مصطفی حسینی

The present paper deals with the historical overview and the reception of William Shakespeare’s Sonnets in contemporary Iran. The authors examine the chronology of Persian translations of Shakespeare’s Sonnets (both scattered and book-length ones) during a century which is a considerable period of time in the examination of the reception of any author in another culture. As poetry is not the most popular genre in Persian translation, the Persian translations of William Shakespeare’s Sonnets suffered from a lot of fluctuations. It was in the latter part of the nineteenth century, a turning-point in the history of the country, that Shakespeare was introduced into Iranian audience for the first time. It started with scattered translations and ended in book-length ones. This study indicates early Persian interest in Shakespeare’s Sonnets which was followed by a lull. The reason behind it was two-fold: the translation of foreign poetry was dominated by French and Russian languages, and the rich tradition of Persian poetry does not feel the need to translate foreign poetry. The reception of Shakespeare’s Sonnets was followed by renewed interest in 1998-2017 and finally book-length translations began to thrive. All in all, Shakespeare’s Sonnets did not have a great influence on Persian poetry, as it was expected.

The study of thematic similarities and influence of authors on each other is necessary because it helps us to understand their works much better. This paper, through the prism of comparative folklore, deals with thematic similarities between a poem from Sa’di and a story from Boccaccio, and answers the following questions: Can we consider the thematic similarity between Sa’di’s “The Arab Horse” and Boccaccio’s “The Falcon of Federigo” as an example of similarity or influence studies? Can it be regarded as an example of “International Tales”? Is it possible that they have a common source? Because of the historical-geographical closeness and the nexus of transmission (such as the Crusades, medieval Spain, or trade with the Levantine countries) Sa’di’s “The Arab Horse” and Boccaccio’s “The Falcon of Federigo”, unlike thematic similarities, can be regarded as an example of influence studies. Also, it cannot be regarded a kind of direct adaptation. In addition, Boccaccio’s familiarity with Sa’di’s poem, and even Ufi’s anecdote, is impossible. The two stories, possibly, are two different narratives of a “tale type” because they share great similarities in themes and the order of the events, so they may have one common source. In all possibilities, an original Arab oral or written narrative of the story went to Europe by Crusaders or through the Latin, as a lingua franca, and finally influenced Boccaccio.

Over two hundred and fifty years ago, Sir William Jones first translated a ghazal by Hafiz into English, both in prose and verse. Since then, various translators have employed prose, verse, and creative translations to render Hafiz’s poems, either in full or in part. Among these, verse translation—whether in prosodic or non-prosodic poetry—has been the most prevalent. However, only a few translations have successfully conveyed the formal and thematic subtleties of Hafiz’s ghazals. One notable example is Gertrude Bell’s 1897 work, Poems from the Divan of Hafiz. This translation, which includes forty-two ghazals and an additional piece, is widely regarded by both Iranian and non-Iranian specialists as one of the most successful and acclaimed translations of Hafiz’s poetry. Bell’s translation is considered a somewhat free rendition of Hafiz’s ghazals and is complemented by an Introduction and Notes. Esteemed orientalists, including Edward Brown, have praised the Introduction as one of the most informative English writings on Hafiz and his era. However, this Introduction contains several historical inaccuracies. This paper aims to identify and correct these historical errors using authentic historical sources related to Hafiz’s time. Furthermore, it seeks to demonstrate, with evidence, the origins and pathways of these inaccuracies in Bell’s Introduction.

Fodder beet can be used as a new and valuable product to provide fodder needed by livestock. It can be used for dry forage, pasture, silage, seed production and human nutrition (Lee et al., 2004). American agricultural department also recommend different fodder beets cultivars to the farmers who seek the cultivation of forages with high economic and biological performance in dry and semi dry areas of this country (Fasahat et al., 2019) . Due to its high production potential, optimum nutritional value, and the ability to be preserved as a dry hay and silage, fodder beet can be grown in many areas of Iran with different climate conditions for forage production (Taleghani et al., 2020). But, these findings need to be refined, improved and tested for local climatic, soil and crop conditions. The aim of this experiment was to determine the best cultivar from compairing of morphological and yield of two cultivars in autumn cultivation of fodder beet in Kordkuy and Bandar Torkman regions.

