic landscape can be reconstructed by analyzing the phenomenal procedure present on the site, and therefore the difficulties of time could be eliminated by developmental changes. Accordingly, it is believed that if one landscape elapses its revolution creation in six stages, it is not necessary to observe and record the analysis from the start to the end, but in every stage of creation, the index form in the change scene is created as a prevailing phenomenon in which such forms are not destroyed in successive stages and few remain in the landscape. Now, if in the final stage of geomorphic landscape we witness several forms, which do not create the prevailing form but which exist in the scene, then each of the remaining forms can be separated and shown.By default, we can consider any form of the model as a logical representative of a period of time in the development hierarchy, and hence based on the variety of forms that we have seen, conclusions can be drawn about the changes occurred over time. Statistically speaking, we can call this data sampling method “Ergodic”, as spatial alternative collections of time.“Ergo” in the Greek language means work or energy and “hodos” means way (Pain, 1985). In simple words, Ergodicity in Geomorphology denotes a historically revolutionary change model of phenomena so that these changes could be classified into different stages. The most important feature of this classification is based on the same average change rate during each stage of development. The purpose of the present study, taken from a theoretical project at Isfahan University, is to describe the ergodicity concept in geomorphology using a watershed basin created by a miniature model in a natural space (crack areas of Meybod Plain), to evaluate its changes influenced by artificial rain, and to describe the case of ergo concept which has not been widely perused in geomorphology Geography and Development, 10nd Year, No.27,Summer 2012 12 Research The data analyzed in this research are related to the changes in a single miniature basin that is obtained by an artificial rainfall in four separate stages. Initially, measures were taken to evaluate the desired location in crack areas of Meybod, Yazd. A miniature basin in completely natural conditions and without any artificial manipulation situated in 25 km north Yazd with 500m distance from main roadwith an extent of 10 m2 was selected. After marking and preparing the basin to obtain the base map,the researchers took vertical images of the miniature basin, and initial height data were obtained via installed index, determining the base line level and measuring the height of each indicator installed with the base index level. Despite the continuous rainfall, there was no precipitation outside the basin. Continuing the operation in the next day showed that a special state called “Steady State” was obtained which established the stability. Afterwards, the driven data had to be extended so that instead of four forms of basins an interface could be achieved. In this stage, the continuous mode of change in the basin has been measured, using GRD files and their processing in Wechsler Software. With the extended data in this software, fifty frames of the basin change patterns were obtained and image and paired analysis of the fifty frames driven werepossible in DiGem Software with a statistical analysis framework. The paired analysis on the basis of statistical indicators enabled us to calculate the average change in each stage, the separate transformation stage and the time phase. Discussion and Ergodicity in geomorphology means models of historical revolutionary changes of a phenomenon so that these changes can be classified into different stages. The notion of the separate stage is based on average rate of change in each phase. In other words, levels which have an equal moderate variation are considered as a phase. On the other hand, the change development process of each geomorphologic phenomenon can have an indicator stage. By implementing the first stage of rainfall, assessment has been done to the changes occurred at the rainfall scene, and the subsequent rainfall phase is continued. This evaluation is carried on up to the last stage. In the fifth stage of rainfall, however, the basin outlet reached zero although the long-run rainfall did not show any changes in the outlet. Next day, this operation was repeated and the same results were obtained. Such cases represent the achievement of a stable system, i.e. a desired change to zero. The total rainfall conducted on the basin from the start till the end of the modeling was 206.5 min, and Debi of rainfall was 0.569 Li/s. It is important to point out that severe rainfall with constant Debi till the last stage was done. After obtaining the digital data of the basin in four rainfall stages, these figures should be changed into intermediate figures so that the evolution of the basin in the conditions of these four stages can be reconstructed. This was done using the Voxler Program, and the obtained numbers were converted to images so as to show all continuous changes between the first and the fourth stage The Voxler Software can show all the changes in the stages in the form of continuous images. After achieving the preliminary imagery analysis of the prepared files in the Voxler Software, the researchers converted it to Digem Software Program. Due to the high capability of this software, images of the basin changes were prepared in 50 separate frames (figure 4). This enables us to study the 50 achieved phases rather than to evaluate the phase that has equivalent average changes and the ratio of separate phase change that indicates the proceeded ergodic stages. Although various methods exist, including mathematical models based on extrapolation,reconstruction model and analysis of forms present on scene, geo allometric model and physical modeling of landscape changes using reality display hardware in a smaller scale is highly significant to explain the development, the accuracy of the simulation miniature method in development stages, and changes of phases in a watershed basin. As the research analysis demonstrated, three distinct phases of change development in relation to the miniature watershed model are extractable, and 13 similar results are shown with the quantitative method as well as the qualitative method. Phase 1 consists of 1-9 stages (figure 4) and is recognized as the first spatial phase in which the structural equilibrium will begin to change. The second phase is 10-24 where in-equilibrium is intensive, whereas the third phase consists of 25-50 stages, repeated movements with negative feedback that start towards other equilibriums. Of course, each stage known as a macro phase is divided into several micro phases, indicating the position, intensity and magnitude of the change index. On the basis of what was shown in figure 5 and 6, it is clear that the micro phase based on the macro phase is distinguishable. According to figure 2, the height changes of the four frames found in the basin make clear that equilibrium, the mechanism of corrosion and its repeated rehabilitation in the basin are the function of operational forces. Regarding the prevailing process in miniature model, rainfall can also be considered for other modeling processes. In this way, different ergodic process models can be compared. For the purpose of modeling the changes, the softwares used in this research; namely, Didger, Voxler and Surfer are recommended. Of course, stating engineering obligations and limitations in applying these softwares are very important; this is, however, beyond the scope of the present study. Another important finding in this study is the true function of the standard deviation of digital height data to determine the phase of ergodic changes, not being mentioned in other similar researches. However, with extensive experiments and especially using tectonic in the miniature model, new illuminating findings will certainly be achieved that will guide related studies regarding the substitution of time and space. On the other hand, the researchers’ access to efficient softwares in the field of extended and digitalreconstruction period could help us to detect the non-registered processes. Therefore, the complexity of Ergodicity discussion neglected in Geomorphology can be explained on the strength of accurate digital and statistical documents. Substituting categories of space with time is one of the main goals ofErgo, which is, indeed, possible and practical. As seen, 8 phases of change in the changes of miniature basin were detected, and even on the strength of different rate of standard deviation, steps with visual capabilities, which could not be distinguished accurately, are feasible now.

