مسلم سواری

Agriculture is an essential part of every country’s economy and plays a decisive role in income, employment, and food security globally. Agricultural soils are critical for the efficient production of crops and safe food to meet the needs of a growing population. However, improving soil quality is a critical component of sustainable agriculture. Given the socio-economic and political pressure to improve soil fertility and increase agricultural productivity, widespread chemical fertilizer use, beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, led to increased food production at significant environmental cost. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides have improved short-term food production. However, soil degradation, greenhouse gas emission increases, and water pollution risks have emerged through their widespread use. Consequently, excessive use of chemical fertilizers negatively impacts human health throughout the food chain. For example, excessive use of phosphate fertilizers can lead to cadmium pollution, which if ingested can lead to osteoporosis. Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer leads to the accumulation of nitrites in plants; nitrites combine with amines increasing the risk of cancers of the digestive system, and methemoglobinemia in severe cases. Fertilizer use leads to surface runoff and groundwater pollution contributing to eutrophication and consequently the deterioration of natural ecosystems and reduction of genetic diversity. Rice is one of the main Iranian foods, but the excessive use of chemical inputs in the production of this product has reduced its quality and properties, previous research shows that it is possible to use organic fertilizers in rice cultivation. It can provide nutrients needed by the soil to produce this product. But rice farmers do not have much desire to use it in rice cultivation. In line with this importance, the present study was conducted with the general aim of investigating the factors affecting the use of organic fertilizers by rice farmers during rice cultivation in Dezful county.  

The statistical population of this research in 1401 is made up of 4700 rice farmers of Dezful County, and the sample size was estimated based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan, using the cluster sampling method of 360 samples. Data collection was designed in the form of a questionnaire based on the Likert spectrum scale. The form and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts' opinion and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability.

The results of the structural equation modeling research showed that the variables of self-efficacy (ƛ=0.257; P=0.000), action guide (ƛ=0.222; P=0.000), perceived intensity (ƛ=0.121; P=0.035) and perceived sensitivity (ƛ= 0.100; P= 0.046) and perceived benefits (ƛ= 0.319; P= 0.000) have a positive and significant effect on the use of organic fertilizers among rice farmers in Dezful County. This is despite the fact that the perceived obstacles variable did not have a significant effect in this section. In addition, it can be said that the variables of the health belief framework could explain 67% of the variance of the dependent variable of the research (the use of organic fertilizers in rice cultivation). In general, the results of this research can add new knowledge to the existing knowledge and provide new insights for policy makers in this field to promote and develop organic and safe products. 

This study was conducted with the general aim of determining the factors affecting farmers' willingness to use organic fertilizers in rice cultivation. In this study, the health belief model was used to identify the factors. The results showed that this theory is very efficient in this field because it was able to explain 67% of the variance in farmers' behavior in this field. In general, the results of this study can provide new insights for policymakers in this field in order to produce healthy products.

In the last few years, the drought has had multiple effects on all the different regions of the world, especially the rural areas, which is why people's perception of this event is very different. Perception is the strongest predictor of farmers' risk perception of climate change. Therefore, farmers' perception of drought can be vital in increasing their adoption. The general purpose of this qualitative research, which was conducted using the phenomenological method, was to investigate farmers' perceptions of coexistence with drought (definitions, experiences, memories, and expectations). The farmers of Bavi city formed the studied society. Informative people were identified through the snowball method or chain referral, which finally reached theoretical saturation after 25 interviews. The data of this research was collected through in-depth interviews and direct observation methods, and along with these two methods, taking photos and using library documents were also used. The data was analyzed based on the Colaizzi model. Based on the results, the studied farmers mentioned different understandings, definitions, experiences, risks, and expectations of drought. In such a way that after collecting the concepts, extracted categories were discussed, which were finally extracted for experiences (6 codes), definitions (3 codes), memories (5 codes), and expectations (3 codes). In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for policymakers in this field and provide a basic plan for stabilizing local communities in drought conditions