This research was conducted in Golestan province during the 2021-2022 growing season. This research performed in Kordkoy and Bandar-Torkeman. Experiments consisted of two fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.), The number of planting lines was 100 with a length of 100 meters and 50 cm interval between the lines. To measure traits 10 bushes were randomly harvested by using quadrate. The total surface area under cultivation was measured. To find crop production of fodder beet cultivars the results were compared using t-test.

The mean comparison of yield and morphological parameters of two new fodder beet varieties (Beta vulgaris L.) showed that Kara, new fodder beet variety in Kordkuy had a plant height of 139.94 cm, which was 51.19% taller than Timbale cultivar. Timbale produced greater root diameter (13.1 mm) root length and number of leaf (45.05) compared to Kara cultivar. The mean comparison of fresh yield of two fodder beet varieties showed significant differences among the varieties. Fresh forage production of Timbale with a yield of 182.96 ton ha-1 was 48.02% greater compared to Kara cultivar, which gave a yield of 87.86 ton ha-1. The mean comparison of dry yield showed significant differences among the varieties. Dry forage production of Timbale (22.25 ton ha-1) was 43.68% higher than the Kara cultivar, which produced a dry forage yield of 12.53 ton ha-1). Also, the fodder beet varieties of Timbale was superior in terms of morphological parameters as compared to the Kara cultivar. Forage beet cultivation in the country so far has been based on the use of seeds of local mass and only Kara cultivar has been introduced as the first forage cultivar in Iran, which needs to be improved to achieve new cultivars (Taleghani et al., 2020). It indicates that the new fodder beet plants grow better and produce higher yield components.

Overall, the findings of the study showed that Timbale variety performed better relative to Kara. The fresh forage and dry forage production of the new variety (Timbale ) were greater than Kara cultivar. It could be concluded that, by using new fodder beet variety during autumn cropping season, higher yield per surface area might be attained.

One of the branches of jurisprudence of enjoining good and forbidding evil is the obligatory ruling of enjoining what is desirable and forbidding what is abominable. This research is based on descriptive-analytical method and with the help of isnadi (chain of transmitters) sources, in the pursuit of reappraising the narrative and rational evidences of commanding what is desirable and forbidding what is abominable. In order to achieve this purpose, after presenting the terminological definitions of the popular and negative concepts, the reasons of the believers in istisḥāb (desirability) have been explained, examined and criticized in the following five categories: consensus, narrations, the principle of compliance to the principle and the monopoly of the meaning known as obligations in the last step, the reasons that can be cited for the ruling on the obligation of this duty are explained as follows: the generalities and applications of the guidance on the ruling of the good, the ruling of reason on the necessity of fulfilling the command of the master, attention to the wisdom of the good and the realization of temporary titles. In case of believing in the desirability of commanding delegates, Things such as taking precedence over other obligations and the dependence of the protection of the Islamic system on doing what is recommended, can be considered obligatory. In this process, special attention has been paid to the opinions of Ayatollah Sheikh Mohammad Yaqoubi.

The main purpose of this research is to design the framework of talent-grabbing university in the higher education system.

The present research is qualitative and of meta-synthesis type. This method is a tripartite situation of data analysis, theories and research methodology and goes far beyond the summarization of research findings. In fact, it is the integrated synthesis and interpretation of findings from qualitative studies in such a way that it provides a general picture of events, concepts and phenomena which has been done using the seven-step method of Sandelowski and Barroso.

Data analysis was done using the thematic analysis method. Identified themes were re-examined in a focus group discussion session using a virtual social network to reach an agreement on the extracted categories. All the factors extracted from the researches were considered as themes, and these themes were classified into 41 basic themes and 9 organizing themes based on the concepts related to the concept of talent-grabbing university.