Very few of the large number of major disasters in recent years have threatened the survival of the host region. Improvements in conditions underlying sustainability have helped in this regard, as has inherent and adaptive resilience associated with disaster recovery. Sharp breaks from the past do not appear to be the norm, but opportunities for major transitions do increase in the aftermath of disasters. This paper examines some major types of resilience that have been effective and encourages their incorporation into long-term recovery and mitigation strategies.

IntroductionThe protection of environment and natural resources has high importance in achieving sustainable development. Nowadays, environmental crisis and loss of natural resources are the principle causes for the creation of environmental management systems. The optimal management of natural resources requires the assessment and classification of ecological and environmental potentials. By this method, we can recognize the abilities and restrictions of resources, and predict their future trends. Thus, according to the present environmental conditions, a suitable method with high accuracy is required in order to evaluate and manage natural resources and environment for achieving sustainable development. Thirty million hectares of Iran’s areas are recently affected by wind erosion processes due to special environmental conditions such as rainfalls being less than 150 mm, lack of vegetation and fast and strong winds. These factors have caused influx of quicksand into infrastructures, settlements, communication ways and industrial and agricultural installations. This problem is considered as one of the most important environmental issues in some parts of Iran, especially in the Northeastern part of Toroud. In this context, the recognition and control of environmental limiting factors is very important.Nebkas are of condensation forms of wind erosion resulting from sequestration of wind sediments by plants. These features generally appear in regions with average sand amount, and where ground water tables or surface moisture are enough for plant life. The form of Nebka is a function of size, density and growth rate of plant, time, equilibrium form, size and grains sorting, climate and sediment supply source. Nebka, in local scale, shows the efficiency of sand stabilization. Thus, their development can prevent the influx of flowing sand into residential areas and infrastructures. As a result, identification of the most adaptable Nebka species according to its morphology and type of natural conditions will be very important in stabilization plans of quicksand through the development of Nebka landscapes. The aims of this study include the comparative evaluation of Nebkas of Najjar Abad Erg and the identification of the most appropriate type of them, using their morphometric parameters analysis by the Analytic Hierarchical Process model. The results of this research will be fruitful in systemic management approach of desert regions, and also can be procreator for quicksand stabilization projects.Materials and MethodsThe study area, Najjar Abad Erg, with an area of 2864.886 hectares is situated in the north of great central plateau of Iran. The area is located between the latitudes of 350, 25’ to 350, 30’ N and the longitudes of 540, 59’ to 550, 10’ E.