Green or environmentally friendly businesses have been considered as an approach to improve the quality and quantity of agricultural products while preserving the environment in recent years. This approach follows the sustainable development goals of farmers and leads to a reduction in the consumption of unnatural inputs, fertilizers and chemical poisons and leads to the production of healthy products for consumers. But in developing countries, farmers do not want to work in this sector due to the lack of recognition of its economic and social benefits. This research was carried out with the general purpose of investigating the effective factors of rural-farmer households' willingness to develop green businesses in the environment. In terms of the nature of this research, it was a quantitative research, according to the practical purpose, in terms of data collection, it was part of a correlational descriptive research, and in terms of time, it was a one-point study. The statistical population of the research included all rural-farmer households in Bavi city (Khuzestan province). The sample size was 385 people determined using the Karjesi and Morgan table, and the samples were selected for the study using the stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. Bavi city has four districts: Vis, Mulathani, Anafjeh and Zargan, two villages from each of the districts and finally two villages from each village were selected for study. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. Data analysis was done in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS and Smart Pls software. In this research, the theory of planned behavior was used as the theoretical framework of the research. The results showed that the variables of the theoretical framework (attitude, mental norms, perceived behavior control) have a positive and significant effect on the willingness of rural households to develop green businesses in the environment and are able to account for 59.3% of the variance in this field explain. Also, the correlation results showed that there is a significant relationship between the variables of age, education and awareness in the field of environmental protection with willingness. Considering that the control of the perceived behavior was the most important variable in this field, in this regard, it is suggested to the policy makers to organize training courses and workshops for farmers in this field in order to develop the field of green businesses. Provide in the environment.

In recent decades, there has been an increasing demand for sustainable agricultural development in response to unconventional agricultural practices. On the other hand, the demand of consumers for safe and quality products has caused the use of appropriate agricultural operations more than in the past. There are various methods to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers, the most important of which is the use of appropriate agricultural operations such as the use of organic fertilizers, soil testing, the implementation of rotation system and fallowing of land. Appropriate agricultural operations such as the use of organic fertilizers and environmentally friendly behaviors have excellent features such as complete nutrients, sustainable fertilizer efficiency, improving soil structure and environmental protection, which play an important role in the quality and safety of agricultural products and reducing consumption. It has chemical fertilizers. One of the main characteristics of this sustainable agricultural system is the protection of available natural resources and the non-destruction of the environment in addition to maintaining and increasing the productivity of the surface. Therefore, interest in sustainable agriculture and proper farming practices increased. In fact, the issue of preserving the environment is one of the most important challenges of mankind, and the production of healthy agricultural products in compliance with global standards, along with the preservation of the environment, has been considered in achieving sustainability and sustainable agriculture. In line with this importance, the present study was conducted with the general aim of identifying factors influencing the use of appropriate agricultural operations among farmers in Khorram Abad County.

The statistical population of the research included all the farmers of Khoramabad county. Sample size using Cochran's sampling formula, 380 farmers were selected for the study by stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS software.

In the research, the health belief model was used as the theoretical framework of the research. The results showed that the model used in this field was very efficient and could explain 62% of the variance of suitable agricultural operations. The results showed the effect of variables of perceived sensitivity and severity, perceived benefits and obstacles, self-efficacy and action guidelines have a significant effect on the use of appropriate agricultural operations. The results of this research can be of great help in environmental policy making in order to preserve the environment and promote healthy products in the society.

His research was one of the first attempts to develop suitable agricultural operations in Lorestan province. In this research, the health belief theory was used. The results showed that this theory is very efficient in this field because it is able to explain 62.6% of the use of appropriate agricultural operations and all the hypotheses predicted in this research were significant. Despite its valuable results, this research had three limitations (1). This research was able to explain 62.6% of the variance of using appropriate agricultural operations, although this amount of variance is an acceptable amount from the point of view of social science research, but still part of the variance remains, it is better in future research by identifying more important variables and adding It will improve the explanatory power of the health belief model in this field. (2). In this research, only the health belief model was used, it is better to use other psychological-social models such as the theory of planned behavior in future research, so that by comparing their explanatory power, the most efficient theory in this field can be known. (3). The third limitation of this research is the selection of respondents. People who are supporters of the environment may have more motivation to answer this research. Therefore, it is better to exercise caution in future research.

