مصطفی محمدی ده چشمه

Environmental challenges are one of the most basic issues of today's city and the result of conflict and confrontation with the natural environment. A very important factor that has a decisive effect on the environmental sustainability of urban communities is the environmental governance of the city, which includes all policies, actions, plans, and executive programs in the territory of the city with environmental impact. The purpose of this research is to measure the challenges of environmental governance in Ahvaz metropolis. The research method is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the nature of the research. 18 indicators out of 25 indicators according to the ecological situation of the city were determined and a questionnaire was prepared. In this research, Shannon's entropy method was used to weigh the indicators and by using the Vicor model, the areas of the Ahvaz metropolis were ranked based on the governance challenges of the urban environment. The statistical community of this research, experts, experts, and managers of the environment, Abfa is the metropolis of Ahvaz. The sampling method is snowball and the data was collected using the researcher's questionnaire made this year. The findings showed that the components of domestic-commercial wastewater management (0.078), environmental infrastructures (0.074) are the most important, and magnetic pollutants (0.010) are the least important indicators and in prioritizing the regions, the eighth region is due to the establishment of factories and heavy industries and the company Drilling is facing the highest level of environmental pollution and challenges in industrial waste management. Also, the results have shown that the increase in environmental awareness among citizens and managers and the management of effluents, surface water, and waste are among the prerequisite drivers of environmental governance in different areas of Ahvaz city.

The material and spiritual separation of citizens from urban spaces creates an alienation feeling from the city. In this research, an attempt has been made to identify different dimensions of alienation feeling in urban spaces. This research has a practical purpose, and the sequential exploratory mixed method, with the grounded theory approach. In the qualitative phase, the basic components of the alienation feeling were extracted, and a conceptual model of alienation feeling in space was presented. Then, with the hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis, the collected data were fitted with the conceptual structure. Ahvaz citizens was used for the research population, and with stratified sampling, 610 Ahvaz citizens participated. The presented conceptual model is defined by five factors: the attachment to space feeling, the ineffectiveness of space feeling, the liveliness in space feeling, the space insecurity feeling, and the lack of identity in space feeling. Quantitative results showed that the proposed model has a good fit with the experimental data and its structural validity is favourable. The analysis of gender multiple groups showed that structural coefficients and correlation coefficients work differently for women and men. Researchers consider it strategic and useful to conceptualize the alienation feeling in the urban space in a multi-dimensional way, which is based on a lack of identity, insecurity, inefficiency, and lack of vitality, and they advise urban planners to consider this feeling and its causal factors and pay attention to the context of its creation in the urban space design and metropolitan policies.

The road transport sector is a fundamental prerequisite and infrastructure for economic development. The New Economic Geography (NEG) literature suggests that transportation cost is a major driving factor for a country's emergence of core-periphery patterns. The aim of this research is the impact of road transport infrastructure on the spatio-temporal development of the cities of Khuzestan province. The research data for the period of 2010-2019 for 27 cities of Khuzestan province is in the form of panel data, which was used to investigate the temporal and spatial effects of the generalized method of moments (GMM). The variables used in this study are the Hubness index, market potential, road transport infrastructure variables such as the length of the sly and subway roads, and the displacement of goods and passengers. The estimation results show the positive effects of the Hubness index and Market potential index on the size of the cities of Khuzestan province. So that the Market potential variable shows more effects than the Hubness index on the development of the cities of Khuzestan province, this survey confirms that the transportation infrastructure in the period of 2011-2020 has been able to improve the spatial-temporal development in the cities of Khuzestan province. Also, side roads and the movement of goods as control variables have shown a positive effect on the development of the cities of Khuzestan province.

Climate change, on the one hand, and the high vulnerability of the city of Ahvaz in dealing with and managing the flood crisis in recent years, has made the necessity of a forward-looking strategy in governing this city inevitable. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of acquaintance method. In the first part, by reviewing the basics and extracting the most important key factors of flood governance, using the Delphi technique and consulting 30 experts, the indicators of consensus and certainty, priority and importance were evaluated. A total of 43 key drivers were identified to enter the Micmac software. After preparing the initial matrix of cross-effects in Micmac software, it has been determined that out of 1806 calculated values, 701 of the causal factors have a high effect on establishing a governance model against climate change management with emphasis on floods. Also, 848 cases with moderate impact, 257 cases with low impact and 43 cases with higher impact have been evaluated. Assessing the status of impact and effectiveness of key factors shows that among the eight main factors, participation, accountability, justice and lawfulness have been the most influential dimensions on the development of the metropolis of Ahvaz. Also, among the 10 keys and important drivers of variables, the effective role of implementing citizens' decisions in preparing urban development plans and the response of city managers and officials to citizens in times of crisis have been the most important as two-dimensional and effective variables. Different situations of political and institutional, economic, environmental and ecological factors and other components affecting the process of governance developments increase the probability of 8 scenarios in relation to key and possible factors ahead (favorable, middle and catastrophic), more than other scenarios. Has known and evaluated the possibility of other scenarios to occur very little and weakly. Of the 44 key drivers, 24 are in the risk and condition range and are affected or dependent. Based on the data analysis, 8 scenarios were evaluated as strong or probable, 14 scenarios with high or reliable compatibility and 4319 scenarios as weak.