One of The important subjects about Zagros mountain range is the lack of coordination between its drainages and geologic structure. This subject on Zayandehrood drainage system has become one of the most challenging discussions and three different theories have been proposd. To remove these disagreements and to achieve a general conclusion, this basin and two basins of Azna and Kakolestan at a distance of 62 and 85 km form its north east limit were studied exactly in library and in the field. With referer to different evidence obtained from the condition of river terraces, lake sediments and fossils, cirques and glacial sediments and active tectonic, it may be concluded that during Pliocene the Zagros drainages have been flowing toward Persian Gulf, but this drainages have been trapped because of the activity of Main Recent Fault at late this period or Early Pleistocene and formed some lakes. Later as the result of some processes that most of them have been of tectonic origin, the bed of these lakes were disintegrated and the water stream was flowed in Kakolestan and Azna’s basins at the previous direction and in Zayandehrood basin at the revers direction.

One of the factors influencing the altitude of water and ice equilibrium line is the amount of the energy received from sun which depends on the radiation angles of sun and the slope. Thus, as the surfaces slopes vary, the absorption of energy will also change. Initially, this article makes an attempt to measure the radiation angle and the energy absorbed daily by the surface of land with respect to different slopes and directions. Then, the differences between the amounts of energy absorbed by two different surfaces varying in terms of slope and direction will be estimated, considering a constant temperature. Consequently, the energy differences will be converted to altitude differences, using the statistical relations. This paves the way for the estimation of the differences in altitude of water and ice equilibrium line. Although this article has used a hypothetical altitude, the resulting finding can also be used in the context of the past ages because the altitude of water and ice equilibrium line was low at the ice age of quaternary. This study had the following findings; 1- Averaged reduction of temperature of environment is. 48 per 100 meters increasing in height with reduction of temperature in Iran about 5-12 12℃' type="#_x0000_t75"> in quaternary period height of snow is downer about 1042-2500 then current circumstance. 2- The highest impact of the land surfaces directions on the altitude of ice and water equilibrium line can be seen in the skirts whose mountainous ridges expansion is west and east. 3- The north-south expansion of mountainous ridges doesn’t have any effect on the difference in altitude of ice and water equilibrium line.