This study investigates the determinants influencing farmers' adaptive behaviors in response to drought conditions within Shushtar County, Khuzestan Province. This study was classified as qualitative research based on its applied purpose, causal-relational research in terms of its paradigm, and technical research. The research population consisted of all farmers in the area, from which a sample of 395 was derived using the Krejcie and Morgan table alongside a multi-stage sampling method with proportional allocation. Data collection employed a structured questionnaire, with its face and content validity confirmed by experts from the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, while reliability was established through Cronbach's alpha. The correlation analysis indicated significant associations between adaptive behaviors and several variables, including age, economic status, household assets, land ownership, livestock ownership, education level, access to market and extension services, access to weather information services, and availability of government resources. Notably, no significant correlation was identified between the household dimension and adaptive behaviors. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that three key predictors—access to weather information services, economic status and household assets, and education level—accounted for 49.3% of the variance in adaptive behaviors related to drought management. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers aimed at enhancing resilience against the impacts of climate change and drought in the agricultural sector.

This research investigates the barriers farmers face in adapting to drought. The statistical population comprises all farmers in Bavi County. Using cluster sampling with proportional assignment based on the Kerjesi and Morgan table, a sample size of 350 farmers was selected. The primary research tool was a questionnaire with a Likert scale, validated by a group of subject experts and confirmed for reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS and Lisrel software. The results indicated that some farmers lacked a proper understanding of drought, rainfall, and temperature patterns in the region. Moreover, "land leveling" and "use of local knowledge" emerged as the most important strategies for adapting to drought. The main obstacles identified were "lack of access to timely weather information" and "lack of access to water resources." Finally, confirmatory factor analysis classified the obstacles into economic, infrastructural, technical and informational, and social-human factors.

Droughts, as extreme climatic events, have profound impacts on rural communities, often triggering significant shifts in migration patterns and challenging the livability of these areas. This study focuses on Bavi City, a region that has experienced the harsh realities of prolonged drought conditions, to analyze the resultant changes in the livability and migration behaviors of its rural households. The study sample includes 347 farmers who are heads of households living in the villages of Bavi city and were selected by systematic random sampling. Using the TOPSIS method, the economic, social, and environmental aspects of the livability level of rural households in Bavi City were calculated and prioritized. The results showed that most of the rural households have a low and medium livability level in all dimensions. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the villages in terms of the livability of rural households in drought conditions. Also, based on the results, the relationship between the variables of age, education, and the number of promotional courses attended in one year with the living conditions of households is significant. In addition, the results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between all dimensions of livability and the number of people who have migrated into their households.

In the last few years in Iran, due to the unconventional behavior of farmers, such as excessive use of chemicals, changes in land use, and destruction of natural habitats, biodiversity has been under serious threat. Therefore, the main idea of this research was to discover the challenges of developing environmentally friendly (green) businesses in the agricultural sector. The statistical population under study included all the rural farmers-farmers in Bavi city (Khuzestan province). The sample size was selected for the study by using the table of Karjesi and Morgan (1970), 385 people were selected by stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. Data analysis was done in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS and LISREL software. The results of the investigation of the obstacles to the development of green businesses in the agricultural sector from the point of view of the people studied showed that the most important challenges include "failure to provide appropriate facilities and loans for the development of green businesses" and "failure to hold courses and workshops" It was related education. In addition, the exploratory factor analysis classified the challenges of green business development into five economic and support factors, educational and information factors, infrastructural barriers, institutional and social barriers. Also, the obstacles identified in this section were confirmed by structural equation modeling. In general, the results of this research can help the policy makers of this field in order to promote safe behavior in the natural environment.

This study was conducted with the general purpose of developing strategies for the use of renewable energy in the agricultural sector in Bushehr province. In this study, first, using analytical studies and literature, the subject of the four SWOT points, namely strength, weakness, opportunity and threat, were identified and prioritized using the AHP technique. The statistical population of the study were subject-aware experts and specialists in relevant organizations who were purposefully selected for the study. Data analysis was performed using SWOT-AHP technique using Expert Choice software. Findings showed that in evaluating the criteria, strengths, weaknesses, threats, opportunities were the first to fourth priorities that the weights obtained from the results of these points indicate the dominance of risky space over space. useful. In addition, in prioritizing strategic areas, the results showed that the first SO strategy is aggressive strategy (maximum-maximum), the second strategy is ST strategy is contingent strategy (maximum-minimum), the third WO strategy is adaptive strategy (minimum-maximum strategy). And finally, the last strategy in the subject under consideration is the WT strategy, that is, the defense strategy (at least - at least). In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for energy and environmental policy makers.