 Today, active participation and empowerment of rural communities are essential for achieving environmental sustainability. Empowering local people will lead to their active involvement in environmental protection. ‎

 This research aimed to elucidate the concept of environmental empowerment strategy in rural communities, identify effective indicators, and present strategies in South Mirbeg District. It is a part of basic research with an exploratory approach due to its purpose and descriptive-analytical methodology. After identifying and defining the effective components of environmental empowerment through literature review and expert opinions, a specialized questionnaire was designed to collect information from 365 households and 5 villages.‎

Research Innovation:

 The innovative aspect of this research lay in the thematic combination of empowerment and environmental strategies.‎

 The components of new environmental technologies (A4) with a weighting factor of 0.094, financial incentives (A8) with a weighting factor of 0.094, and environmental investments (A11) with a weighting factor of 0.086 had the greatest effects on the process of environmental empowerment in the territory. Among the selected indicators, the effect coefficient of managers and decision-makers (A14) with a weighted value of 0.014 and the index of extrapolated plans and programs (A15) with a weighted value of 0.019 had the lowest effects on the process of environmental empowerment of residents in the territory. ‎

In the 21st century, global efforts to mitigate environmental pollutants have focused on fostering a low-carbon economy and advancing energy sources that minimize greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. However, numerous challenges persist. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate and analyze the obstacles to sustainable development in the city of Ahvaz within an environmentally non-operating context. This study was applied in its purpose and survey-oriented while being descriptive-analytical in its methodology. Data were gathered through document analysis, library research, and fieldwork (questionnaires and interviews). The statistical population of the study comprised experts in the field of energy in Ahvaz with a sampling method based on stratification. The analysis employed quantitative methods, utilizing the ARAS and VIKOR techniques. The findings revealed that the challenges in developing geothermal, biomass, water, wind, and solar energy were primarily environmental in nature. The VIKOR technique results indicated that solar energy ranked highest in terms of ineffectiveness in addressing energy challenges in Ahvaz with a score of 1 followed by wind energy at 0.758 and water energy at 0.2220. Geothermal energy and biomass ranked lowest, respectively. Furthermore, the integration results demonstrated a varying degree of interdependence between non-factor indicators and energy development challenges contingent upon the type of renewable energy.

Cities, especially urban areas, are exposed to the effects of many natural disasters and acute disasters, such as earthquakes, which can affect city boundaries. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the seismic vulnerability of worn-out structures in the face of possible accidents and hazards, so that the worn-out structures of cities are more resistant to natural disasters and ready to deal with disasters and pressures. This study assesses the seismic vulnerability of the worn fabric of Hasirabad in Ahvaz against earthquakes.

This research adopted a development-applied research method based on the approach of structural spatial studies. Therefore, the seven indicators were extracted and analyzed using Geoda and ArcGIS software. 

Thematic results showed that among the indicators affecting the seismic vulnerability of the worn-out fabric, the building skeleton and the age of the building are the most effective with coefficients of 1.94 and 1.03. Also, the location results showed that 290,665 square meters, that is, 26% of the total worn texture area with vulnerability levels of 0.01, are in a completely vulnerable state. 

The results of the investigation of the level of vulnerability in worn texture show that in area No. 1, 39.4% of the surfaces are completely vulnerable, in area No. 2, 40% of the buildings have medium vulnerability and relatively are susceptible to damage, and in area No. 3, 29.9% of buildings have moderate vulnerability.

In February 2016 in Khuzestan province, dust in combination with air humidity affecting the province's electricity grid and widespread blackouts. As a consequence of the power outage, other infrastructure in the province also suffered, causing widespread public reactions. Thus, a technological disaster that affected the region's environmental conditions brought with it widespread social consequences. Accordingly, this article identifies and analyzes the social dimensions and consequences of the disaster and understanding the causes of the reactions. In this regard, by analyzing the literature on disaster analysis, Lindell's disaster assessment framework was chosen as the basic conceptual framework. Based on this framework and performing qualitative and quantitative analysis, the data obtained from interviews with different authorities and groups of people were analyzed and based on the results, a survey was conducted throughout Ahvaz. The findings of the study showed that there is a wide perceptual gap between the authorities and different groups of people in Khuzestan regarding different concepts related to the disaster and this causes widespread social consequences such as increased concern about recurrence of the disaster, increased tendency to migrate from the province, dissatisfaction with performance about disaster management, Increasing the awareness of the people about the problems of the province, …. Based on the obtained analysis, Solutions have been proposed to effect community resilience policies against possible future events.

