معصومه باقری

In contemporary times, marital adjustment has emerged as a widely used concept in studies of families and marriages. Marital adjustment is a multidimensional concept that illuminates various aspects of marriage and shows a process that unfolds throughout a couple’s life (Hashemi, Arefi, Kakirani, & Chehri, 2022) and is considered a predictor of marital happiness and well-being and is influenced by numerous individual and interpersonal factors (Bijani, Hashemi, & Saadati-Shamir, 2023). Marital instability, often a precursor to the collapse of marriage, refers to any tendency of couples toward divorce, encompassing both cognitive and behavioral states (Brown, Stykes, & Manning, 2006). It manifests when couples contemplate divorce or take actions that may end the marriage (Faraji, Sanaei, & Namvar, 2019). The National Civil Registration Organization has announced that the average duration of marriage before the first divorce in 2020 was 10 years (National Civil Registration Organization,2020).

This study was guided by the following research question: What are the hidden factors contributing to the process of marital collapse among couples in the city of Ilam

A review of the research conducted in American contexts shows that the evolution in gender beliefs (self-awareness, autonomy, and success) changed the way people think about happiness, love, and decisions about marriage and divorce (Cavanagh, 2020). There has also been an emphasis on the similarity and compatibility of personality traits in marriage, acceptance of gender role shifts, similarity and homogeneity of cognitive, behavioral and emotional patterns, and training in communication skills (Ahangar, Borjali, & Dawai, 2025).

This was a qualitative study utilizing a grounded theory approach. In order to deeply identify the hidden aspects of the problem, the researcher selected 24 couples at risk of divorce through theoretical purposive sampling, collecting first-hand data from their lived experiences via in-depth interviews. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. After reaching theoretical saturation, the data from the interview transcripts were analyzed.

The results of the study show that "marital breakdown indicators" in cognitive, behavioral, emotional and temporal dimensions (marital duration) are affected by "causal conditions": surface knowledge, moral and behavioral deviation, a coercive approach by couples, weak problem-solving skills, and dissimilarity of spouses. In the "contextual" dimension, the findings show that the breakdown of marriage is affected by structural divergence, generational gap, imbalance of the transition period, transformation of roles and values, and incomplete socialization of couples. In the "strategies" dimension of the breakdown of marriage, the role of silence and tolerance, feelings of inferiority and confrontation, violence and revenge, and tendency to divorce can be mentioned. As a result, the "consequences" of this breakdown include an intensification of feelings of inferiority and frustration, transformation and ineffectiveness of family values, identity crisis, and moral insecurity.       

In accordance with the findings of the research and from the point of view of couples at risk of divorce, the solutions to overcome the breakdown of marriage include: "Strengthening culture-building and awareness-raising centers" as structural and fundamental conditions. This involves providing grounds for preventing marital instability by focusing on issues such as life management training, developing a culture of equal marriage, training in dialogue between couples without the interference of others, and the possibility of moral recognition of couples before marriage.Also, from the perspective of couples, "improving marital patterns and skills" includes behavioral and verbal honesty, continuous premarital counseling, moderation in mutual trust between couples, and mutual love as the basis for marital durability. From the perspective of the studied stakeholders, attention has been paid to "strengthening supervision and treatment" in counseling as a necessity, having mental and physical health as a prerequisite for marriage, medical tests necessary for marriage, and improving the efficiency of counseling centers. These mechanisms can be strengthened through continuous pre- and post-marital training of couples in counseling centers and by developing and strengthening the efficiency of these centers.

From the perspective of couples, the most important factors for marital breakdown are: "structural divergence", "generation gap", "imbalance in the transition period", and "transformation of roles and values".

The Dichotomous Thinking Scale (DTS) can be used to assess the presence of a rigid, “black and white” cognitive thinking style. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of dichotomous thinking scale in students. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 417 students (252 female and 165 male) of shiraz university in the academic year 2023-2024 was selected by random cluster sampling and responded to the Persian version of Dichotomous Thinking (Oshio, 2009), Ambiguity Tolerance (Mc Lain, 1993) and Positive/Negative Perfectionism (Terry-short, 1995) Scales. Finally, based on data collected, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and criterion validity were employed to determine the construct validity and the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed via internal consistency. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the dichotomous thinking scale consists of three factors: preference for dichotomy, dichotomous belief and profit-and-loss thinking. The confirmatory factor analysis related to three-factor model represented an acceptable fit. Moreover, the criterion validity of the dichotomous thinking scale with Ambiguity Tolerance and perfectionism scales were adequate. Also, Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was calculated 0/70 – 0/85 and indicated appropriate reliability of the DTS. In conclusion, the Persian version of the Dichotomous Thinking Scale possesses acceptable psychometric properties and is a reliable, valid, and concise measure for psychological research and clinical Trails.