Today, the occurrence of severe accidents and disasters related to climate change is increasing in the world. In the face of challenges and crises caused by global changes and the intensification of human activities, how to deal with various changes and maintain the vitality of one's development is a very important issue. Among the wide range of risks that human societies are exposed to, drought is one of the most important natural disasters that has had severe and sometimes catastrophic effects on human vital activities all over the world since the beginning of human civilization. Because drought covers a wider geographical area, it is more complex than other natural disasters and affects more people. Among its effects, we can mention the reduction of agricultural products, reduction of production efficiency, soil erosion, and lack of food and increase of hunger in the affected areas. Frequent droughts in the past have severely reduced the resilience of rural households due to the lack of comprehensive risk reduction systems, and depending on rainfed agriculture in rural Iran it has increased the vulnerability of rural households. Therefore, it is necessary to use the capabilities of local communities to increase their resilience in drought conditions. This study was conducted with the general purpose of the investigating the role of sense of place in the resilience of rural households in drought conditions.

The statistical population of the study included all rural households - farmers of Dorud city. Sample size was selected for the study using Krejci and Morgan table of 375 heads of households. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and LISREL software.

The results of grouping rural households showed that they are not in a good position in terms of spatial belonging and resilience. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the dimensions of sense of place with a coefficient of explanation of 64% (γ = 0.80, t = 9.85) have a positive and significant effect on the sense of resilience of rural households in drought conditions. The results of this study can provide new insights for rural development policy makers in reducing migration to urban areas. In this regard, it is suggested to improve the existing methods of animal husbandry and agriculture by providing technical, educational and extension services, and providing appropriate grounds for increasing resilience and a sense of belonging in rural households.

The results of this research showed that the past droughts have lowered the resilience level of rural households and they have become extremely vulnerable. The loss of resilience can further increase the migration of rural households. But one of the important solutions in the field of capacity building of local communities is to use the potential of rural households' sense of belonging. Rural households believe that if the environment can meet their needs, they would not be willing to leave their place of living easily. Therefore, it is suggested to provide proper support to rural households in drought conditions to provide them with a basis for sustainability.

Considering the importance of the challenge of climate change and the wide range of damages caused by it, a detailed and scrutinizing study of climate change education models for the institutionalization of education as one of the most effective ways to deal with this crisis is very important. It is important. In the last decade, various models of such education have been examined, and considering the diversity of the components of these models, the classification of these components is considered necessary to reduce dispersion and also to establish relative systemic thinking. It arrives Therefore, based on the results of this article and citing library and internet sources and based on the theoretical literature of the subject, it can be said that in all models, the two components of knowledge and behavior play a key role with various examples. The knowledge component is present as the driving force of most models with examples such as content knowledge, information, cognitive factors, understanding of conditions and awareness. On the other hand, the behavior component as the output and final goal of most models is referred to as behavior and action. In the range of investigated models, from the threshold of knowledge to the threshold of behavior, intermediate components are present in dimensions such as individual dimension, social dimension, and political dimension, which cause effective connection and continuity between the components and ultimately synergize the effect of the educational wave. they become For the components of the individual dimension, examples such as hope, worry, thinking skills, motivation, personal styles and behaviors, and identity can be mentioned. On the other hand, in most models, the social dimension is known with components such as involvement, social norms, values, participation and society. The political dimension also has examples such as political orientations, worldview, future orientation and justice.

