مسلم امیری

In today’s organizational landscape, internal communications and employee engagement play vital roles in ensuring organizational success and sustainability. Advances in communication technologies have intensified the need for effective intra-organizational interactions. The present study aims to examine the effect of satisfaction with internal communications on employee engagement, considering the mediating roles of perceived employer attractiveness, perceived organizational support, and psychological contract fulfillment.

This applied research employs a descriptive–survey design. The statistical population consisted of all employees of Saman Bank in Tehran Province in 2024 (N = 1,600). Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 309 employees was determined through simple random sampling. Data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using PLS3 and SPSS software.

The results indicated that satisfaction with internal communications has a positive and significant effect on employee engagement (path coefficient = 0.233), perceived organizational support (0.744), employer attractiveness (0.798), and psychological contract fulfillment (0.781). Additionally, employer attractiveness (0.174) and psychological contract fulfillment (0.312) significantly influenced employee engagement. However, the direct effect of perceived organizational support on employee engagement (0.083) was not supported.

Enhancing internal communications acts as a key driver that increases employee engagement through strengthening employer attractiveness and psychological contract fulfillment. These findings highlight the necessity for bank managers to improve communication transparency, monitor the fulfillment of organizational commitments, and reinforce the organizational image as essential strategies to enhance employee loyalty and productivity.

This study investigates the impact of various fibers on the performance of concrete under high-temperature conditions, considering the prevalent factors leading to concrete degradation, such as loading, thermal fluctuations, and moisture changes. In seismic-prone regions like Iran, the post-earthquake scenario often involves fire hazards, making the study of fire-induced concrete deterioration particularly relevant. The research focuses on determining the optimal percentage of fibers to enhance concrete behavior under high temperatures. A comprehensive set of tests, including slump, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength, and tensile strength assessments, was conducted on both fresh and hardened concrete samples. The study systematically varied fiber percentages, types, sample ages, applied heat levels, and cement content in the mix design to evaluate their collective impact on fiber-reinforced concrete in high-temperature environments. Results revealed that the inclusion of fibers led to a decrease in the workability of the concrete mix. However, this was offset by a significant contribution to the preservation of both compressive and tensile strength. Notably, polypropylene fibers exhibited superior performance compared to steel fibers. In grades 350, 400, and 450, the compressive strength increased by 8%, 22%, and 8.5%, respectively, when using polypropylene fibers instead of steel fibers. Similarly, the improvement in tensile strength with polypropylene fibers surpassed that of steel fibers, with enhancements of 22%, 16%, and a substantial 110% for grades 350, 400, and 450. The findings underscore the effectiveness of incorporating fibers, particularly polypropylene, in mitigating the adverse effects of high temperatures on concrete, offering insights that can inform future construction practices, especially in seismic regions prone to fire hazards.

Behavioral problems can be investigated in different areas of communication, and each of the behavioral challenges in this field shows that it is necessary for psychological programs and interventions to pay attention to the optimal management of individual behavior in order to prevent and reduce existing harms. Meanwhile, choice theory is one of the practical theories for behavior management in various fields. In this theory that William Glasser based it on behavior, the general goal is to gain a correct and practical understanding of human behavior and improve the quality of life through teaching the concepts, structures and principles of this theory and its application. It introduces its various aspects in the field of individual health and well-being, family and administrative-organizational issues, as well as responsibility in performing behavior, improving interpersonal relationships and achieving a happy and satisfying life. In choice theory, behavior management means controlling, managing and issuing behavior from within the person and accepting the responsibility of doing it by the person. In general, this theory explains why and how people behave and believe that everything that comes out of us is a behavior, and all behaviors are motivated from within us and are aimed at a goal. Also, the purpose of every behavior is to satisfy one of our five basic needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and fun. Glasser also believes that not only are we always behaving, but we are always trying to behave in ways that give us the greatest and most effective control over our lives. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effective domains of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory on the management of individual behavior in previous studies and based on a systematic review. 

Search for research records was done using numerous internal electronic databases, using the keywords: choice theory, William Glasser, reality therapy, group reality therapy, quality school or quality schools, glasser school or glasser schools, lead management, peaceful parenting, parenting based on choice theory, and psychology of internal control. After extraction, the content of the articles was qualitatively evaluated with the PRISMA checklist, and the content analysis method was used to review the data. After searching and evaluating the studies, the final analysis was performed on 53 studies with 62 variables. 