Considering the reduction of fossil fuels and the increase of carbon dioxide caused by these fuels, the transition to renewable and low-carbon energies is inevitable. In this regard, the high capacity of Ahvaz city in the direction of the development of various types of renewable energy can be achieved, which not only reduces energy consumption and costs, but also leads to a cleaner and more stable environment. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to write a scenario for the development of renewable energies in Ahvaz metropolis. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, survey and descriptive-analytical. The necessary information was collected in the form of documents, library and field (questionnaire and interview). The statistical community of the current research is made up of experts in the fields of city and energy. The sampling method in this research is stratified sampling proportional to the volume. Also, the method of analysis was quantitative, which used scenario writing wizard. The results show that the total score of compatible scenarios or in other words the impact of all scenarios is 126, the results of which show the importance of the scenarios of solar energy development for energy supply, development of solar energy within industries, development of solar panels at the level of offices and organizations. The development of solar panels in residential areas is the most compatible and the scenario of continuing the use of fossil fuels for energy production and the development and establishment of nuclear power plants in the region are the least compatible for the development in the city of Ahvaz.

Improving land use pattern and efficient location of activities has been considered as one of the effective ways to reduce the production of intra-city travel, so that the decision regarding whether or not to travel is based on many socio-economic factors and conditions. Land use distribution is affected.

The aim of the research is to spatially measure the production of intra-city travel in the functional area. The research method is analytical-descriptive using GIS software.

The results show that the highest number of business trips belongs to District 8 with %5.06 and the lowest to District 18 with %1.09, the highest fixed and fluid population density is due to business trips in District 42 and the lowest to District 7 and also based on the transportation indicators of the area, the highest parking shortage belongs to traffic area 8 with %17.29 and the lowest belongs to traffic area 42 with %0.97 and the highest rate of accidents belongs to traffic area 8 with / %84. 4 and the lowest belongs to area 18 with %0.65. It should be noted that the highest vehicle absorption belongs to traffic area 8 with %4.84 and the lowest belongs to area 18 with %0.65 belongs to. As a result, it can be said that among the studied areas in the central part of Kerman, District 8 has the highest and traffic area 18 has the lowest based on population density, business trips, lack of parking, accidents and vehicle recruitment.

In the approach based on the production of internal travel in functional areas, a four-stage model is considered as a common model for forecasting travel demand, which always lacks valid representatives of the basic behavior of travel. According to McNally, travel-based approaches do not reflect the time constraints and dependencies of activity planning; he actually considers activities as the basis for the production of intercity travel .

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting urban sprawl and its impact on livelihoods in Ahwaz metropolis. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The trend of land use changes showed that the amount of built-up area increased, and the area of ​​green and agricultural land uses and so on decreased. The results of Delphi method shows that economic, political-managerial, technological, social-cultural and natural- environmental factors have the most effect on the dispersal of Ahvaz city, respectively. Also, the results of the evaluation of the spillover effects on the biodiversity indices showed that spillover of the urban spill on the increase of the cost of public utilities and consequently the reduction of the quality of services, the weakness of urban service quality monitoring, environmental problems, security decline, public utilities, identity degradation and fragmentation. The landscape has been impressive. According to the results, zones 2 and 3 are very poor in terms of monitoring the quality of urban services and other areas of Ahvaz are in a very poor condition. Zones 2 and 3 of Ahvaz have been in moderate environmental condition, Zones 1 and 4 are low and other zones are very low in terms of livability. In terms of the scattered impact of urban overcrowding on reducing security to four levels of very low viability (areas 5, 6 and 7), low viability (areas 4 and 8), moderate viability (area 1) and high viability (areas 2 and 3) are divided. According to general urban uses, Ahvaz is divided into two categories of low and very low biodiversity, and areas 1, 2 and 3 are better than other areas. In terms of weakening urban identity and landscape, zones 2 and 3 are in the middle range of biodiversity, zone 1 is in the low range of biodiversity and other areas are in the low range of life.In the present study, for the first time, the factors affecting dispersal of the city and its impact on biodiversity are investigated.

The feeling of material and spiritual separation of a person from the space of a city determines his alienation from the urban space. The feeling of alienation in the urban space can be a result of place attachment, urban vitality and even the safety and livability of the city.

In this quantitative research, the causal structure of the feeling of alienation in the urban space and the difference of this feeling in the gender of men and women were investigated with a sample of 480 people collected from Ahvaz. Structural equation modeling and multi-group differences modeling have been used for data analysis.

urban vibrancy, urban security and livability are the most important factors that directly and indirectly affect the feeling of alienation in the urban space, although this causality is moderated by place attachment. The causal structural model of the feeling of alienation in the urban space works differently between men and women.

The effectiveness of women's feeling of alienation in urban space is more than men's from all three factors of livability, security and vitality of the city. Physiological structure of women, their feelings and abilities, male policies of the city, lack of fit of urban spaces with women's gender, abandoned and anxiety-provoking spaces have played an important role in intensifying this relationship. Also, from the point of view of the Ahvaz citizens, the spaces that induce the greatest alienation feeling are located in the center, west and southwest areas and the least in the north area of Ahvaz.  For this reason, urban designers' attention to spaces, the space function, the ability and limitations of people, and most importantly their gender, can reduce the alienation feeling in the urban space.