The goal of agricultural science education at the level of agricultural secondary schools is to train human resources and create interest in them for agricultural production. But in this route, the agricultural secondary schools do not have a good educational status compared to ordinary schools, and they face several problems on the way to education. Most of these challenges have been in educational, research, institutional and structural dimensions. The purpose of this research was to design a model for the excellence of the quality of agricultural secondary schools in Khuzestan province. This research has been applied in nature and descriptive in order to collect data. To achieve the research goals, a combination of the the analytical network process method and the EFQM quality excellence model was used. Then, using the targeted sampling method, 28 Teachers from the five agricultural secondary schools Khuzestan province was selected in various agricultural fields. The findings showed that from the perspective of teachers to achieve the model of quality excellence in the order of criteria of resources and partners، Leadership and human resources have the highest priority. Also, from the perspective of teachers in leadership sub-criteria; strategies for monitoring the acceptance of high-quality students, Policy and strategy, decentralization and granting powers to managers, Human resources, the recruitment of efficient human resources in the educational, security and agricultural technicians sectors, resources and partners, paying attention to the livelihood factors of teachers and employees, and processes, increasing the quality of workshops of the greatest importance.

online social networks (OSNs) are considered as one of the achievements of the era of rapid advancements in ICT, the most popular social media and have been significantly welcomed. In the meantime, OSNs with wide distribution and high speed are suitable tools for these purposes, especially for farmers to achieve educational-extensional goals. However, not many studies have been conducted on the acceptance of these networks among farmers with educational-extensional goals. So, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors influencing the use OSNs with educational-extensional activities among farmers in Khuzestan province in Iran by using the developed technology readiness index (TRI). Among the farmers of Khuzestan province, the number of usable completed questionnaires, which were collected through simple random sampling from 377 farmers as a research sample, was analyzed. In order to increase the strength of the index, the variable of social influence was added to the index. The collected data were analyzed with Smart PLS and SPSS software. The results of the structural equation model (SEM) showed that the variables of optimism, innovativeness had a positive and significant effect and discomfort and insecurity did not have effect on farmers' technology readiness index adoption regarding the use of OSNs for educational and extensional purposes. Also, the variable of social influence as a variable added to this index and had a significant effect on the farmers' technology readiness index adoption. The results of this research can open the way for the planners and experts of the agricultural sector.

The information required for the research was collected using a survey and a questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling approach using SPSS and Amos software. The statistical population of this study consisted of rural households in four rural areas of Baghmalek County of Khuzestan province (N = 3005) households based on the Krejcie and Morgan table, and the sample size of 340 households was selected. Sample individuals were studied using a stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The results obtained from the model of structural equations of path analysis also showed that the structures of perceived reaction effectiveness, perceived self-efficacy, ethical norm, information, and knowledge and habit have a positive, direct, and significant effect on the behavioral desire of rural households to protect water. Finally, the developed theory of conservation motivation can predict 54% of the variable changes in the behavioral tendency of rural households towards water conservation. The results showed that the theory used was efficient in this field. Therefore, water policymakers need to know that psychological factors are part of sustainable behavior. Using incentives and restrictions cannot help promote safe behavior in the environment unless people are psychologically prepared for a behavior. In this regard, it is recommended that local institutions and government organizations support the protection of natural resources, especially water, by holding training classes, workshops, and seminars. The concern of water protection and the need to pay attention to it have also been created in the audience's minds, as well as people's participation and increased willingness to protect water.

Rice is one of the most important food sources for people in the world, so that more than 50% of the world’s population uses rice as a food source. The excessive use of energy, water, soil and chemical fertilizers by rice farmers has created many challenges for the environment. Most of the existing environmental challenges are rooted in the lack of necessary awareness and self-efficiency in the field of human-nature relationship. In recent years, much attention has been paid to environmental protection behaviors as one of the main factors affecting environmental protection. To change people's behavior, the prerequisites for changing behavior must be identified. Therefore, psychological theories can be widely used. The objective of this research was to model the socio-psychological factors affecting the use of organic fertilizers by paddy farmers.