Results showed that effective domains of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory fall into 5 categories: emotional-mood disorders, destructive behavioral disorders, procrastination, interpersonal relationships and individual and social skills. Most of the primary research conducted in this research in the field of behavior management from the perspective of selection theory, respectively, include the field of personal and social skills with 16 studies, the field of interpersonal relations with 15 studies, the field of emotional-mood disorders with 15 studies, and the field of destructive behavioral disorders. With 10 researches, and the field of meditation with 6 researches. 

In the general explanation of the findings, it can be said that the selection theory is regulated in such a way that it is useful and usable for therapists, counselors, teachers, trainers and other people involved in education and guidance of people. Based on the teachings of this theory, people realize that acting on new, effective and responsible choices enables them to discover and experience a life full of healthy and harmless creativity. Also, one of the basic hypotheses of the selection theory is that people always try to achieve what is called a successful identity by exerting better control over their lives; That is, they see themselves as those who have the ability to communicate love and affection, they feel that they are important to others, they experience a sense of value, they have a sense of responsibility, and they believe that satisfying their needs is their responsibility, not the duty of others. The results of this study can be used as a summary to clarify as much as possible the effective domains of choice theory on the management of individual behavior and a comprehensive map for conducting studies more coherently and with better quality for researchers to provide future research. In fact, the findings of the present study can be a summary of the studies done, and these classes were considered as the result of a re-analysis of the data with a different perspective. Therefore, the basics of choice theory can be used as educational and therapeutic interventions in the counseling centers of schools and universities, family and couple training workshops, organizational management and individual and clinical counseling in order to manage individual behavior and improve interpersonal relationships.

Police command is one of the institutions involved in the establishment, maintenance and increase of security, which played a fundamental role in the Islamic revolution and in realizing its ideals. Considering the diverse and extensive missions and the threats that are directed at the police command in order to fulfill the assigned mission, the implementation of these tasks requires a revolutionary approach.

The method of collecting information is documentary, the present research is fundamental in nature and developmentally applied in terms of purpose, qualitative content analysis was used to develop a model of revolutionary management in Faraja; the data includes the Supreme Leader's speeches about Faraja, which were categorized and analyzed.

After finalizing the categories, their relationships with each other were examined and the research model was presented. The second layer consists of ten categories, including: Patience, bringing authority and love to people and paying attention to the position, mission and capabilities of Faraja, security-creating, transformational, interactive, law-abiding, wise, healthy life and enemy. Science and at the end of the category that connects the two layers is the category of "thinking based on science, reason and determination". So that from the heart of the first layer, a kind of methodology is obtained, which is a methodology centered on science, reason and determination, which leads to the second layer and the categories of revolutionary management, together with the production of science. and this science is considered as an accumulation that again forms a new movement in the direction of creating new layers of revolutionary management and this movement is constantly repeating itself; If Faraja has a comprehensive revolutionary management model, it can show better performance in the direction of maintaining security, and make an effective contribution in the direction of the full realization of Islamic goals.

The present study sought to investigate the effectiveness of a behavior management training package based on choice theory in improving the quality of parent-child relationship. This study had a single-case design which was undertaken with concurrent multiple baseline and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all male ninth graders studying at junior high schools in Javanrud city in 2020-21 school year from among whom 3 students were selected via purposeful sampling method using inclusion criteria and the Parent-Child Relationship Quality Scale (PCRS). Each group, including students and their parents, received 12 separate training sessions which were previously designed and validated by the researchers. Data were analyzed by Visual drawing, Reliable change index (RCI), recovery percentage formula and Cohen’s d effect size. Findings showed that the implementation of behavior management training package based on choice theory had a clinically and statistically significant effect on improving the quality of parent-child relationship (both parent-child scales) (P <0.05). Therefore, it is recommended that the trainings of this behavior management package, which are based on the educational-therapeutic foundations of choice theory, be used individually and in groups by family care institutions and counseling centers of various organizations, including education and welfare.

Managing behavior in order to gain personal peace and maintain social stability is among the necessities of every society. So the purpose of this study is to design and validate a behavior management training package based on choice theory for parents and students.

The research method is qualitative and performed by Delphi technique, that In order to design the training package, the theoretical foundations of choice theory (Glasser, 2013) were used, and in order to ensure the optimal validity of the training package, the content validity method using Lawshe model (1975) was used, with a panel of 8 experts and two quantitative coefficients of content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI).