Tourism is one of the most important family and urban movements. Today, tourism is remembered as an industry that is among the important concerns of urban planners in ensuring security and sustainable development. In this research, an attempt has been made to extract tourism security indicators in terms of their importance relying on the geography of Khuzestan province. The data was analyzed using the theme analysis method and structural equation modeling. The findings showed that contextual indicators such as space security, city nature and geography, vitality, and the attention level to individual and gender differences have had the greatest impact on the city's security, and in contrast to the proper design of the urban space, suitable transportation and communication, and local security along with amenities and suitable tourism provide the most important causal conditions for tourism security. Causal modeling showed that quality design and planning in urban space is the most important factor in increasing tourism security and attracting tourists. It is suggested that urban space designers and planners pay more attention to the city elements, city graphics, city accessibility, and livability in order to provide a suitable field for increasing tourism security. The quantitative and qualitative increase of recreational and tourist places along with the restoration and development of the transportation system plays a constructive role in creating tourism security.

The present study aims to assess of physical resilience, environmental and hazards indicators in the cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr. The research tool was a researcher - made questionnaire that based on the results of Cronbach's alpha method with minimum reliability coefficient (0.7), approved for each dimension of urban resilience. The statistical population of the present study included academic experts, experts and institutional - organizational managers that based on the method Purposive and chain - referral sampling, a total of (106) people who had sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of urban resilience and knowledge of the study area were selected and they were questioned. In order to analyze the data, SPSS statistical analysis software was used. The innovation of the present study is in presenting and measuring the harmonious indicators of urban resilience based on physical, environmental and hazard dimensions in the cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr. Based on the calculated values for each of the dimensions of urban resilience (environmental, physical - infrastructure and hazards resilience), the results of the study indicate the unstable and unsuitable resilience situation of Abadan and Khorramshahr cities and there is a significant difference between existing resilience and optimal resilience.

Climate change is the greatest threat to humanity, because it is the main factor in increasing the frequency and severity of atmospheric events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, etc. that are experienced today. Climate change can cause a wide range of environmental problems, including severe drought and water scarcity, crop loss, and increased socioeconomic consequences. One way to identify climate change is to evaluate climate and temperature indicators. Based on statistical tests and time series of occurrence of these parameters in the long run, the status of change and its trend can be identified. Given the importance of the impact of climate change on all sectors, the study of the consequences of these changes requires the study of all sectors and effective factors with a systemic approach. One of the concerns of human society is the changes that have caused climate change due to global warming. In this regard, given the importance of climate change on all sectors, the study of the consequences of these changes requires the study of all sectors and factors with a systemic approach. Considering the importance of climate change and its effects, this study seeks to answer the following questions by considering important climatic parameters and vulnerable urban dimensions (economic, social, political, environmental):1- The trend of climate change changes (Temperature and rainfall, humidity, wind speed) what is it like in Ahvaz?2- What is the causal relationship between the causes of climate change and vulnerable sectors in the city of Ahvaz? 3- What are the effects and consequences of climate change on the city of Ahvaz?

The research methodology is based on statistical tests and qualitative modeling with a systemic approach. The present study analyzes the trend of changes in climatic parameters including temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed for a period of 30 years (1991-2020) in Ahvaz using the statistical Mann-Kendall Test was examined. Then, using the science of system dynamics, the causal relationships between variables and structural modeling of the consequences of climate change in Vensim software are investigated. The main stage of using the system dynamics approach is to try to understand and identify the feedback loops of the system under study, for which purpose diagrams of causal loops are drawn. In this study, inputs are the factors that shape climate change are factors that affect the city system. System outputs will be the consequences of climate change.

Based on the results of the analysis of the trend of climatic parameters, the city of Ahvaz in the study period has faced an increase in temperature, increase in relative humidity, decrease in wind speed, and decrease in rainfall. During the 30-year trend (1991-2020), the average rainfall has been (226) mm, each year (1.32) mm, has decreased and followed a downward trend. The average temperature has been (25.38) degrees Celsius, it has increased every year (by 0.051) degrees, which shows an increasing trend over 30 years. Based on the results, the average relative humidity was (41.1), which increased every year (0.007). Also, according to the results, the average wind speed is (2.65 m/s) and has decreased by about (0.018) every year. Therefore, the wind speed shows a decreasing trend over 30 years. Given that climate change refers to the spatial-temporal changes in the long-term average of climatic elements, the results of this study clearly showed that climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed) in the study area have undergone fundamental changes. The consequences of climate change on all economic, social, political, and environmental aspects were evaluated. The results of qualitative modeling and causal relationship showed that climate change in Ahwaz has a direct impact on different sectors of water resources, agricultural production, and energy consumption. Variables of (reduction of water reserves upstream, extreme heat waves) are the most important leverage points of the model. Different outcomes have complex interactions with each other in such a way that they affect different economic, social, environmental, and political dimensions and ultimately intensify each other's effects on reducing the quality of life and increasing climate migration.

As a result, climate change has consequences such as increasing unemployment, reducing the quality of life, reducing urban resilience, and ultimately increasing climate migration in the city of Ahvaz, and the urban environment is not equipped to adapt to climate change.