The factors and processes influencing academic procrastination can be analyzed across a wide range of disciplines, including sociology. While this phenomenon has been extensively studied in psychology, the sociological aspects of academic procrastination, despite their relevance, have been largely overlooked. This study adopts a grounded theory approach to provide a sociological analysis of academic procrastination among graduate students. The participants included 15 faculty members from Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, selected through purposive sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using three stages of coding: open, axial, and selective. Findings revealed that factors such as poor academic literacy, inefficient educational structures, teaching methods, academic alienation, misaligned socialization processes, unpredictability of conditions, and individual psychological traits act as causal conditions for academic procrastination. Intervening conditions included academic deviance, stereotypical beliefs, and familial support, while contextual conditions encompassed online education, student-teacher ratios, environmental factors, and students' socioeconomic status. In response to students' procrastination, educational system employed facilitative, strict, and follow-up strategies. The consequences of academic procrastination included improved academic performance for some, normalization and perpetuation of procrastination, and the formation of an "academic proletariat."

Social factors play a decisive role in the formation and change of lifestyle. Urbanization, modern education, technological development, mass media, health promotion and healthcare development are among these factors. The study aims to investigate lifestyle changes in the the formation and development of healthcare in Izeh. It was conducted using an ethnographic method.

In this qualitative study, 20 people were selected and entered into the study through purposive sampling (snowball). Data were collected using common data collection methods in ethnographic studies (observation and in-depth interviews). Interviews with samples, or in qualitative terms, informants, continued until the researcher reached theoretical saturation. Grounded theory analysis was used to analyze the data obtained.
Ethical Considerations: In compiling this research, the principles of trustworthiness and honesty in the analysis, reporting and publication of the material have been observed.

The findings show that the transition from natural to man-made ecosystems and the development of health care services have paved the way for lifestyle changes in Iseh. While in natural ecosystems, there was a type of local indigenous medicine based on historical and oral experiences, the man-made ecosystem of modern medicine was based on two approaches: rationalism and empiricism. Health care facilities, reducing infant and child mortality and consequently increasing the population, improving nutrition, developing urban services and facilities, increasing social awareness and promoting public health and public sports were among the achievements of the emergence and development of health care in Izeh, which have created fundamental changes in its people lifestyle.

Before the government entered the nomadic society, people’s medical needs were met through a kind of local indigenous medicine. However, due to limitations, it was not able to treat all patients. With the settlement of the nomads in the region and the implementation of modernization programs, including the introduction of modern education, the emergence of health care (1938), the formation of the Malaria Control Department (1965), the dispatch of the Knowledge Corps, the Health Corps and the Promotion Corps to rural areas, the establishment of maternity hospitals (1968), hospitals (1979), water pipes (1979) and since the 1960s, the increase in urban-rural clinics, health homes, health centers and the increase in the number of doctors and paramedics has brought about fundamental changes in the lifestyle of the people of the region.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying cultural contexts of cosmetic surgery in the maladaptive schemas of self-management in women. The statistical population included all women (18 to 40 years old) in Ahvaz city. The sample embraced 27 women from the mentioned population who were selected through purposive sampling. The qualitative research method was phenomenological. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were implemented to collect data. The findings showed that 11 primary themes were extracted based on common concepts, which included men's appearance-friendly tendencies, women's appearance-friendly tendencies, inequality created by appearance, social de-ugliness of cosmetic procedures, easy access to cosmetic procedures, women's self-ugliness, escape from everyday life, becoming liked and getting married, competitiveness in beauty, perfectionism in beauty, and gender stereotypes about beauty. The consequences of cosmetic surgery for women included increased self-esteem, social facilitation, social capital instability, and body objectification. The results also showed that the maladaptive schema of self-management had the greatest impact on the tendency to undergo cosmetic surgery. Women who sought surgery had maladaptive schemas such as instability, distrust, emotional deprivation, deficiency and shame, social isolation and alienation, rejection, impaired self-management, non-territorial limitations, dependence, and inhibition. Some women who sought surgery surrendered to the schema and accepted that it is justified and never tried to fight or avoid the schema, but rather accept that the schemas are truthful. Therefore, to prevent further increasing in such social and cultural issue, it oud be necessary to provide specialized psychological counseling to women seeking cosmetic surgery to reduce maladaptive schemas.