Introduction The base of analysis of applicative geomorphology is according to systemic stand point. Systemic geomorphology is based on recognition of geomorphic forms and processes and relationships between them. Efficiency of this stand point, when there are linear and non linear reciprocal relationships between parts and elements of system, is very important. The studied feature in this research is Barchan dunes in the south of playa Chah Jam. In studied field, hundreds of barchans can be found; generally all of them have same size and shape. These landscapes are mobile dunes which constitute a considerable threat to infrastructure in study field with their mobile sands. They move over communication ways of region, phone lines and even in to Damghan city, and also disturb agricultural fields and intensify desertification problems in study area. Barchan dunes are open and natural systems and are capable of being modelled in different levels. These dunes are observed where sand availability is low and prevailing wind direction is quite constant. In this paper we have tried to describe morphologic characterizes of the Barchan dune using mathematical and statistical modelling process via morphometric parameters and parabola characterizes. The obtained results from this study can be helpful in the systemic management of desert regions and also can be benefit in the plans of stabiles of trombone sands and recognition of critical regions from view point of windy erosion. Materials and Methods The studied area (Chah Jam erg) is located in the south of playa Haj Aligholi, in central part of Semnan province, Iran. Studied field is bounded between latitudes 350, 45َ to 35َ0, 50َ N and between longitudes 540, 40َ to 550, 10َ E. For measurement of morphological parameters, at first, we have been defended a model, and Barchan morphometric characterize are measured along 10 transects in nature that these transects were covering entire extent of Chah Jam erg. Mathematical modelling of the Barchan shape is performed via its simulation in the coordinate system and using non linear equations of the parabola that it has been gotten two equations for windward side parabola and slip face parabola. Then for recognition of type and intensity of relationships between them, we have studied and reexamined these relationships, using SPSS software and regression analysis techniques. For this achievement, at start, we have reexamined linear and nonlinear, simple and multiple variable regressive analysis technique such as linear, power, exponential, cubic, logarithmic, multiplier and etc, and then we have been selected the most important and the most suitable of relationships. Totally, in this study, the most important and the most suitable of relationships are following from power relationships. Results and Discussion Using Statistical modelling, relationships between mathematical and morphological parameters of Barchan dunes has been determined, that these relationships show a significant power relation with maximum of determination index and minimum of estimation error. One of the most important results of this study is the statistical and mathematical modelling of Barchan dunes and converting of mathematical method to statistical method and vice versa. One of the main characteristics of morphology of Barchan dune is its parabolic shape, that this characteristic is influenced by morphology of crescent and aircraft of Barchan. Therefore for mathematical modelling of Barchan shape can be used parabola equations. On the other words, two-dimensional modelling of Barchan surfaces (regardless from its spatial characteristics) is possible through parabola equations. The recognition of morphologic characteristics of Barchan can act as an index in order to determine the condition of Barchan system and also shed light on its trends. Furthermore, the investigation and exact estimation of these parameters is a consequence from rate of threat, destruction and annual movement that their assessment determines different region from the view point of environmental management and prioritize them. Therefore, obtained results from these methods can be very important for investigation of shape and recognition of behavior of Barchan dunes in nature. Conclusion In this paper we have used statistical and mathematical modeling methods and have represented models that using them, can easily account morphological parameters of Barchan dunes. Therefore the results of this study provide possible of exact and rapid estimation of Barchan morphometric and morphologic parameters. The combination of two methods of statistical and mathematical modelling is a fundamental infrastructure for simulation of Barchan dunes geomorphologic characteristics in the laboratory and imaginary circumferences. Focal distance is one of the important parameters of the parabolas of Barchan dunes that shows its different situations with each other. Results show that if the focal distance of the Barchan dune decreases, its spout becomes closer and the divergent state of Barchan horns decreases, too. Barchan dunes that have farther focal distance are wider and have extensive dimensions and more volume.