So far, some researchers have assessed the vulnerability and resilience of critical infrastructure, however, few have considered the two-way interdependence of critical networks. These researches on resilience assessment generally assumed that critical networks can return to their original function, while limited recovery (against disasters) is more practical (Xiao et al., 2022: 108). Critical infrastructures are responsible for various human functions and activities and play an essential role in societies, on the other hand, infrastructure systems are not separate and depend on each other (Yang et al., 2022: 606). Interdependencies between critical urban infrastructure systems significantly affect their reliability and performance and the resilience of modern societies (Magoua et al., 2022: 102). In 2017, the World Bank's City Resilience Program launched an ambitious resilience research and policy agenda. The main mission of this program is to "accelerate the change from mostly single-stream resilience operations at the city level to long-term, more comprehensive and multidisciplinary planning to build resilience" (Philip et al., 2021: 1).

Governance can be seen as an action, method, or system of administration in which the boundaries between organizations and the public and private sectors fade into each other's shadows. The essence of governance refers to the existence of interactive relationships between and within the government and non-government forces. Good urban governance is considered one of the four features of sustainable development and one of its tools, which has been mentioned in the development literature since the 1980s. Urban governance is a multilateral process between the official actors of the city administration on the one hand, as well as the activists of the civil arena as informal actors whose multifaceted interactions can lead to the compatibility of various interests among the actors. What is evident in this concept is the entry of civil society and the private sector into the process of planning and managing (urban) affairs. This is despite the fact that the government is a set of official and legal institutions with legal power. (Smart) cities need a proper governance system to connect all forces at work, enable knowledge transfer, and facilitate decision-making to maximize their socioeconomic and environmental performance. Therefore, we conclude that smart city governance is a style of management that is formed based on the intelligent participation of citizens through information and communication technologies. Smart city governance is a style of management that is formed based on the intelligent participation of citizens through information and communication technology. This new form of governance makes citizens from passive consumers of urban services to active actors who can comment on the kind of service they need. The purpose of this research is to provide macro and generalizable strategies for smart governance in Iranian cities.

The present research is descriptive-analytical and survey research. Also, in terms of purpose, it is fundamental. According to the nature of the subject and the investigated indicators, documentary research methods and field studies (questionnaires, interviews) have been used to collect information. The questions were collected based on the variables determined by a Likert scale with five options (completely disagree, disagree, have no opinion, agree, completely agree). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts related to the research and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test. The statistical population of this research includes 170 city managers and university experts in the field of urban planning, which was selected using the purposeful sampling method (170 people). The necessary information was collected through a questionnaire and the output was modeled using the statistical model of Minitab software and structural equations (EQS). Finally, the proposed strategies were extracted in the form of the SOAR strategic model.
 

The results obtained from the analysis of information show that the highest realizability is in the case of indicators of human-social factors, decision-making and intelligent decision-making factors, and infrastructural management factors. In these indicators, the variables of citizens' knowledge and awareness, facilitation of citizens' intervention in the process of local development, and the foresight of urban projects with a specific strategic vision, all have the highest realizability with a statistical average of 1.3 and Friedman's ranking average of 24 and 18. Also, the lowest degree of realizability is related to the variables of project efficiency and effectiveness and citizen survey system and collective and working group belief, whose statistical average is 2.7 and 2.8, respectively, and their Friedman ranking average is 3. Also, the results of the t-test show that out of 24 variables, 10 variables have a critical situation and lack proper realization, and their t-test value is lower than the value of the test (i.e. 3). Moreover, the findings of the research show that the influence of independent variables on the dependent variable can be predicted up to 51% level and the significance between independent and dependent variables is up to 95% level and among the components related to smart urban governance, the components Organizational management with a beta coefficient of 363% and technological factors with a beta coefficient of 206% have the greatest influence on smart governance in Iranian cities. The results of this research show that the most critical executive strategy from the point of view of the stakeholders is the readiness of citizens to participate in planning, the support of citizens and managers for governance, adherence to laws in economic and commercial activities of the municipality, Citizens' commitment and passion for progress and urban development are their place of residence.

According to the analysis and investigations carried out about the feasibility and realization of smart urban governance in Iranian cities and based on the opinion of the elite, it is concluded that Iranian cities have strengths and opportunities in the field of smart governance. However, to reach the model of the management-participatory system based on governance with an emphasis on the smartness of the city, in this regard, using the opinions of the elites and the participation of all relevant officials and stakeholders is considered an unavoidable necessity. In this regard, factors such as Citizens' preparedness to participate in planning, support of citizens and managers for governance, commitment to rules in economic and commercial activities of the municipality, community-based management and decentralization of power institutions, and reducing the tenure of government institutions, commitment and citizens' enthusiasm for progress and urban development of their lives can be regarded.