The results showed that all designed closed sessions are necessary and the content of all the sessions was completely related to the designed goals or related but needed to be partial revisioned. Subsequently, the revisions requested by the experts, which included 6% of all responses, were applied and the final package was compiled in twelve sessions.

finding has practical implications for educational interventions. Therefore, this training package can be helpful as a comprehensive and approved program to manage the behavior of parents and students in different environments, especially in family and school, and in order to improve the quality of the parent-child relationship as well as reduce students’ indiscipline and misbehavior, the use of this package in family and school counseling sessions and workshops in the form of group training programs is strongly recommended.

In this study, different combinations of replacement of metakaolin, zeolite and fly ash in single, binary, and ternary mix designs were investigated in order to determine the optimal amount of suitable pozzolans. Fifty mix designs with constant water to cement ratio were made and the results of compressive strength, tensile strength, slump, specific gravity, water absorption, and volumetric electrical resistivity of concrete were recorded in order to evaluate the effect of type and amount of pozzolans and the effect of their compositions. The results showed that the highest amount of compressive strength was related to the ternary composition of pozzolans, and the amount of replacement was 3% (M3Z3F3). 3-, 7-, 28- and 90-days compressive strength increased by 14.8%, 24.1%, 41.1% and 54.1% compared to the reference sample, respectively. Compressive strength of samples containing single, binary and ternary mixes with a total of up to 45% will increase the compressive strength by different percentages and will have a further downward trend. The tensile strength of concrete in all samples containing binary and tertiary compounds of pozzolanic materials was higher than the reference sample with the highest increase related to M5Z5, M5F5, Z5F5 with 84.2%, and M3Z3F3 with 94.7%. The maximum reduction of water absorption is in the ternary mix designs M13Z13F13 and M15Z15F15 with a decrease of 75.8% compared to the reference sample. In all samples containing pozzolanic materials, the amount of electrical resistance has increased compared to the reference sample (from 1.3 to 9.1 times). The amount of electrical resistivity of concrete samples containing ternary composition was higher than binary and single. The maximum is related to M13Z13F13 and M15Z15F15 designs, which increased 9.1 times more than the reference sample. The presence of more than 40% pozzolanic values has almost no effect on the mechanical properties of concrete.

The purpose of this study is a comparative study of ethical concepts contained in the document of fundamental change in education and the implementation of its ethical concepts based on educational ideas. The method used was qualitative and was selected by content analysis method guided by the text of the fundamental change document. The results of the research indicate the correspondence and compatibility of the ethical concepts of the document with the concepts of universal ethics. According to the educational principles derived from the theories of Plato, Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi and current educational theories, educational methods in accordance with the mentioned principles were identified and determined to implement the concepts. The analysis of the text indicates the correspondence of ethical concepts in the evolution document and the concepts of global ethics in some components and the lack of correspondence in others.

In this applied research conducted with the method of meta-analysis, the numerical combination of the results of the researches conducted in Iran in the field of effectiveness of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory in controlling individual behavior was discussed. The statistical population of the meta-analysis, the available studies related to the effectiveness of educational-therapeutic interventions based on the choice theory to control individual behavior, on the number of 416 studies from the scientific databases of SID, Comprehensive Portal of Humanities, Research Institute of Information Science and Technology of Iran, Database of Noor Specialized Magazines, Information bank of the country's publications and Civilica, which were published in Iran between 2000 and 2020. Based on the established criteria for inclusion and exclusion of baseline studies and sensitivity analysis, 72 effect sizes from 33 baseline studies were finally examined and the quantitative results of the selected studies were analyzed using CMA2. The results showed that educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory have a significant effect on the management of individual behavior, and according to Cohen’s criterion, the size of their combined effect is rated as large for the random effects model (ES =1.09). In conclusion, training based on choice theory can have a positive and significant effect on controlling individual behavior and improve relationships. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the educational-therapeutic principles of choice theory be used individually and in groups in the counseling centers of various organizations.

