مصطفی عمادزاده

Achieving sustainable economic growth requires a lot of investment in infrastructure to increase production capacity and revenue. These investments include not only physical investment, but also human investment, research and innovation, education, health and labor migration. Thus, one of the most important factors affecting economic growth, in addition to labor and physical capital, is human capital.This article examines the causal relationship between education, health, and economic growth in 12 developing countries during 1983 - 2020. For this purpose, using Granger's causality method for panel data, the causality relationship between these three variables is examined in the short -run. In order to estimate the long-run relationship, Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method is also used. The results indicate that in the long-run, there is a two-way causal relationship between the economic growth index and the health index, as well as a two-way causal relationship between the health index and the education index. However, there was no causal relationship between education and economic growth in the long- run, although in the short -run there was only one causal relationship between economic growth and the education index.

Corruption, as a deterrent to equitable development, is recognized as a contentious issue in the field of institutional quality and political economy. The literature on the impact of corruption on economic growth often addresses the issue that corruption has had a negative impact on economic growth and development. But some economists believe that corruption has had a positive effect on economic growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of corruption on human development in the long and short term for developing Islamic countries during the period of 2000 to 2017.

The method of this study is the use of panel statistical data based on the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) model. The corruption index used in this study is the corruption control index introduced by the World Bank. The control variables in this study include trade openness and economic growth.

The results showed that in the long run, the corruption reduction index has improved the human development index. But in the short run, this index has had a positive effect on the human development index in the selected countries.

The negative impact of corruption on human development shows that corruption hinders the improvement of human development indicators, which are education, health, and economic growth in the long run. Therefore, policymakers must adopt the necessary policies to reduce corruption in order to improve the status of the human development index and therefore human welfare.

According to the models of growth, renewable and non-renewable energy  affect economic growth, but the consumption of renewable energy due to less pollution, contributes to sustainable growth. So, countries strive to create the conditions for the use of renewable energy, such as electricity. By balancing competition in market such as the electricity market, on the micro level surplus of consumer and producer welfare is maximized without government intervention, and the incentive for the private sector to enter the market increases. On the macro level, due to lower prices and increased production, electricity consumption as renewable energy increases and reduces environmental degradation and increases sustainable growth. Over the past decades, in the electricity industry, natural monopoly conditions have been established in the sectors of production, transmission and distribution, and the surplus of consumer and producer welfare has not been maximized, so government intervention was justified. In recent years, due to technological advances and the elimination of natural monopolies, the incentive for the private sector to enter the electricity sector has been strengthened. The purpose of this article is to measure the degree of competition in 9 electricity companies in Iran during the period 2011-2019.

In order to measure the degree of competition in Iran's electricity industry, two structural approaches, i.e., Entropy coefficient and non-structural Panzar-Rosse were used. The entropy measure is used as an alternative to variance, in fact entropy is the inverse measure of concentration, when entropy increases, concentration decreases:E=i=1nSi.log1Si    ,0≤E≤log⁡(n) (1) Si  is the market share and the value of this index is equal to zero for the monopoly market and increases nonlinearly as the market becomes more competitive.Measurement of degree of competition by Panzar-Ross method, using the GMM method is as fallows:LnTRit=α0+α1LnQit+βLLnWLit+βKLnWKit+βELnWEit    (2)  WLit  is the labor input price, WKit  is the capital input price, WEit  is the energy input price of the power generation company i in the time period t. TRit  is total revenue, Qit  is production of the i-th power generation company at time t. In the dynamic specification, the Panzar-Rosse criterion for evaluating the market structure is defined as follows:PRH=i=13βi1-α1 (3) If i=13βi=1 , the market is competitive and a decrease (increase) in the price of inputs causes the same decrease (increase) in marginal cost and marginal revenue. If 0<i=13βi<1 , the market has monopolistic competition and is between competition and monopoly.

The calculation of entropy coefficient, which is one of the structural methods in measuring competitiveness, obtained a number equal to 0.215 for the Iranian electricity industry during 2011-2019. Considering that the mentioned number is between zero and one, it shows that the concentration in Iran's electricity industry has decreased during the period under review and this industry has been placed in a state between competitive and monopoly. In other words, the conditions of the electricity industry have moved out of the traditional state and full monopoly, although it still needs to establish arrangements to become more competitive and close to full competition. On the other hand, Panzar-Rosse non-structural method was also estimated and its index was calculated, which obtained a value of 0.253. This amount of Panzar-Rosse non-structural index also confirms the results of the non-structural approach in Iran's electricity industry. Due to the fact that the results of both structural and non-structural approaches in calculating the level of competitiveness in Iran's electricity industry confirm each other, more confidence is created regarding the obtained result.