The purpose of the current research is to understand the digital lifestyle of female students in Ahvaz city and the role of new technologies—especially the Internet and virtual social networks—in the digitalization of lifestyle. New technologies have penetrated all social, organizational, and individual spaces in human societies and have affected people's daily life, work, and knowledge. 

The method used in this research is the "Grounded theory," which is one of the qualitative research methods. Sampling was purposeful-theoretical, and data were collected through in-depth interviews with 35 students and relevant key informants. For data analysis, five methods of open coding and diagnosis. Concepts, development of concepts in line with dimensions and characteristics, data analysis for the context, entering the process into the analysis and integration of categories were used. 

After coding, 10 main categories and 28 sub-categories emerged from the data, and each of these main categories was thoroughly analyzed based on the interview texts. . The emerging paradigm includes three dimensions: conditions, action-interaction, and consequences. In terms of conditions, key themes include communication as a central aspect of daily life and sharing; online trust and connection; institutional chaos in the protection of users' privacy; personality-oriented components; and, within the dimension of action-interaction, the international platforms of identity development, the body as an arena for displaying the power of signals, and virtual-oriented communication. In the consequences dimension, challenges such as privacy protection in digital life, digital resocialization, and the digitalization of everyday experiences have emerged. After coding, these themes were organized into 10 major categories. During the selective coding stage, the core category identified was "multi-spatial," which refers to the globalization of students and is considered the central category of this research.

The purpose of this research is to identify the attitude of family counselors towards the reasons and contexts of the formation of parallel relationships among couples in city of Ahvaz.

This research was conducted using qualitative approach and grounded theory method through theoretical and purposeful sampling, in which 20 counselors of public and private family centers participated in in-depth interviews. The theoretical sampling process continued until the data saturation stage was reached. The collected data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding.

The emerged model includes three dimensions of conditions, action-interactions, and consequences. The "conditions" dimension includes the deterioration of public attitudes and opinions, virtual space facilitating extra-marital relationships, sensationalism and lack of body care, couples' unwillingness to talk to each other, not maintaining the boundaries of personal life, immersion in family roles and social, imposition of choice and hidden protest, experience of modern love and marital frustration, not being able to cope, lack of satisfaction with married life, "action-interaction" dimension, including trying to relieve the significant other, "consequences" dimension, including the elimination of the culture of shame and modesty, self-deception and other insidious deception, fighting with oneself and obsessively searching for love, social isolation and the prevalence of social harms, which are formed around the core category of "hidden objection to life without love".

Given that, parallel relationships are a danger to the health and safety of the family and society. Therefore, by using the concepts extracted in this research, experts can identify the platforms for the formation of parallel relationships and examine the strategies, and it can be a guide in couple therapy and pre-marital counseling.

The purpose of the present study is to understand the digital lifestyle of female students in Ahvaz and the role of modern technologies—especially the Internet and virtual social networks—in the digitalization of lifestyle. New technologies have infiltrated all social, organizational, and individual spaces in human societies and have influenced people's daily lives, work, and knowledge. The research method is grounded theory. Research data were collected through in-depth interviews using a purposive sampling method with 15 secondary school students from the four districts of Ahvaz. For data analysis, the 2015 version of Corbin and Strauss’s method was employed, involving five steps: coding and identifying concepts, developing concepts into dimensions and properties, contextual analysis, process analysis, and integration of categories. After analyzing and coding the interview data, three main categories were identified. These categories were organized into three core dimensions: conditions, action–interaction, and consequences. In the conditions dimension, categories such as appeal and pleasure, curiosity and excitement, isolation and loneliness, feelings of lagging behind global technologies, and the desire for synchronization were extracted. In the action–interaction dimension, categories included overcoming problems and escaping reality, maintaining and continuing intimate relationships by reducing spatial distance, engaging in interpersonal communication beyond family constraints, and bold self-expression. In the consequences dimension, the results included leisure, access to information, e-commerce, and the saving of time and acceleration of access to facilities and services. By analyzing and integrating these three dimensions, the core concept of "digital transformation in students' lifestyle" was identified. This indicates that interaction with new technologies is a two-way process of cognition and use, through which individuals not only respond to their daily needs but also redefine their identity, social relationships, and lifestyle.