Conclusions and suggestions: 

Based on the findings of the research, it is possible to understand the special characteristics of talent-grabbing universities that make them attractive and desirable for faculty members and talented students. These features, beyond theirstructural, equipment and financial features that can be found in most of the mother and comprehensive universities, emphasize the features that have been forgotten in most of the universities. These talent-grabbing universities bring mental and spiritual peace, goodness and heart and inner satisfaction to faculty members and talented students. Therefore, beyond the size and geographical location of the university, they can turn it into a talent-grabbing university.

Innovation and originality:

 It can be said that the researches carried out in the field of internal and external evaluation and talent management in higher education in Iran and abroad are more focused on methods, techniques and strategies to attract and retain talented faculty members and students. It is necessary, but the present research moves from the central role of universities in finding and attracting and keeping faculty members and talented students, taking into account special privileges or awards. It has come to focus on the attractive characteristics of universities that make talented students and faculty members compete to get to these universities without special points.

 There is a close relationship between Comparative Literature and Translation Studies, especially in the domain of influence studies. The famous German poet, novelist and dramatist, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, from his early youth was somehow interested to the East, in the inclusive sense of the word, and regularly read the books, in different European national languages, on East and its people. While reading these miscellaneous books that he became acquainted with Muslims’ religious book, the Holy Quran, and greatly was influenced by it. This impact is quite conspicuous, notably, in his most comprehensive book of poetry, West- Eastern Divan (1819). The present paper tries, through the prism of Comparative Literature especially influence studies, to investigate historical and personal evidences. At the beginning Goethe’s familiarity with the Quran and its translations which he read are elaborated on. Later on, the twelve books of West- Eastern Divan and its long epilogue, Notes and Papers Written for a Better Understanding of Divan, are analyzed very precisely, and Goethe’s sources of inspiration are, one by one, identified and explained.

Paying attention to urban regeneration regarding the old neighborhoods of Isfahan city can bring environmental responsibility and increase the level of identity and belonging among citizens, which in this regard, creative tourism can facilitate its achievement.As the aim of this research, this study seeks to investigate the role of creative tourism in the regeneration and development of tourism in the historical context of Isfahan city. The current research is based on library studies and field investigations in terms of developmental-applicative goal and in terms of descriptive-analytical methodology. To achieve the objectives of the research, indicators in two parts: 1- creative tourism indicators including 5 categories (social capital, quality of life, tourism talent, physical infrastructure and tourism experience) and 2- regeneration indicators in 4 categories (social, economic, cultural and physical) were extracted. In the following, to present the creative tourism development model and its effect on the development process of the city of Isfahan, using the questionnaire tool and with a sample size of 383 people, and using spss software, the work process continued. Creative was analyzed in Geoda software. In the process of urban network analysis, tools (Network Analyst Tools) have been used in the ArcGIS software environment to produce maps. The results showed that the status of 5 indicators of creative tourism at the level of the historic sites of Isfahan city is good, and only in the physical infrastructure sector, there is a lack of feeling, but the situation of the regeneration indicators of the historical sites of Isfahan city is completely inappropriate. Comparing the average state of tourism development Among the different urban localities, the creative also shows that the highest is related to Dardasht and Togchi localities with averages of 16.41 and 15.90, respectively, and the lowest is related to Kangaz and Kardalan localities, respectively, with averages of It was 12/18 and 13/84.Soil erosion is a global problem that threatens water and soil resources and land use change is one of the important factors in soil erosion intensification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of land use change on soil erosion in Razeychay watershed of Meshginshahr located in Ardabil province. First, Landsat images of the study area in May 1999, and 2019 and were obtained from USGS website. In the image processing stage, atmospheric and radiometric corrections have been conducted, and then the land use maps of the study area has been prepared for study years using support vector machine (SVM) as a supervised classification method. Then, the RUSLE model was used to estimate the amount of erosion in the two time span. SPSS, Excel, Arc GIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to spatial analysis and data processing.