Considering the important and effective role of electricity in other industries of the country, the existence of more competition that leads to a decrease in the price and increase in the production of electricity, from a micro point of view, it has led to an increase in consumer and producer surplus, and from a macro point of view, it has also led to a reduction in environmental pollution. Reducing the exploitation of non-renewable energies and as a result of intergenerational justice and ultimately the realization of sustainable growth and development. Although the results of the calculation of competitiveness indicators indicate that the electricity industry is moving away from the monopoly state and moving towards the competitive state, more efforts should be made in order to increase the degree of competition and achieve complete competition in the country. In this way, the country's economic managers and policy makers should increase the number of power plants in Iran's electricity network while removing the existing legal obstacles on the path of restructuring from monopoly to full competition in the country's electricity industry in order to reduce the level of concentration and monopoly in Iran's electricity market. On the other hand, creating a suitable environment for the correct and healthy competition of electricity companies, improving the productivity of production inputs and using the optimal combination of inputs through research and development, as well as short-term and long-term planning to improve the level of production and improve the cost structure, and encouraging and supporting elites and inventors in line with the development of new electricity production plans and technologies such as solar electricity technology can help to make the structure of the electricity industry more competitive.

The significance of human capital in improving economic growth and productivity is among the vital issues that have received considerable attention from economists. In specific, attaining economic growth has been an issue of interest for economists in recent decades, which requires certain mechanisms, including human capital index and globalization. Even though economic growth is driven by human capital, most resource-rich countries lack the necessary human capital since their natural capital out crowds’ human capital. Globalization assists a country in exploiting the benefits of openness, as it mitigates downside risks. Meanwhile, the increased capital flow that emerges from openness may enable producers to take advantage of a diversified portfolio and invest in riskier projects that yield rapid economic growth and expedite lending and borrowing. In addition, the degree of development of countries has been employed as a dummy variable, where zeros and ones indicate developing and developed countries, respectively.

This research aims to examine the mutual relationship between three variables, namely globalization, human capital accumulation, and economic growth, by theoretical analysis and modeling macroeconomic conditions. Moreover, an adaptive comparison between 23 selected developing countries and 33 developed countries over the 1995-2017 period was carried out based on the generalized method of moments using systemic panel data.

The results indicate that, with a 95% confidence interval, an increase in globalization, economic growth, and life expectancy leads to increased human capital. In contrast, an increase in the urbanization rate does not effectively improve the human capital index in the selected countries. Furthermore, increased human capital, economic growth, population growth rate, development of telecommunication infrastructures, and foreign direct investment affect globalization. Finally, human capital, globalization, labor, and investment affect the economic growth in the selected countries.

Based on the estimation results in selected countries, it can be concluded that increasing globalization leads to greater use of factors of production, higher efficiency at international levels, and improvement in economic growth through interaction with global markets and improvement in the technology employed in countries. Therefore, increasing the openness of the economy of a country increases productivity through the establishment of competition with other countries and the transfer of technology, which ultimately yields economic growth. Estimation and analysis of the multiplier coefficients of the dependent variables for the two mentioned groups of countries concluded that the changes in globalization and economic growth demonstrate a higher effect on human capital for the studied developed countries. Moreover, the multiplier coefficient effect of human capital on globalization in developed countries was more than that of developing countries. In other words, the changes in human capital demonstrate more significant effects on globalization in developed countries.On the other hand, for developing countries, the multiplier coefficient effect of economic growth on globalization was more than that of developed countries by twofold. This result indicates that, for developing countries studied in the mentioned period, a change in economic growth leads to a more significant increase and improvement in globalization. These results may be due to more vacant capacities and potentials in developing countries. In developed countries, the economy is often at full capacity and does not allow for a high growth multiplier. Indeed, the changes in globalization and human capital variables affect the economic growth of developed countries more notably compared with developing countries.

Exploring the causes and factors creating the business cycles has been of interest to researchers in the field of economics for a long time, and many research based on various methods have been conducted in this field. The current research seeks to analyze the factors affecting the risk of recession recurrence in Iran and some sanctioned countries. Recession is assumed to be a recurrent disease, and the factors affecting its recurrence risk are investigated. For this purpose, frailty models defined under the parametric methods of survival analysis are used. The annual data of the 11 sanctioned countries considered in the period of 1990-2018 are received and their recession periods are determined using the Hadrick-Prescott filter. Then, by using a parametric model with a frailty component, the effect of inflation, ratio of fixed capital formation to government final consumption expenditures, oil prices and sanctions on the risk of recession recurrence is investigated. The results show that the effect of the variables on the risk of recession recurrence is not significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that according to the conditions of these countries, unknown and sometimes non-economic factors affect the risk of recession recurrence.