This study is a quantitative research in term of nature, applied and practical in purpose, and descriptive correlation in data collection. The statistical population of this research included 4700 paddy farmers in Dezful country, Khuzestan province, Iran, in 2021. Sampling was performed by cluster method and the sample size was estimated to be 360 samples based on the Karjesi and Morgan table. The studied population is divided into four sections, Shahiun, Sardasht, Markazi, and Chaghamish, which Sardasht and Shahyoun sections were excluded due to their mountainous nature and the absence of paddy farmers, and sampling with tha same proportion was done only from the two sections, Markazi and Chaghamish. The main research tool was a researcher-made and pre-tested questionnaire. The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was based on expert’s opinions and the reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability tests. The alpha value and the composite reliability for all sections was higher than 0.7 and 0.6, respectively. SPSS version 26 and Smart Pls software were used to analyze the data in two descriptive and inferential sections. For data analysis, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used for the descriptive statistics section, and structural equation modeling was used for the inferential statistics section.

In this research, the theory of planned behavior was used as the theoretical framework of the research. The results are presented in two parts, measurement and structural model. The results from the measurement model showed that the measurement items were confirmed in terms of one-dimensionality of indicators, validity and reliability, and diagnostic validity. In the structural model section, after evaluating the fitted indices, the research hypotheses were tested. To evaluate the significance of the path coefficients (beta statistic), bootstrapping resumption method in two modes of 100 and 300 samples was used. The results showed that there was no change in the significance levels of the parameters in two cases. In the other words, the results were highly validity, because the significance of the relationships between the variables was not affected by the sample size, and only the value of the t-Student statistic changed. Therefore, it is possible to test the research hypotheses in the form of regression model. The results indicated that all research hypotheses are confirmed based on the predicted relationships. The results also showed that the research variables explained 60.5% of the application of organic fertilizers in rice cultivation among the studied paddy farmers.

The results of the current study showed that only economic factors should not be considered as variables predicting behavior, and social and psychological variables may also have a greater contribution. The results indicated that the theory used in this field was very efficient, and its variables including attitude, mental norms, perceived behavior control and willingness to use organic fertilizer in rice cultivation could explain more than 60% of the variance of paddy farmer’s behavior in this field. Explain the context. In total, since perceived behavior control was more important than other research variables, it is suggested to increase the self-efficiency level of paddy farmers in this field by holding workshops and training courses.

This research was carried out with the general purpose of developing strategies for the development of friendly (green) businesses in the agricultural sector of Khuzestan province. In this research, the four points of SWOT, i.e. strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat, were investigated using analytical studies and literature, and they were prioritized using the AHP technique. The statistical population of the research was knowledgeable experts and subject specialists in relevant organizations who were purposefully selected for the study. SWOT-AHP technique was used to process information using Expert Choice software. The findings of the research showed that in evaluating the criteria, weaknesses, threats, opportunities, and strengths were assigned the first to fourth priorities, which indicates the predominance of the risky environment over the useful environment. In addition, in prioritizing strategic areas, the results showed that the first strategy WT means defensive strategy (minimum-minimum), the second strategy WO means adaptive strategy (minimum-maximum strategy), the third strategy ST strategy means contingent strategy (maximum-minimum). And finally, the last strategy in the subject under consideration is the SO strategy, that is, the offensive strategy (maximum-maximum).

This research was carried out with the general purpose of determining the factors affecting farmers' willingness to use tillage methods and the pattern of direct planting on the ridge. The statistical population under study included all the wheat farmers of the Dasht-e-Abbas in Ilam province, in order to better understand the farmers, first a plan with treatments consisting of tillage and planting pattern in the study area from the method of operation of the cultivator for direct planting on the ridge Done. Accomplished. A sample size of 205 people was selected for the study using the Karjesi and Morgan table with the stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The main tool of this research was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Data analysis was done in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS and Smart Pls software. The results showed that the variables of attitude, mental norm and perceived behavior control have positive and significant effects on the intetion of farmers to use tillage methods and the pattern of planting directly on the ridge. In general, the results of this research are able to provide new insights for the policy makers of this field in order to transfer, introduce and promote and train farmers to adopt conservation tillage methods and specifically direct cultivation on the crop stacks. Provide the former and be an effective step in achieving the goals of saving energy and preventing soil structure destruction.