The way to manage waqf (Arabic: وقف, endowment) is one of the main issues in the endowment contract. The responsibility of the management of the endowed property rests with the administrator (Arabic: متولی) according to the opinion of jurists and also the civil law. The administrator is usually appointed by the founder (Arabic: واقف, Wāqif) during the endowment. Now, the question arises who will be the administrator, if the founder has not appointed the administrator? Article 81 of the amendment of the Civil Code has identified the custodian as the ruler in public endowments, which does not have a specific custodian. According to Clause 1 of Article 1 of the Law on Institutions and Powers of the Organization of Hajj and Endowments and Charitable Activities (Affairs), approved on December 23, 1984, the administration of general endowments that do not have an administrator or have unknown administrators and if the expedient of the endowment and the next generation or resolving the dispute of beneficiaries of an endowment (Arabic: موقوف علیهم) are subjected to the intervention of the guardian of the Islamic jurist in private endowment (endowment for the benefit of certain individuals) will be delegated to this organization from the date of approval of this law. However, the opinions of jurists differ where the founder does not appoint an administrator in the endowment. Some believe that the administration (trusteeship) is with the beneficiaries of an endowment in both types of endowments. A group considers the administration as the ruler in every kind of it. Some believe that the administrator in the general endowment is the ruler and the beneficiaries of an endowment bear the mentioned responsibility in the private endowment. It was concluded, by analytical-descriptive method and using the library method, in this study that the administrator of the endowed property is the ruler in cases where the founder does not specify the administrator in the endowment, and there is no difference between the general endowment and the private endowment in this regard.

Due to the progress of the digital image world and increasing numbers, preparing a system for image retrieval is essential. A content-based image retrieval system should find similar images to the image search by a user. In this paper, a novel content-based image retrieval system is proposed. Considering the importance of texture in an image, we introduce a new feature as the histogram of the texture difference in the equal edge orientation. Then, the expressed features are extracted from training images in the proposed system. Then these features are learned using a support vector machine. The proposed system is examined using the standard WANG database. The results show the efficiency of the proposed system in retrieving images compared to similar methods.

Critical Theory: An Interdisciplinary Coursebook (in two volumes) is the most comprehensive work written by Dr. Hossein Payandeh in the realm of literary criticism and theory. The present book is a collection of the most widely used critical theories with an interdisciplinary approach. It is written for the post-graduate students (M.A. and PhD students) in humanities. Perhaps the most important feature of the present book is that the author has brought, in a very simple and lucid language, the theory and practice together. Also, for some chapters of the book an example is given from classical and contemporary Persian literature (both poetry and prose) and for some others the examples are taken from contemporary press and finally they are analyzed through the prism of discussed critical theories to make it more accessible. Some critical theories and approaches are missing in the book e.g. Deconstruction approach, Postcolonial theory, and Marxist theory.

Hamid Dabashi's The Shahnameh: The Persian Epic as World Literature (2019) is comprised of a foreword, an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion and an appendix. The chapters are entitled as follows: The Persian Epic, Ferdowsi, the Poet, The Book of the Kings, Epics and Empires, and Empires Fall and Nations Rise. The book is a study in the field of "World Literature". It is strongly contextualized in post-colonial debates. The author has two major goals in mind: a) to introduce The Shahnameh, to the Western readers, notably students (those who know English) and b) to challenge the concept of “World Literature” in the Western academia. To Dabashi, in our re-conceptualizing the Shahnameh as world literature, first and foremost, the Eurocentric world needs to be reassessed. The “World” in “World Literature,” as we use the term today, is an imaginary (“Western”) world— an imperial, colonial world. The Present book is the product of the author’s many years of teaching at Colombia University. The first chapter is about the genealogy of the Shahnameh, the introduction of the genre of epic writing and its pre-Islamic origin. In chapter two, the biography of Ferdowsi and the historical context of the Shahnameh are described. Chapter three deals with three main components of the Shahnameh (the mythical, heroic, and historical) and its famous and powerful stories. Next chapter traces the history of the Shahnameh in different periods. Finally, the last chapter discusses the later history of the Shahnameh and its political uses and abuses.