Students’indiscipline in the classroom and school environment has always disrupted the educational process and also it is a common behavioral problem during the adolescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the behavior management training package based on the choice theory on reducing the students' indiscipline at school. This study was conducted as a single-subject design with multiple simultaneous baselines with a two-month follow-up. The research population included all the ninth-grade male students of high schools in Javānrood city in the academic year 2020-2021, of which 3 students - who met the inclusion criteria - were selected using the purposeful sampling method, through the scale of students' stressful behaviors in the classroom. Each group, including students and their parents, individually received 12 sessions of training of the package which were previously designed and validated by the researchers. Data were analyzed by visual drawing, Reliable Change Index (RCI), recovery percentage formula and Cohen’s D effect size. Findings showed that the implementation of the behavior management training package based on the choice theory has a clinically and statistically significant effect on reducing the students' indiscipline at school (P <0.05). Therefore, it was recommended that the trainings of this package which is based on the educational-therapeutic foundations of choice theory, to be used individually and in groups, through the counseling centers, especially the education counseling centers.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of sources of classroom management authority in predicting the teaching styles of teachers. The statistical population of the study was all teachers working in Paveh and Javanrood counties it was 800 people using krejcie and morgan sample size table, from which 300 people (210 men, 90 women) were selected by stratified random sampling. The research method was descriptive and correlational. Data were collected using two questionnaires of researcher-made classroom management styles (based on French and Raven theory, 1960) and Prashing teaching style (2002). In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods including univariate analysis of variance and stepwise regression were used. The results of the study showed that there is a relationship between the sources of classroom management authority and teachers' teaching styles (P≥0.05,P≥0.01). Findings indicated that a number of resource styles of classroom management authority have the ability to predict teaching styles. These results showed that scientific, encouragement, disciplinary and reference management styles have the most role in predicting teachers' teaching styles.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of job motivation in predicting the teaching styles of first and second part of primary school teachers. The statistical population of the study was all teachers working in teaching in Paveh and Javanrood; Among them, 300 people (210 males, 90 females) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The data were collected using two questionnaires of Herzberg job motivation (1960) and Prashing teaching styles (2002). In order to analyze the data, inferential statistical methods including univariate analysis of variance and stepwise regression were used. The results of the study showed that there is a relationship between the components of job motivation and teachers' teaching styles (P≥0.05, P≥0.01). Findings of stepwise regression analysis showed that the components of progress and supervisor were able to explain the flexible teaching style, the components of success and appreciation of the inclusive teaching style and the components of rights and success as well as the traditional teaching style. Some components of job motivation did not play a role in explaining and predicting teaching styles.

Relationship with the opposite sex, due to the individual and social effects of this phenomenon, have become more and more popular among psychologists and sociologists today. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons for tendency to Relationship with the opposite sex before marriage among college students. This is a qualitative phenomenological study conducted using semi-structured interviews. The sample consisted of 18 undergraduate students of Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan in the academic year of 1397-98. The theoretical saturation was determined by using snowball sampling method. In this study eight main themes and 25 sub-themes were extracted that main themes are: Emotional, educational vacuum-Inevitable social, cultural changes-mass media-Escaping religion-Respond to the inner need-Personality characteristics-Environmental pressures and friends and Inefficient education system. The findings of this study, show that educational and cultural authorities of the country, responsible , families and professionals and active sympathizers to pay attention to the lived experiences of such researches, the awareness of the community by the authorities responsible for the trauma Unhealthy communications and education reveal more healthy ways of communicating.

The purpose of this study was to compare approaches, achievement goals and personality traits between accepted and not accepted students in master test. The sample consisted of 260 Razi University students that included 130 accepted and 130 not accepted students in Master test. Revised Study Process Questionnaire (Biggs, Kember, & Leung, 2001), Achievement Goals questionnaire (Elliot & McGregor, 2001) and Big Five Inventory (John, Donahue & Kentle, 1991). Data analysis methods were multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. The results showed there are significant differences between study approaches, achievementgoals and personality traits of accepted and not accepted students. As well as discriminant analysis showed that according to these three variables, the accepted and not accepted students of master test can be predicted with a confidence coefficient of 77.37. According to present study results, it can be stated that students who do not use surface study approach and do not have mastery-avoidance, performance-avoidance and performance-approach achievement goals, and have high conscientiousness and openness to experience and low neuroticism are more likely to succeed in master test.

Self-efficacy, discussed in the field of positive psychology, is one of the most important components in success and compromise. It originated from Albert Bandura's cognitive-social theory. According to this theory, humans are active organisms that can regulate their behavior and can control events by their behavior (Bandura, 2000). Bandura defines self-efficacy as the individual's assessment of their ability to complete a set of acts for achieving goals (Zajakova and Lynch, 2005). Emotional intelligence is one of the most important emotional factors in individuals that can be important in their self-efficacy perception. The term was first introduced by Salovey and Mayer in 1997, and refers to a form of social intelligence that focuses on the individual’s ability to control their own and others’ emotions, and to distinguish between the two and to use this information to guide their thought and actions (Salovey and Mayer, 2002). Emotional intelligence involves at least five main skills which include self-awareness, self-control, self-motivation, social consciousness, and social skills. There is a lot of research about the interrelationship between self-efficacy and emotional intelligence on individual and social success in lifespan. For example, emotional intelligence has been shown to result in self-excitability, stability in failure situations, impulses control, the ability to work with insistence and hope (Nouri Samarin, 1395). Recently, a lot of research has been conducted on the relationship between the various components of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy. The results, however, have not been consistant. Given the expansion of research on the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy, it is necessary to summarize their results to solve the contradictions in the findings and to reach the overall conclusion about this relationship. One of the precise methods of aggregating the quantitative results is the meta-analysis method. Considering the theoretical and empirical bases, the purpose of this research is to perform a meta-analysis of the research on the relationship between emotional intelligence and its five components and the individual’s self-efficacy.