This research was conducted with the general purpose of factors affecting the use of organic fertilizers by rice farmers during rice cultivation. The statistical population of this research consists of 4700 rice workers of Dezful County, and the sample size was estimated based on the Kerjsi and Morgan table, using the cluster sampling method of 360 samples. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts' opinion and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The research data were analyzed with the help of SPSS26 and Smart Pls software. The results of the research showed that the variables of self-efficacy, attribution of responsibility, awareness of the need, effectiveness of the response and awareness of the consequences have a positive and significant effect on the moral norm of rice farmers towards the use of organic fertilizers in rice cultivation, these variables are able to be 64.3% Explain the variance of the moral norm variable. In addition, the results showed that moral norms have a significant effect on the behavior of rice farmers towards the use of fertilizers directly and indirectly through the variables of pride and guilt. Finally, it can be said that the norm activation model is an efficient model in this field because it was able to explain 57.8% of the behavior of rice farmers.

This study was conducted with the general purpose of the effects of adaptation behaviors of small-scale farmers in drought conditions on the level of household food security. The statistical population of the study included all small-scale farmers in West Azerbaijan province. The sample size was estimated using Krejcie and Morgan table of 430 small-scale rural household heads. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed by SPSS19 software. The results showed that the rural households studied did not have adequate food security in drought conditions. In addition, factor analysis classified adaptation behaviors into three categories: active adaptation strategies, self-control, and integration. The results of ordinal regression also showed that adaptation classes have positive and significant effects on improving food security of rural households.

The main purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of personal and social norms on the use of pro-environmental behaviors. The statistical population of the research included all the farmers of Bavi County (Khuzestan province). A sample size of 390 farmers was selected for the study using a stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was determined based on the opinion of the faculty members of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan and its reliability was determined through Cronbach's alpha. Furthermore, the Average Variance Extracted Index (AVE) was used to determine construct validity and the Composite Reliability Index (CR) was used to determine model reliability. The results of prioritizing pro-environmental behaviors among farmers showed that the two behaviors "using plow at least in order to reduce soil erosion" and "not keeping plant residues on the field and burning them" are the most and least used behaviors by farmers. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that prescriptive, personal, and descriptive norms have significant effects on the willingness and behavior of farmers to use pro-environmental behaviors, which ultimately accounted for 63.1% of the variance of the dependent variables of the research (pro-environmental behavior). The findings of this research, while adding new insights to the existing knowledge in the field of research, can be useful in planning and policy-making to reduce environmental problems caused by the agricultural sector.

Environmental problems and challenges are one of the most important concerns and preoccupations of humans in the third millennium. Pastures are crucial components of the enviroment and natural resources, yet they have endured significant destruction in recent decades. For this reason, in recent years, restoration and protection projects and plans have been implemented in different countries. However, due to various reasons, livestock farmers, as the most important beneficiaries of this sector, did not participate much. Therefore, the main idea of this research was to discover the challenges of participation of livestock farmers in this sector. In this regard, this study was conducted with the general aim of investigating the challenges of livestock farmers' participation in pasture protection plans and projects in Kurdistan province in 2022.  

This research is quantitative in nature. In relation to its practical purpose, it involved field research for data collection and was conducted as a single-section study in terms of time. The statistical population of the research comprised all livestock farmers in the Saral region of Kurdistan province. Saral district, spanning 1000 km2, is situated in western Iran within Kurdistan province. The region experiences an average annual rainfall of 480 mm, characterized by a cold, semi-arid climate. Saral features sandy loam soils, well-suited for grazing livestock such as cattle, sheep and goats. Ecologically, Saral district serves as a secure habitat for a diverse range of plants and animals. Notably, this natural region has yet to be thoroughly and systematically studied, with a majority of research focusing on the regions plant and animal species rather than the factors contributing to degradation. The primary occupation of people in the Saral region is animal husbandry, marking it as one of Irans most susceptible areas for this practice. The study utilized a sample size of 385 individuals, determined by the Karjesi and Morgan table, employing a muli-stage sampling method with proportional allocation. The primary research tool, a questionnaire, was validated by a panel of experts, and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and Lisrel software. 