This chapter, Marxist literary theory, is composed of four major parts. The first section is a survey on Karl Marx’s ideas. After analyzing Marx’s ideas in great details, he pays attention to Frankfort school. Frankfurt School which was founded in 1923, was organized formally as the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt. This school was essentially a Marxist think-tank that comprised some of the most influential thinkers of the time. Later, the author goes to post-Marxism, discourse theory, and the thought of the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci’s ideas mark a crucial break with the former. For Gramsci modern society is not a closed totality organized around a fixed center of capitalist rationality. At the end of the chapter, he presents the influential Slovenian philosopher, Slavoj Zizek’s thoughts. Zizek has developed a compelling perspective that, in a certain sense, represents a return to Marx.

The Persian Whitman is comprised of an introduction, nine chapters, a conclusion and an appendix. The book is an interdisciplinary study. On the one hand, it deals with Comparative Literature (reception studies and imagology) and Literary Criticism (New Historicism), on the other hand, it deals with Translation Studies (translation and ideology and Genette’s paratextual elements). The Persian Whitman is about Whitman’s reception in Iran in a period of 100 year. To sum up, The Persian Whitman is a methodologically innovative, original, and well-documented interdisciplinary study. The author’s ideas, interpretations, and conclusions are logical and convincing. More importantly, it is full of innovative readings of familiar and often ignored materials. Putting some unnecessary repetitions aside, The Persian Whitman is a well-organized book which one enjoys reading and learning from. It is highly recommended to those interested in Iranian studies, Comparative Literature, Translation Studies, American literature, and Modern Persian Literature.

Regarding the religious endowment, a discussion is raised among the jurists and researchers about the position of the intention of closeness to Allah in religious endowment and therefore the result of its essence. The Civil Code, which examines the rulings on religious endowment, has not stated the necessity of stipulating the intention of proximity in religious endowment. There are three views among jurists in jurisprudence; some consider the intention of proximity in religious endowment as a condition of correctness, and some deny the condition of the intention of proximity. The third group also elaborate between general and specific religious endowment. They consider intention as a condition for general endowment but not specific endowment. The present study, using the analytical-descriptive method and relying on the library method as well as the originality of the absolute, the validity of the infidel’s religious endowment, the lack of reason for the necessity of the intention of proximity, it has been concluded that the intention of proximity is not a condition for religious endowment. The silence of Civil Law can also be attributed to the acceptance of this theory.

Energy consumption of buildings and the resulting environmental pollution are affected by city morphology. Most studies conducted on urban planning and energy efficiency have investigated urban energy consumption in micro-(construction) and macro-scales (transportation, network, and infrastructure management). Focusing on the gap between these two scales, i.e., the mid-scale (urban texture), and considering it in the design process of residential complexes and urban textures can greatly help improve the energy efficiency of the construction sector. In this study, Birjand, which is located in a desert region with a high summer temperature intensity and low-temperature extremes in winter, was selected for the case study. Because this study investigates energy consumption and urban morphology, each with its special method of study, the mixed method was used for this research. In the urban morphology section, the typo-morphology approach was used wherein aerial images were examined to identify the times and places of transformation in the city texture. In the energy section, 100×100 m2 study units were selected from the urban texture and their energy consumption was simulated by Honeybee software. Finally, the descriptive-analytical method was used to measure their relationship. According to the findings, the morphology of the newer textures demonstrates better energy efficiency compared to that of the older textures. In addition, the optimal form of buildings in terms of energy demand is that with the lowest surface-to-volume ratio and an optimal orientation and length-to-depth ratio.