The present study conducted a Meta analysis of the previous studies on the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy. This involved converting the quantitative results of the previous studies on the issue into a common scale and then re-analyzing the quantitative data from these studies with specific statistical methods. The most common method for combining numerical results is the effect size, which shows the results of each research and the relationship value between two variables as a standard score (z). The effect size is an indicator of the intensity of the effect, the intervention, or the difference between groups. In general, there are two major effect size families: the group r and group d. The r group effect sizes are used in correlational research and the d group effect sizes are used when the researcher examines the differences. Bearing in mind that the present study conducted a Meta analysis of the correlational researcch on self efficacy and emotional intelligence, the r-group and Pearson correlation coefficient was used as a measure of the effect size.

The results of the stuy showed that emotional intelligence and its components had a significant effect on the individual's self-efficacy and based on cohen's criterion, the effect size of this relationship was found to be moderate (ES=0/34). In the study of the impact of the moderating variables on emotional intelligence components, the primary research population, and the primary research sample size showed a significant relationship between the independent and dependent variables. In summary, based on this metaanalysis results, it can be concluded that emotional intelligence training can have a significant effect on people's self-efficacy.

This meta-analysis was conducted with the aim of combining the studies done on the relationship of emotional intelligence and its components with self-efficacy in Iran. Based on the criteria for the inclusion or exclusion of the studies in the analysis, 22 were selected. Of these studies, 54 effects were obtained and after sensitivity analysis, 50 effect sizes remained in the analysis. Based on the random-effects model, the overall effect size for the stated relationship was (E=0.34), which is moderate according to Cohen's criterion. This implies that people with high emotional intelligence have more effective power in dealing with stressful events because they can understand, assess, and control their emotions more precisely and they can develop their mood to manage more efficiently and to prevent self-efficacy in difficult circumstances. Hence, the finding highlights the importance of educating the individuals to be emotionally intelligent so as to enhance their self-efficacy. Moreover, according to Cohen (1977), the sum of the effect sizes of the relationship between the components of emotional intelligence (except for self-motivation) and self-efficacy was found to be moderate. This indicates that emotional intelligence and its components, except of self-motivation, can predict self-efficacy, thus highlighting the need to train individuals to be emotionally intelligent so as to promote their self-efficacy. Nevertheless, the sum of self-motivation effect sizes was significant and very low (0.08). The reason may be that even though self-motivation can, through individual perseverance, lead to success and can strengthen self-efficacy, the idealism and insistence on things beyond the power of individuals leads to failure and ultimately undermines their self-efficacy. According to the results of this meta-analysis, emotional intelligence training could positively and meaningfully promote the self-efficacy of all social groups; therefore, it is suggested that the educational programs put into action the existing packages on emotional intelligence.

In recent decades, soil pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons in oil-rich countries (such as Iran) has been one of the most challenging issues. In these countries with petroleum industries, mines of oil exploration, refineries, etc., leakage from tanks or pipelines of oil transmission due to corrosion and damage bring about oil pollution for the soil. This study aimed at evaluating and measuring the amount of heavy metals in the soil of Kermanshah Refinery and statistical analysis in order to locate high-risk areas in terms of pollution caused by oil leaks, extraction, refining, and transportation. Therefore; 15 samples of surrounded soil of Kermanshah Refinery were analyzed to determine soil pollution with petroleum compounds. According to results of ICP-MS analysis of soil samples, the process of heavy metal changes in the soil of Kermanshah Refinery was Cr>Zn>Ni>V>Cu>Pb>Co>Sc>As>Cd. Geo accumulation index indicated that the intensity of the refinery soil is classified in the range of no pollution to average with reference to chromium and nickel. Besides, the finding from enrichment factor indicated the average enrichment of the region soil by chromium and lead. Moreover, it confirmed that enrichment in lead and copper has anthropogenic origin. Pollution load index of chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, and lead showed soil pollution to these metals. Zoning map of heavy metal density in the region soil demonstrates that high density of the elements in some stations is related to the petroleum leakage from installations and storage tank.