The results of the coefficient of variation showed that the challenges of "not being familiar with forest protection methods" and "not holding workshops and training courses for livestock farmers" were the most important factors. In addition, the results of the exploratory factor analysis classified the challenges of participation of livestock farmers in pasture protection projects into four socio-cultural factors (15.021 percent), educational challenges (14.364 percent), managerial and legal challenges (13.324 percent), and economic challenges (9.521 percent), and these factors could explain 52.23 percent of the total variance of the factors. Considering that educational factors were one of the most important challenges in this field, it is suggested that policy makers and natural resource planners should pay more attention to the category of ranchers' education, because many ranchers do not have much knowledge of appropriate conservation behaviors.

This study marks the inaugural effort in western Iran to safeguard rangelands. Previous studies on pasture conservation have often overlooked pastoralists, who maintain a close connection with these areas. Livestock farmers are pivotal in pastur protection, given their intimate ties to this sector. With appropriate training, they have the potential to make substantial contributions to the sustainability of this crucial domain.

Good agricultural practice (GAP) is a certification system for agriculture, specifying procedures (and attendant documentation) that must be implemented to create food for consumers or further processing that is safe and wholesome, using sustainable methods. While there are numerous competing definitions of what methods constitute good agricultural practice, there are several broadly accepted schemes that producers can adhere too. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) uses good agricultural practice as a collection of principles applying to on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economical, social and environmental sustainability. Introduction of GAP is particularly desirable when there is chronic overuse and misuse of agricultural pesticides. Governments seek to reduce the use of pesticides by promoting alternative methods of pest management, while at the same time ensuring a steady production of safe and wholesome food.

This research was carried out with the general aim of developing Good agricultural practice strategies in Lorestan province. In this research, using analytical studies and literature, the four points of SWOT i.e. strength, weakness, opportunity and threat were identified and prioritized using AHP technique. The statistical population of the research included experts and specialists knowledgeable about the subject in relevant organizations, including agricultural jihad, agricultural research center, environment, university and subject experts in Lorestan province. The sampling method of the study was in accordance with the principles of strategic research through targeted sampling, and finally 26 people were selected for the study. Data analysis was done in the form of SWOT-AHP technique using Expert Choice software.

The findings of the research showed that in the evaluation of the criteria, the points of threat, weakness, strength and opportunity were assigned the first to fourth priorities, and the weights obtained from the results of these points indicate the dominance of the risky environment over the useful. In addition, in the prioritization of strategic areas, the results showed that WT strategy means defensive strategy (minimum-minimum), ST strategy means contingent strategy (maximum-minimum), WO means adaptive strategy (minimum-maximum strategy) and finally The last strategy based on the SO axis is the aggressive strategy (maximum - maximum).

In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for policy makers in the field of agriculture and environment because a strategic plan has been developed in the field of developing appropriate agricultural operations.

This study was conducted with the general aim of agricultural water resources management strategies in drought conditions. The statistical population of the study included all small-scale farmers in West Azerbaijan province. By using Krejcie and Morgan Table, 430 people were selected by stratified sampling with optimum allocation. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability. Data analysis was performed in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS and LISREL8.54 software. The results showed that the most important solution in the technical part includes "using drip irrigation to prevent soil evaporation", in soil management strategy "leveling lands for uniform irrigation", in management strategy "better maintenance of irrigation canals and equipment" In the legal solution "reduction of subsidies for the water sector and its pricing" and in the agricultural solution "selection of cultivars with less water consumption.

This research has used the hierarchical process for prioritizing the priorities and criteria for the growth of production in the rural areas of Khuzestan province. For this purpose, at first, according to the criteria and also the identified sources, the required data was collected and analyzed through a selected sample of experts in the relevant organizations based on pairwise comparisons. Data analysis was done by Expert Choice software. Based on pairwise comparisons, the results of the research showed that economic, infrastructural, social and environmental solutions were the most important solutions, respectively. In addition, the results of the prioritization of economic solutions to boost production in the rural areas of Khuzestan province, the results showed that the two solutions are the diversification of jobs and the development of agricultural activities and the development of fast-yielding enterprises and transformation industries, in infrastructure solutions, the network development solution transportation and marketing and the development of spatial justice and providing new services to villages, in the social solution, two solutions to prevent migration and develop the professional and educational skills of farmers, and finally, based on the environmental solutions, the option of preventing land use changes and adaptation With climate change, it was the most important solution.