Introduction Active faults are the ones that at the post-Quaterner and especially the Holocen epoch have had movements and it expects that in the future they also exposure to a relative movement because of their renewed activity and generate a shear on any structures locality on them. To identify these faults, seismogram and historical record information, direct and indirect paleosismology studies are utilized. The indirect paleosismology has been based on geomorphologyic studies. Its advantage is that it studies a wide scope with a high speed and the attained to interpret the changes of thousands years ago. Geomorphologyic indices used to study drainage system condition are influenced by the earth material and region climate as well as tectonic. Since Iran is the sixth country of the earthquake hazard and the earthquake belt has surrounded 90% lands of this country, location of the cities and development facilities and installations need to be considered precisely to minimize the dangers. In this regard, identifying the regions and active faults are very important. Rudbar river basin, a upstreams of Dez, located in the middle domain of zagros mountain on eastern 49? 12? 31? to 50? 17? 45? longitude and northern 32? 34? 56? to 33? 19? 40? latitude and its area is 2256 km2 in the upstream of Rudbar dam. Wide central and north eastern areas have thrust structures while in south western the folded and faulted structures are in close relationship with each other. However, special professional studies are needed in relation to the spam seismologic. It was identified in an estimation that there are more earthquakes in south western areas. Materials and Methods In this paper, Rudbar basin has been divided to seven sub-basins with average length more than 20kms and using the Relative tectonic activity (lat) index that is a combination of hypsometric integral(Hi),drainage basin shape (BS), drainage basin asymmetry(AF), ratio of valley –floor width to valley height(Vf),stream length-gradient indices(SL). Rudbar basin situation was analyzed to minimize the effects of litology and climate factors. Thus, a digital elevation model related to SRTM topographic data at the accuracy of 90 meter was provided. Then, subbasin divisions, indices measurements, geology maps digitation, and data integration were conducted by using ARCMAP,ARC INFO, and GLOBALMAPER Softwares. To increase the work accuracy and to provide necessary evidence, field studies also were formed. Results and Discussion According to Relative Tectonic Activity (lat)index, three class active(lat=1.5-1.99),1256 km2, semi-active (lat=2-2.49), 414km2 and low-active (lat=2.5-3),585 km2 were identified. Since a main part of Anooj and Gholyans subbasin has alluvium sediments and old terrace, it may be considered more active than the resulted condition. Conclusion The obtained general result shows that instability presents in this district has been the resuit of two types of fault performances: the thrust faults located in the west and east of basin such as Dehsur, Vahdat Abad and Zardkuh which had a progress and caused the elevation of district and Main Recent Fault with strike-slip that caused a crushed surface and sensitive to erosion by its right-side movement and the drop of its level surface and then caused the renewed erosion cycle. Since the desired location for constructing Rudbar dam is located in very active region and in Main Recent Fault direction and different as well as severe earthquakes have taken place on two sides of this domain, there is the possibility of tectonic instability in the domain of this dam. Hence, it is suggested that this issue needs to be considered carefully and seriously by the administrators of this project

Aeolian sand dunes originate from reciprocal interaction between wind flow and sand bed. Barchan dunes are one of the Aeolian compressive forms and are formed in areas that there is not enough sand to cover the entire surface and wind flow comes steadily from the same direction throughout the year. These features have been formed from quick sand. One of the most important of their characteristics is dynamic and lateral movements, that some parts of them are regarded as crisis and threatening focuses for urban and rural settlements, economic and military centers and communication ways. Totally, Barchan dunes move proportionally to the wind velocity and inversely proportionally to their height. Their movement rate is subject to wind velocity, three dimensional morphology and interaction between them. One of the most common of Aeolian features in south of Haj Ali Gholi playa are Barchan dunes. In this study, morphometric parameters of Barchan dunes and their annual movement rate (from 1387/1/10 to 1388/1/10) have been measured via pique. Using regression analysis method, type and intensity of relationship between movement rate and morphometric parameters have been investigated and models have been presented in order to estimate their movement rate. Using these models can assess annual movement rate of Bachan dunes in the field area easily. The obtained results show that relationships between movement rates and morphometric parameters consistent with simple linear, power and exponential relationships. The obtained relationships from relation study between movement rate and Barchan morphometric parameters represents a maximum significant exponential reverse relationships of movement rate with height parameter with determination index of 0.915 and standard error of estimation of 0.133. The recognition of morphometric parameters of barchan can act as an index in order to determine the condition of barchan system and also shed light on the its trends. Furthermore recognition and estimate of these parameters is a consequence from rate of threat and distribution and provide for environmental managers with the same, that their investigation determines different region from the view point of environmental management and prioritize them.

One of the most important processes in the future of aeolian landscape especially nebka in arid environment is vegetation. This paper has evaluated the relationship between vegetation morphology and nebka morphometry in Kheir Abad desert in Sirjan Kavir. Dominant species that has formed nebka is Tamarix mascatensis. This shrub has adapted with conditions of aeolian transition area. Results of of regression analysis showed a strong significant relation between volume of aeolian dune and vegetation horizontal parameter with 0.90 of determination index and 0.60 of standard deviation estimated error. In the next stage the correlation between nebka volume and volume of plant 0.84 coefficient of determination and 0.76 of estimated error value. Also results indicated a weak significant correlation between volume of dune and vertical parameters of plant with determination index of 0.50 and estimated error of standard deviation of 1.34. Therefore the best relation between nebka dune and vegetation morphology was explained intentionally with Tamarix mascatensis canopy cover.