Soil is regarded as one of the natural slow biodegradable source which plays an important role in the cycle of mineral and organic elements. As a dynamic ecosystem, it provides the life for big and small creatures, so removing its pollution is of considerable attention. The pollution of heavy metals not only affects directly the physical and chemical features of soil and reduces biological activities and access to nutrition materials in soil, but also is considered as a serious danger for human health. In fact, they can enter food chain or penetrate underground water sources.Iran is one of the oil-rich countries in the world in which high amount of oil is extracted in southern regions and refined in other places yearly. Once oil is extracted, transmitted and refined, its release in the soil causes pollution. A group of soil pollutant sources is related to oil discoveries, production, saving, transmission, distribution and final burial of wastes. If these industries are pollutants, they will cause dangers. The increase of soil pollution by heavy metals has led to a lot of research.
Kermanshah province is located to the west of Iran sharing borders with Lorestan, Kurdistan, Ilam and Hamedan and an international border with Iraq. Its geographical coordinate is between (33˚37̕to 35˚17̕) northern longitude and (45˚20̕ to 48˚01̕) eastern longitude. Since Kermanshah Refinery is built on alluvial terraces, fans of new low foothills and Inceptisols and Vertisols,15 samples of surrounded soil were collected by an iron shovel from the depth of 15 to 25 cm. ICP-MS method, were used to analyze and determine the density of heavy elements in of the samples. Grinded to the sizes less than 4 mm by crusher, the samples were become powder to the size of 75 microns (200 mesh) by disc mill. Weighing the samples by Teflon pipes in digest 4 acid, hydrochloric, perchloric, nitric and choloridric acid were added to the samples equally. All samples were kept in Hot Box case. After complete digest operations, the samples were cold in the environment temperature and achieved volume by distilled water.
The findings from geo-accumulation index shows that the intensity of Refinery soil is classified in the range of no pollution to average regarding chromium and nickel. Besides, enrichment index indicates average enrichment for cadmium (station 14), copper (stations 13, 11, 2 and 14), lead (stations 6 and 13), zinc (stations 11, 6, 2, and 13) and chromium (the stations from 6 to 15). In addition, pollution bar index of chromium, copper, nickel, zinc and lead is more than 1 proving the inappropriate soil quality and soil pollution of the region. However, chromium has the most considerable value, 2/75. Average value of EF is less than 2 for arsenic, cobalt and vanadium proving that the region does not show enrichment for the aforesaid elements. Enrichment index values for cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc are between 2 to 5 indicating average enrichment of these samples than other metals. Since enrichment element for these sample are higher than 2, they have anthropogenic source.
According to Pearson correlation coefficient, there is a high correlation between nickel and chromium, scandium and cobalt, vanadium and chromium, and zinc and copper and lead indicating the equal source or similar geochemical behavior of the elements toward each other. Since vanadium is considered as one the oil pollution indices, it can be concluded that high pollution of this element and chromium around the region comes from petroleum.
The findings from the present study shows that soil surrounded Kermanshah Refinery are polluted to some elements. According to the values of geoaccumulation in the studying area, elements nickel and chromium have pollution. The finding from enrichment factor indicates the average enrichment of the region soil by chromium and lead. Besides, enrichment factor higher than 2 for lead and copper proves anthropogenic interference factors in the region pollution to them. The results from pollution bar for chromium, nickel, zinc, copper and lead is more than 1 indicating soil pollution to these metals. Pearson correlation coefficient reveals that there is a high correlation among vanadium, cobalt, chromium, and nickel proving same origin. Making zoning map of heavy metal density in the region soil demonstrates that high density of the elements in some stations is related to petroleum producing installations and storage tank. Cluster analysis shows the division of the elements into 7 clusters. Besides, the elements with structural relationship are related in next subcategories. Clusters 6 and 7 together indicate the same origin for these elements. Since vanadium is derived from oil compound, it can be concluded that chromium and nickel pollution have the same pollution origin with oil compounds. Factor analysis introduces 3 main factors in which the first factor with total 40/1% of total variance is the most effective factor in density of the soil elements. This factor has a high positive correlation with Sc, V, Ni, Cr, and Co proving the same density origin with petroleum compound.