In order to investigate the reasons for the formation of business cycles, several studies have been conducted using various methods. But one of the topics that can be considered in this area is the study of factors affecting the risk of relapse, especially in countries under sanctions, which in the present study is done in a different way and based on survival analysis. Recession is considered as a recurrent disease in the economy and the factors affecting its risk of recurrence are examined. For this purpose, first, the annual data of 11 selected sanctioned countries in the period 1990-2018 are received from the World Bank website, and using the Hodrick–Prescott filter, their recession periods are determined. Then, using the approach of survival analysis based on recurring events, the effect of variables such as inflation, the ratio of fix capital formation to GDP, the ratio of government consumption expenditure to GDP, percentage of oil revenues from GDP, sanctions, and oil prices on the risk of recurrence of the recession is examined. The results show that except for inflation and the price of oil, which increases the risk of relapse, the effect of other variables on the risk of relapse is not significant.

The identification of tourism market segments helps to better develop travel packages and more efficient strategies. By identifying the expected values derived from the behavioral patterns and comparing them with the behavioral interests of the travel of elderly people, along with individual characteristics, the market for elderly tourists can be segmented and predicted. In terms of the purposes, this is an applied research and in terms of the data collection method, this is descriptive-survey. The qualitative approach and the Delphi method has been used to identify the expected values and, to predict market groups, a quantitative approach using neural networks has been used. This research has been conducted among 380 Esfahani and Tehrani elderly tourists using non-random and available sampling method. The results show that values are due to individual and personality traits, travel motives, travel experiences, travel style, and travel pleasure. The market for elderly tourists was identified and predicted based on the expected values, with the neural network technique in three conservative, prosperous and younger groups.

The purpose of this study is to validate a curriculum based oncomponents of resistance economy for education in Iran, which was doneby qualitative method (synthesis research). The field of research is allarticles and texts related to the components of resistance economics, whichis obtained from electronic databases and selected by purposeful sampling.The information analysis method was open coding, axial and replacement.Findings at the first stage indicated that, components of reforming thepattern of consumption, relying on internal capacities, securing strategicitems and self-sufficiency, the people-centered resilience of the economyare appropriate for setting curriculum in education. One of the identifiedcomponents, using the synthesis method, was explained in such a way thatthe concepts and subcomponents of each of the basic components ofresistance economy are presented in the form of tables. At the third stage,using the content validity coefficient method, the components that wereable to integrate into the educational system were identified. With regardto the concepts and sub-components associated with the extractedcurriculum, it is suggested that a resilient economy based on curriculum bedesigned in order to achieve the objectives of the resistance economy ineducation.

Globalization and economic openness, by raising external risks, increase the presence and interference of governments to support domestic economy. However, by integrating markets and creating competition in private sector, globalization decreases the presence of government in the economy. In this paper, under the theoretical framework of compensatory and efficiency hypotheses, the relationship between government size and economic openness in the long- and short-term is investigated for select member countries of Organization of Islamic Cooperation for period 1998-2015. The designed model is estimated by using vector autoregressive  (VAR) and the two-stage least squares (2SLS) methods. The results of vector error correction model (VECM) estimation show that in short run, government size, population and financial openness influence government size. In the long run, urbanization and population variables have the greatest impact on government size. The effect of financial openness on government size in the long run is decreasing, but the effect of the trade openness is increasing. The results of 2SLS estimation also show that the effect of efficiency hypothesis on the size of the government cannot outweight the incremental effect of the compensatory hypothesis and, as a result, with increasing economic openness in these countries, government size has become larger.

Destination managers would like to have a better understaning of the factors affecting destination choice by tourists. In the conventional demand side models, factors such as the income level in tourist origin countries, the price level in the destination and the exchange rate have been introduced as the core effective factors. Here some important theoretical bases such as Lancaster’s theory of demand for multi dimensional products are ignored or not prefered because of the difficulties in practice. The following article would first focus on the theoretical basis of tourists’ destination choice and then will study the destination choice factors for tourists who visits Isfahan as a cultural historical destination. The sample volume was determined according to Morgan’s schedule for infinite societies, and the sufficiency of sample was checked by KMO statistics. The questionnaire’s face was confirmed by research team advisors and the reliability of questionnaire has been tested by Cronbach's Alpha test.Using factor analysis for a data set of 384 cultural heritage tourists, we found that: price level at the destination, authenticity and uniqueness of attractions, safety and security, attitude of local people and authorities toward the tourists, and level of tourism services at the destination are the most important factors in choosing cultural-historical destinations. The results indicate that 57.414 percent of all affecting factors on destination choice have been explained by the introduced factors in this paper. Key Words:

Almost all human economic activities affect directly or indirectly on environment and ecological system, Corruption for reasons including inadequate regulatory system, lack of respect for law, weak democracy, and equality of individuals against law, lack of accountability on environmental issues. Because of the importance of corruption role in environmental degradation, in this study is tried to evaluate of direct and indirect effects of corruption on CO2 emissions as an indicator of pollution in the country be paid. Therefore, has been used of annual data 1984-2015 for Iran and using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The results of estimating direct effects model showed a positive and significant relationship corruption with CO2 emissions in the long run. And in indirect effects model corruption relationship with per capita income (as the intermediary channel) is negative and significant. Prominent issue in the study is high share direct effects of corruption on pollution compared to indirect effects. Therefore, it is recommended that authorities have more supervisory in control corruption.

The purpose of this study was to present a resistive economy based curriculum on focusing on two components of relying on internal capacities and, at all, consumption pattern, which was done by qualitative method (synthesis research). The field of research is all articles and texts related to resistance components that were selected from electronic databases and based on a targeted sampling method. The information analysis method was open coding, axial and replacement. Using the Content Validity (CVR) method, the concepts and subcomponents that are capable of placement in the educational system were identified. After extracting the following components and concepts related to them, two components of modifying the pattern of consumption and relying on internal capacities are identified as components that are capable of establishing in education. Finally, a curriculum model based on components of the resistive economy for education was presented using the Goodlad three-element schema (content element-element of political, social and vocational element).

Health is considered nowadays as one of the most important factor in Human Development Index. Increase in mortality rate due to non-communicable diseases and increase in health care costs, caused by these diseases has challenged the health systems in most nations, particularly the developing countries which are faced severe resource shortage. This has led the policy makers to focus on “education”, as an effective instrument to improve the public health efficiency. The main objective of our study is to investigate the long-term relationship between health and education among selected OIC countries during the period (1998- 2013). In this regard, based on the Grossman (1972) model, a health production function is defined. Using a co-integration panel data technique, we estimated the model. Subsequently, using the estimated coefficients of the long-run relationship and the random effect model, for selected countries, the technical efficiency of health production was calculated. The results shows that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between health and education. the results of the calculation of technical efficiency, in various countries, showed that those countries with higher literacy rates, used efficiently the inputs in health production.

Internal migrations has had a great impact on Iran''s population dynamics in recent Decades. During 1996-2006، about 16. 7 % of all population of the country have migrated inside the political territory، such rate has an increase of 2. 7% comparing with time period of 1986-1996 (14%). This shows an increasing trend of migration during the last decades comparing with the previous ones. Further، According to 1996 population census، just %35 of internal migration was interprovincial whereas in 2006، the share of interprovincial migration has increased to the 41 %. So that the figures seems that the analysis and review of the factors of interprovincial migration in the country for recognizing migration flows and planning for taking advantages of this phenomenon and preventing its harmful results، has a great importance. The deep and significant social- economical differences between the areas will lead to interprovincial migration. Migration is different from one district to another one depending on the social، economical and geographical structures. This paper presents an empirical study on the determinants of interprovincial migration in Iran. By using the data from the 1996 and 2006 population censuses، the extended gravity model of migration was developed. In the current research، by empirical test of migration gravity test for Iran and some main factors of migration، the correctness of this model and the recognition of the main characteristics of interprovincial migrants were studied. The results showed that both the economical factors including income differences and unemployment rates and also social factors such as the existence of social networks has a significant impact on migration.

In this paper, the impact of government size, as an index showing economic and political freedom, and oil revenue fluctuations on social capital is analyzed. To do so, we had to define and measure an index for social capital, according to previous studies. Trust is the most common criteria, used in studies. In this research, following Fukuyama approach, we used invers method. Instead of evaluating or measuring social capital as a positive value, the amount of its non-existence is measured. So, we have measured lack of trust (social capital) by defining a compound index. The compound index is made by taking average of two variables: Number of judiciary case (including dishonored checks) and value of ratio of non-performing loans to total loans paid (to private sector), both normalized between zero and one. According to this index, trend of social capital during studying period (1362-1390) is decreasing. Estimating social capital function with government size and oil revenue fluctuations as explanatory variables using ARDL approach, shows that government size as the index for eco-political freedom, and oil revenue fluctuations, both have negative impact on social capital.