Introduction Focusing on the problem of estimating sediment transport over a fluvial system is one of important aspects in environmental management and applied geomorphology. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been applied to runoff-sediment modeling and flood forecasting. One of the most important parameters in runoff-sediment process is geomorphic characteristics. Generally, two methods exist for modeling: function-driven and data driven modeling. Function-driven modeling is based on fitting a suitable function such as regression curves but data-driven modeling such as neural networks work by giving weight to each data in a try and test in a frequently algorithm process.Therefore, neural networks are alternative and complementary set techniques to traditional models. The purpose of this paper is to apply and compare both regressions and neural networks for runoff-sediment modeling in a watershed scale by geomorphic parameters and without them. Therefore, this study evaluates performance of two artificial neural networks-a geomorphology based artificial neural network (GANN) and a non- geomorphology based (ANN); and two regression models, power relation (PR) and multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), for prediction of suspended sediment. Material and Methods The study area comprises of the Plasjan River, in Eskandari watershed, north east of Zayandeh roud basin, Esfahan, Iran. The watershed has an area of approximately 1640 km2. The recorded data of runoff and suspended sediment values are available, measured at one station in outlet of the Eskandari station. Data set of flood runoff and sediment at the same time for the years of 1995 to 2006 were provided by the Esfahan Water Agency. Several geomorphic parameters were used to create geomorphic models such as relative relief, form index and drainage density. There are several stages processes to develop artificial neural network for simulation application as follow: 1. Data selection: gathering an appropriate data set. 2. Selection of an appropriate predictand: to decide what is to be modeled 3. Artificial neural network selection: to select an appropriate type of network and choose a suitable training algorithm. 4. Data preprocessing: to process the original data in terms of identifying suitable network inputs (predictors) and perform data cleansing as appropriate, for example, if necessary, remove trends or seasonal components. In addition, one must normalize and split the data into training, validation and testing data sets. 5. Training: to train a number of networks using the chosen training algorithm and preprocessed data. 6. Using appropriate assessment criteria evaluate the model produced and select the best solution for subsequent implementation. It was revealed that the feed-forward ANN model with back propagation algorithm performed well for both the GANN and ANN models. The sediment loads predicted by these models were compared with observed data for the same watershed and compared with regression models including power regression and multivariate adaptive spline with evaluation indexes of root mean square of errors and determination index. Results and discussion Development of regression and neural network and using geomorphic parameters besides to runoff and sediment showed noticeable results. However, the GANN predicted better with highest coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.98, root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.49 in comparison to ANN (R2 = 0.96, RMSE = 5.35). The regression model performance was inferior (R2=0.89, RMSE=8.66) for MARS and (R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 15.05) for PR to the ANN models. Therefore ANN technique especially GANN is a powerful tool for real-time prediction of sediment transport in a complex network of rivers. Conclusion Neural network (NN) is a suitable tool for simulating the behavior of sediment transport in a river system. One major advantage the NN approach has over traditional input-output modeling is that it makes fewer demands of data. Unlike multiple regressions, where the constraints preparation the number and distributions of data, are often simply used, NN do not make assumptions about the statistical properties of a data set. Data for several variables can be use flexibility on temporal and spatial scales. Therefore NN find a non-linear pattern carefully that it does not with traditional methods. An advantage of the results is the effective rules of geomorphology parameters in modeling procession fact which illustrate importance of them in vision of river’s behavior in a catchment.

This paper summarizes the changes in gas reaction and climate tracing in the Holocene period (about 10,000 years ago), with respect to the four glacier periods of the past. The industrial era, which usually begins in the 18th century, is associated with increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases as a result of fossil fuels and land use changes, and these are linked to an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface during the last decade of the twenty-first century. However, the analyses carried out by Ruddiman, which take the Holocene era and the urban community into consideration, have unprecedentedly compared changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases with that of glacial records of the past four hundred thousand years. During this period, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH4) have increased, and this increase is probably due to the beginning of agricultural activities and land clearing in Eurasia. These and other changes in land use resulting from agricultural and rural activities may cause poor climatic change and prevent land’s temperature fall, or maybe due to natural forces. Although the early evidence supports the theory of Ruddiman, forestry and agricultural activities during the period of urban community may have exerted an impact on the climate equal to at least eight thousand years of the past.