In recent years, the infrastructure systems have been mostly failed due to the increase in natural or manmade disasters as well as the internal and external dependencies among system components. The mutual infrastructure dependencies might cause more vulnerability and bring about cascading failures. The main objective of this study was to develop scenarios of geographic interaction in critical infrastructure during urban hazards in Ahvaz. The study was developmental-applied in terms of purpose, while in terms of methodology, it was descriptive-analytical done based on field study and document analysis. The study indices were extracted and related via combining the results of expert opinion and existing records. To develop scenarios, after identifying the variables, the key factors affecting each topic were specified, and then various conditions were defined for each variable. The identification of driving forces in Ahvaz infrastructures interaction was done using models such as “cross-impact analysis” using MICMAC software. In order to identify, analyze, and adopt selected scenarios, cross-impact balance analysis was run in ScenarioWizard software. The inspection of scenario screen in ScenarioWizard software showed that from among 80 existing settings of critical infrastructure spatial interaction drivers, 26 cases (32.5 percent) were in statistic form and 25 cases (3.125 percent) in critical conditions.

Additive and Negative impacts of climate change in recent years, such as consecutive drought, simultaneously with increasing urban population and rate urbanization, has caused  most countries in the world, including Iran,  faced a shortage of accessible water resources; But in response to these shortcomings, managers and decision-makers at different levels, without considering the interests of all stakeholders and their participation in related decisions, by emphasizing supply-oriented solutions and have refrained implementation of integrated water resources management. This study aims to identify and evaluate the challenges of governance and integrated management of urban water resources in a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, after determining and extracting the desired indicators using the opinions of academic experts and managers, and decision-makers related to the subject,  Shannon entropy weighting methods to weigh these challenges and the combined TOPSIS ranking method to determine and display the situation the cities of Bushehr province have been used in relation to each other. According to the results; The challenges of "secession and numerous decision-making organizations in water resources management" and "emphasis on water supplying policies" with weights of 0.089 and 0.086, respectively, were identified as the most important challenges.  The results of the study of selected indicators of water resources governance and analysis of the quantitative research model have shown that the cities of Bushehr, Genaveh, and Deylam at the level of "absolutely desirable governance", Borazjan city at the level of "optimal governance", Ahram, Khormoj, and Assaluyeh at the level of "governance" On average, the cities of Kangan and Jam are at the level of "unfavorable rule" and the city of Deir is at the level of "completely undesirable rule".

After oil discovery, the development of industrial operations and the increase of labour force turn into building further residential regions and formulating new cities. At first, however, supplying essential items was difficult for the residents of these cities that majority of them were the labour force of the oil company. Gradually, however, the initial markets in oil-rich cities were established and flourished. After the nationalization of the oil and by increasing the income of the oil industry employees, the consumption pattern changed in these regions. This article, while examining the process of changing the consumption pattern from the traditional form to the use of modern tools, seeks to answer the question: what factors were involved in changing this pattern?Research findings which has been compiled by descriptive-analytical method and the method of data collection has been libraries and documents, indicate that the consumption pattern of the oil industry employees, which was initially based on the use of few consumables and in a traditional way, gradually and with the effect of increasing income, cultural and social changes through media and also the availability of luxury goods in oil industry stores has changed.

The existence of a diverse range of hazards and crisis centers around the border cities represents the use of different planning approaches to resilience and reduce the damage caused by crises (both natural and abnormal) in these cities. Border cities are one of the most sensitive areas that can be vulnerable to the dangers if they are not prepared to deal with and are not properly equipped. In border cities, due to the special strategic and border position, special socio-cultural topography, special economic-political conditions, vulnerabilities and threats, special conditions in terms of risk prevail; Considering the strategic position of these areas and considering the conceptual territory, content in this research, the most important issues in the study of the border cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr in geo-strategic, geo-economics, geo-culture, physical and institutional dimensions are: border geostrategic position, heterogeneous socio-cultural structure, specific geographical and environmental conditions, environmental pollutants (dust and natural resources pollution), history of endangerment and political, ethnic and religious tensions in border cities and special economic, physical and social conditions resulting from the occurrence of the imposed war. According to the proposed cases, the scope of the present study, specifically the border cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr as the largest border cities of Khuzestan province, with an active economic field on a regional and national scale, studies the specific social and cultural context, the border-water location and the experience of the imposed war. What is needed is a revision of traditional planning approaches to urban hazards management and the use of new tools in planning (compilation of resilience scenarios). In this study, foresight and hazards management based on urban resilience scenarios are considered. 

The present study is "applied-theoretical" in terms of purpose, and based on the nature and method, it is "descriptive-analytical". Research Methods according to the purpose of the research, is a combination of quantitative-survey and qualitative methods. Data collection tools and information in this research have been done by studying library-documentary sources, field surveys (survey, obtaining expert opinions) and referring to relevant organizations. The statistical population of the present study is academic experts, experts and institutional-organizational managers who have sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of urban resilience and the field of study. These experts were selected and questioned based on the method of "purposive sampling (expert samples) and chain-referral ". For structural analysis of urban resilience drives based on the ability of experts to respond and the complexity of methods, steps and conditions of Delphi technique, a total of (45) academic experts, managers and institutional-organizational experts were selected as the sample. The indicators and drivers of this research are the selected dimensions of urban resilience, including social, economic, physical-infrastructural, ecological and hazards dimensions. In this regard, urban resilience drivers were identified according to the opinion of experts and expert opinions (Delphi technique) and then, these factors were prioritized based on the degree of importance and uncertainty, and the most key factors were identified using the cross-impact balance analysis method and "micmac" software. For scenario writing and questionnaire analysis, cross-impact balance method and "ScenarioWizard" software were used that finally with the opinion of experts, favorable and compatible scenarios of resilience of the studied border cities were developed.