The growth of non-communicable diseases، and the enormous costs of health care، has led policy makers to focus on “education”، as an effective instrument to improve the public health. Recent empirical studies show that education can improve health and increase life expectancy via ameliorating the life style. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of education on health in Iran over the period of 1974- 2010. Health production function is defined based on the Grossman (1972) model. The empirical model has been estimated by using co-integration technique and error correction model. Separation of short and long-term effects and estimate of impact by education’s temporary and permanent lag time changes on health is considered the innovation aspect of this research. The results of model estimation indicate that there is a positive and long-term equilibrium relationship between health and education. Based on evidence obtained، education plays a key role in health improvement. Empowering people by investment in their education can prevent many non-communicable diseases. Diseases that are imposed by our incorrect life style. Today we believe that an active participation of elementary and high schools، higher education، and mass media can ameliorate the health statue of society.

The purpose of this study is investigation of financial information role in budgets and budgeting and reasons. Thus، 150 of experts that have scientific and practical experience in budgeting and accounting are chosen randomly directed. The research method of this paper is descriptive and survey research using questionnaires made by researcher and confirmed content validity through pilot study and reliability with 92 percent Cronbach''s alpha coefficient. Responses obtained were analyzed through، binomial nonparametric statistical methods has been used to confirm or reject the research hypotheses and Friedman variance analysis has been used to rank and determine the importance of each reason for non-using financial information in budgeting. Statistical analysis of test data shows that financial data has no role in budget planning and political bargaining and the hidden its role in the budgeting، assignment provisions contained in the documents upstream and incremental budgeting approach in the budget are the causes of financial information in budgeting non-used. The results of the Friedman test showed that political bargaining and its role in the budgeting have highest rank than other reasons for not using financial information in budget plannin.

It is rather obvious that education, along with income, can be the cause of improvement in health, as the more educated people live longer and healthier lives. The collected data from 29 member states in the Islamic Conference indicate that the situation is the same and the health of the masses in these countries has improved as a result of educational investments, especially among educated mothers. Education, on the one hand, improves both the personal and social health and reduces death rates, while changing the way of living, it has improved the life expectancy as well. Thus any investment in education pays off in better health.

On one hand، the skill-based technologies increase productivity and output، reduce inflation and raise income. On the other hand، human skills are essential for implementing، adopting، utilizing physically and practically of modern and imported technologies and serve a complementary role in this respect. In the present paper، an attempt has been made to evaluate the relationship between the domestic research and development capital stock and technology imports with skilled and unskilled workers in Iran from 1971 to 2006. To do this، a translog cost function was estimated with seemingly unrelated regression method. The results indicate that the technology and its spillover are complementary to the skilled labor and substitute for the unskilled worker. In addition، the results illustrate the existence of a complementary relationship between capital and skilled labor and a substitution one with capital and unskilled worker.

In recent decades one of the important discussions among economists is explanation mutual relationship trade openness, financial openness and government size because in this field, there are many divergence of views. Analysis effect trade and financial openness on the government size is necessary.Therefore, in this article to explain effects trade and financial openness on the government size in selection of OIC members in fromework two compensation hypothesis and efficiency hypothesis. For gaining access to purpose using cross-sectional time-cerise context in during period 1999-2009 and GLS estimator. It is worth noting, to obtain more accurat results this countries based on per capital income in three groups are classified. Estimation results indicate indexes trade and financial openness are significant in lower middle incom. Countries and low incom countries.Also these indexes are not significant in upper middle incom countries. It is worth noting, impact trade openness is more than impact financial openness on the government size.

The process of skilled international migration from developing countries to developed ones has considerably grown during two recent decades. In 1970s, most economists agreed that brain drain has resulted in reduction of human capital stock and thus hurt to economy of developing countries; while in the studies of the decades, useful effects of brain drain on the economy of source countries has been controversial. Despite these different studies, total effect of human capital migration on economy of source countries is unknown. In this paper, it is tried to clear effect of brain drain on economic growth of source countries.

One of the important targets of the economic planning is economic growth via enhancement of the labor productivity. In this regard, education expenditures play a crucial role. This study aims at investigating the effect of education expenditures on the level of human capital and economic growth through a computable general equilibrium approach. The data on economic variables and social accounting matrix belongs to the year 2001. Three scenarios on education expenditures are defined and their effect on human capital and economic growth are estimated. The results show that education expenditures have positive effects on economic growth and human capital. A 50% increase in education expenditures in the first period causes 3.81 and 5.8 percent increase in human capital and economic growth respectively. In the second period, the same increase in education expenditures affects human capital and economic growth positively by 5.4 and 7.3 percent respectively. Although separating the economic growth into human and physical factors in the first period shows that there is no relationship between human capital and economic growth, but in second period this separation causes a relationship between the two factors.