Modeling is important in understanding complex ecogeomorphological relationships for useful applications, include: predicting the likely success of remobilizing dormant dune systems, managing and mitigating desertification and degradation of semi-arid land, assessing the impact of climate change, investigating the effects of changes in land use and reconstructing conditions responsible for the formation and stabilization of relict systems. Nebkha dunes have been proposed as a reliable rapid indicator of Aeolian erosion and vegetation. The aim of this paper is understanding the relationships between nebkha morphometry parameters together and with morphological characteristic of Reaumeria turcestanica. For obtaining objective of study we measure canopy cover and height of plant and elevation, diameter and slop for nebkha from 10 transects and 157 samples in khairabad area in Sirjan. The technical method used for investigation of relations was simple and multivariate regression analysis. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship (<0.01) between plant height and nebkha elevation with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.58 for linear relationship and 0.60 for both quadratic estimation. Also a significant relationship (<0.01) exists between canopy cover and nebkha elevation with coefficient of determination of 0.54 for linear function and 0.58 for both quadratic estimations. Analysis Regression significant relationship (<0.01) between nebkha height and nebkha diameter with R2 of 0.49 for linear and quadratic estimation and 0.50 for cubic function.

If we realize that the Geomorphology is the science of survey of land geometry and form and it is also the science of changes & evolutions, the first step to the understanding of the concepts of geographical space is to be come acquainted with the principles of geometry. In Euclidian geometry, forms and features are considered the combination of points, lines and areas, which are defined in two or three dimensions. This geometry, which has a long history in the observational and experimental realms has been faced with serious shortcomings and challenges today.Riemann proposed ultra-dimensional geometry theory in 1854, which led into 4 & 10 dimensional geometry. This geometry theory caused so many new conditions in the physicist's researches for interpretation of spatial-temporal changes that the Euclidian geometry principles were not able to sufficiently and correctly analyze and interpret them. Such an ultra-dimensional geometry was nominated "Spatial geometry." Ultra-dimensional geometry laid another foundation in physics and the physicists converted from classical (Newtonian) physics to quantum physics.Applications of Spatial geometry in geomorphic system brought about revolution in the bases of two classical approaches in geomorphology (Davisian-process) and gave birth to a new geomorphology theory which is called systemic geomorphology. The introduction of spatial geomorphology theory and radical changes in scale concept and perception level have procured new concepts such as Riemann and Fractal geometry, ergodicity, chaotic theory(chaos), dynamic equilibrium, temporal-spatial dynamism, palimpsest (or overprint), chorems, two-value system for the analysis and interpretation of geomorphic methodology and research. This approach can explain formation of buried soils and palaeosols, pedogenesis of argillic horizon in past humid & cold climates, its continuation it into new warm and arid zone, presence of old fan under new fans and survey of bahada and coalescing fans and polymorphism. This article has been extracted from a research project at the University of Isfahan.

Because of pressuring of inner forces, a series of breaks are formed in Earth crust. If these broken layers move and displace together vertically and horizontally, they make faults form. There are different faults in Iran. They are as kinds of active tectonic of its area. One of the most important faulting parts in Iran called central Iran. It included nine important faults. And it is the most compact faulting area of Iran. In north end part of The Great Kavir, and in south part of Shahroud-Semnan area, there is a fault called Toroud-Enjilo. It is important and active fault of central Iran. This fault has a north east-south west direction, and it has right slide and left orbit movements. It is called as inverse normal, steeply, almost vertical, and active and 80 degree steep fault. Continuous vertical and horizontal movements make special landforms, features, and forms exist in Toroud-Satveh area that they are as important geomorphological forms, and they need to analyze and survey. Can refer to the faults results as followings: creating new local feature sand faults, increasing the height of folder walls and valleys tectonic, increasing the height of salt domes, speeding local magmatic activity, border between local mountains in north great Kavir and neighbor low lands, separating colored mélange of Sabzevar region in Kavir, earthquake of Toroud in 1331 and conducting underground waters. Finally, this zone active tectonic and the sequences of it can be contributed to Toroud fault.