In line with the main purpose of the present study, to extract the key drivers of resilience, the cross-impact analysis method was used to identify the impact of these drivers. According to analysis performed, among the 46 factors examined (by analyzing the direct and indirect effects and calculating the displacement coefficient of each of the variables in different conditions), (18) agents were extracted and selected as key drivers of resilience in the border cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr. For the sake of scenario compilation, based on (18) selected key drivers and effective on urban resilience, possible situations of urban resilience were formulated. In order to formulate possible situations through surveys and interviews with experts, a scenario basket was prepared for (18) key factors; based on the analysis and possible situations facing the resilience of the studied cities, a total of (54) different situations were plotted for (18) key drivers influencing resilience. Considering the size of the matrix and its dimensions with size (54 × 54), with the help of scenario software and based on the questionnaire data, combined scenarios that included all possible situations were analyzed, the output of which was "521 possible scenarios", "14 high compatibility scenarios" and "3 strong scenarios". Accordingly, three scenarios with very high scores were identified as strong (probable) scenarios in the resilience of the studied cities that among them, one scenario shows favorable conditions and the other two scenarios show critical conditions. It was also detected for believable scenarios (with high compatibility) (14 scenarios). Also (521) weak (possible) scenarios were identified that due to the large number of them, addressing this number of scenarios is not the purpose of this study.

Findings related to the analysis of urban resilience scenarios showed that most of the scenarios are in static situations (continuation of the existing trend in resilience of Abadan and Khorramshahr border cities) and critical. Out of the total number of possible scenarios, three scenarios were identified as "strong resilience scenarios" based on the total value of the adjustment value and the total impact score index. Among the strong scenarios, one scenario has favorable situations and the other two scenarios represent critical situations. In this regard, considering the prevailing situation of Abadan and Khorramshahr urban resilience drives, the best scenario is to select the first scenario drives, otherwise, the conditions governing the second and third scenarios and the continuation of the status quo will be the scenarios governing urban resilience drives. In general, it can be said that urban resilience based on scenario writing is a systematic and future-oriented approach to managing the existing and upcoming risks and challenge by creating integration and effective interaction between the dimensions of resilience, key drivers, considering resilience priorities and taking steps based on the presentation of strategies for turning unfavorable situations into favorable, on a local scale, regional and cross-border in the border cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr can be presented.

The regeneration approach has a significant reference to the identity of the historical context, the achievement of which depends only on the attention to creative urban tourism. Paying attention to worn-out structures and eliminating their instability has become a central issue in cities, so that urban regeneration with a tourism development approach is recommended as a solution to preserve such valuable structures. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the factors affecting the regeneration of historical contexts from the perspective of tourism development. The present study is applied according to the purpose and based on a descriptive-analytical method. The components studied in this study were divided into 7 factors: social, physical and infrastructural, economic, political, criteria, cultural and worn texture. To achieve the research objectives, fuzzy dimtel method was used. The results of the research in the amount of (Di + Ri) showed that the economic dimension with a final score of 3.159 is the most important component among the studied components for the development of tourism in the old contexts of Ahvaz. Also, the results in value (Di-Ri) showed that in the causal group there are social, economic, physical and political components and the most effective are the social dimension with a final score of 0.615 and in the disabled group are cultural components, worn texture and criteria, the most effective of which Worn tissue was identified with a final score of -0.4723.

Urban prosperity can be considered as one of the most recent views in urban planning, which is associated with balanced and harmonious development in an environment of fairness and justice, and is based on concepts derived from the concept of sustainable development. The present research is applied in terms of nature and method; descriptive-analytical and purpose-oriented. The data needed for the research data were first prepared by SPSS software and raw materials were entered into the models. Using the T test, the urban flourishing condition of the eight regions of Kermanshah was measured and then entered into the EXCEL program environment. And by using multi-criteria decision-making models such as Vicore, Electric, Tapiss and Copeld's integration model, Kermanshah regions were ranked and prioritized in terms of urban flourishing. T-test results for urban flourishing indicators showed that the difference between regions at the level of urban flourishing indicators was significant and the highest difference was in area 1 (3.2) in the operation index, Therefore, it is important to study this difference using decision making models. The final results of this study showed that based on the analysis of applied multi criteria models and the Copeland integration model (POSET), the ranking of the degree and suitability of each of the eight areas of the city of Kermanshah in a total of combined urban flourishing indicators, respectively, included areas one, six, eight, three , Seven, five, four and finally the second region. Therefore, the Kermanshah city has the highest priority and the first priority in terms of urban flourishing indicators, and the last one is allocated to the second region.

One of the most important environmental issues is global climate change caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases. In today's technological society, with the expansion of industrial activities, the increase in population growth, and urbanization, and the need for greater utilization of limited natural resources, pollution is increasing, especially in developing countries that do not have high technology to reduce air pollution and emission of pollutants. One of the most important of these pollutants is the role of greenhouse gas pollution. Greenhouse gases, including vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide, monoxide, and ozone, which are natural emissions, are important for survival and only when their concentrations exceed the permissible limit. But it is human activity that has increased the levels of many of these gases. Iran is one of the first greenhouse-gas producing countries to change its temperature pattern, reduce water resources, increase seas, degrade coastal areas, destroy crops and food, destroy forests, alternate and intensify droughts. Greenhouse gases are naturally occurring in the atmosphere, but human activities and pollution caused by these activities increase the amount of gases abruptly. One of the new strategies for urban environmental sustainability and pollution control is the zero-carbon city, which is necessary for the sustainable development and development of each city.

The present study is of theoretical, practical, and descriptive-analytical research methodology. The main objective of the study is to investigate the feasibility of the environmental strategy of the Zero-carbon city in Shahrekord. In this research, after the extraction of the indices, the Anp-Dematil combination method is the most important criterion and the environmental indicator of the Zero-carbon city in Shahrekord. Then, IPCC software was used to measure the ecological footprint in Shahrekord and was used for mapping the carbon dioxide dispersion map from the spatial satellite GIS Arc applications.

The results of the present study indicate that the relative weights of indicators in Shahrekord have an environmental creativity index of 0.298, and urban design with a weight of 0.229 is among the most important and most stable index. The energy index with a weight of 0.107 is considered the most unstable index. The environmental index was recognized in this city. Also, to determine the ecological footprint of Shahrekord's carbon dioxide emissions per year (2018), 4.51 tons of carbon dioxide emissions are used. This amount is higher than the world scale, which is 4.47 tons and is lower compared to the Iranian scale, which is 6.76 tons per year.

The IPCC results showed that the energy index had the highest carbon dioxide production, increasing over a five-year period from 380983 tons in 2013 to 497237 tons in 2018 years, with transport reaching 119561 tons in 2013 to 275363 tons in 2018. Industry ranks third, from 24,292 tons in the year 2013 to 43,409 tons in 2018, and lastly from 5799 tons in 2013 to 12,136 tons in 2018. The crop has been the agricultural index which has declined from 36542 tons in 2013 to 25284 tons in 2018. Finally, using the national and international carbon dioxide emissions figures from the 2015 International Energy Agency report, we can say that Shahrekord's carbon dioxide emissions per capita in 2014 is 4.51 tons compared to the world scale of 4.47 tons. It is higher and lower than the Iranian scale of 6.76 tons per year. The results showed that the carbon footprint in Shahrekord is above the global average and lower than the Iranian average. Besides, the ecological footprint of carbon in Shahrekord is above the global average and below the Iranian average. The use of environmental strategies such as increasing urban green space and replacing renewable energy sources with fossil fuels in the city can be inadequate to reach the low carbon city in Shahrekord.

21st century is the era of cities’vulnerability, since as urban life becomes more complex, cities face natural hazards and technological crises on the one hand and social-security crises on the other.Urban safety and security have long been a focus of urban planning, and planners have always been concerned about this important issue in the process of building and designing urban areas.Improving the security of critical infrastructures can play a key role in provision of better services and reduction of vulnerabilities, especially in times of crisis,Moreover, reducing the vulnerability of urban land uses by new crisis management approaches such as passive defense, which is one of the most important goals of urban managers can play a role in creation of a safe environment in cities and mitigationof damages.  

The present research is theoretical-practical and descriptive-analytic in nature. For data analysis, the final weights of indices were determined using FAHP-GIS and then the neighborhood of each layer was identifiedusing the Distance tool. Afterwards, maps of the interval zoneswere overlapped usingFuzzy Overlay(gamma-0.9)of the Spatial Analyst Tools.  

The findings of the present study on spatial analysis of critical infrastructure have indicated that: (A)The 2nd district of Yasujfaces the highest risk level, while the 3rd district faces the lowest level of risks. High concentration of critical infrastructures in the 2nd district and improper distribution of these infrastructures and organizations providing emergency servicesare the most important causes of risks in the city of Yasuj. B) None of the studied critical infrastructures and organizations providing emergency services in Yasuj are located in the very low risk zone. C) Only about 31% of the studied critical land uses are located in the low Risk zone. D) Spatial analysis of critical infrastructures in Yasuj has shown the lack of a logical balance in spatial distribution of these infrastructures. Therefore, ifa possible emergency situation damages a part of the city (the 2nd district as considered in the present study), the activities of many sectors will be challengeddue to the synergy and interoperability of the infrastructure.  

The results show that 11 land uses or 45.83% of infrastructures with percent value of 0.19-0.1 are located in the high risk zone; 6 land uses or 25% of infrastructures with percent value of 0.20-0.39 are located in the relatively dangerous zone; 5 land uses or 20.83% of infrastructures with percent value of 0.40-0.59 are located in the medium risk zone, and finally, 2 land uses or 8.33% of the infrastructures with percent value of 0.60-0.79 are located in the low risk zone. None of the land uses in Yasuj are located inthe very low risk zone.