Since the identification of the factors affecting the tendency to violence is one of the main factors that determine the reduction of the tendency to violence in prison and society, this article aims to investigate the process of the formation of the tendency to violence and the factors affecting it based on the expansion of Giddens' fundamental concepts concerning the sense of insecurity, predictability, trust and existential anxiety. This research was conducted quantitatively and through a survey. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula as 204 prisoners who were between the ages of 21 and 58. They were selected by simple random sampling method, and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale for ordinal data. To determine the reliability of the items, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was employed and to measure the validity of the questionnaire, face validity and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The average rank of sense of security, sense of economic security, sense of cultural security, sense of social security and existential anxiety is 2.02, 1.92, 2.06, 2.03, and 1.87, respectively. Also, the regression analysis of each dependent variable is 0.41, 0.13, 0.39, -0.20, and 0.43, respectively. With a significance level of 5%, only the effect of the four hypotheses of sense of security, sense of cultural security, sense of social security, and existential anxiety was confirmed on the tendency to violence, and the structural equation test shows that the causal paths of the sense of security (cultural and social) account for 69% of the variance of the prisoners' tendency to violence. The results of the hypotheses test confirm the serious effect of the mentioned variables, including the sense of economic security, on the tendency to violence, and the results of the structural equations show that the sense of cultural insecurity of the prisoners has increased their existential anxiety and strengthened their tendency to violence. Also, the sense of cultural insecurity by influencing the sense of social security and existential anxiety has been effective in the tendency of prisoners to commit violence against themselves and others. However, the increase in the sense of economic insecurity, independent of the sense of cultural and social security, has had a direct effect on the tendency of prisoners to commit violence against others.

Hope for the future is a psychological desire that strives to achieve the goals and ideals that are accessible to all, and provides them with dependence on independence, moving towards the future and strengthening social and individual identity. The aim of this study was to determine the level of hope for the future and the factors affecting it among the suburbs of Ahvaz. The article was conducted by survey method using a questionnaire and interview technique. The statistical population includes marginalized people (both men and women) living in the city of Ahvaz in 1398. The sample size was selected using Cochran's formula equal to 384 and the samples were selected by simple multi-stage cluster sampling. Descriptive results show that marginalized people at a low to moderate level (35.7%) have hope for the future. The results of correlation test show that all independent variables (social welfare, life satisfaction, relative deprivation and spiritual well-being) have a significant relationship with hope for the future. Regression results indicate that among the independent variables, the social welfare variable with a beta value of 46 / 0 and the spiritual well-being variable with a beta value of 0.31 had the largest share in explaining the dependent variable of hope for the future. Also, the prediction equation of the amount of hope for the future can explain 34.5% of the variance of the dependent variable of the future.

AbstractStudying academic procrastination among students can provide scientific support and necessary decision-making strategies for higher education institutions to promote students’ mental health. This study aimed to model academic procrastination among graduate students and identify strategies for dealing with it, through a qualitative approach and using data-based theory. A total of 15 faculty members participated in this study and were interviewed purposefully and based on the rule of theoretical saturation. Data analysis was conducted based on three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Scientific and research incompetence, inefficiency of the university system (weak mechanisms of the student recruitment system, ineffective management and educational laws, weak effective communication between the university and industry and society, and lack of justification education), the labor market and job opportunities are among the causal conditions for the formation of procrastination. In contrast, students use passive or active strategies (adaptive strategy and illegitimate opportunity strategy) against procrastination. Social beliefs, the existence of shortcuts, family support, and academic alienation of professors as intervening conditions, and the nature of academic disciplines (in the humanities and basic sciences), lack of scientific and research equipment, multiple roles, and in-person or virtual education as background conditions affect strategies. The consequences of this behavior are the weakening of scientific credibility and professional ethics, and the weakening of the cultural capital of society. In general, continuous procrastination behavior can be a meaningful response to social, cultural, and organizational conditions. This behavior is not only a result of individual factors, but also a reaction to macrostructures and social expectations, which at the same time indicates individual agency in managing the situation.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes one of the most dangerous infections in birds. High economic losses and high mortality are outcomes of this virus, which does not have any immediate cure. The natural reservoir of this virus can remain among bird and non-bird animals like farm animals. In Iran, this virus has reached a steady situation. Also, it should be mentioned that migrating birds can transfer the virus. The F protein of the virus is essential in pathogenicity and determination of pathogenic strain of NDVs, which has the regions that are essential in pathogenicity, immunogenicity, cell fusibility, and tissue necrosis. In this study, with computational analysis of this protein, some features related to this protein such as protein cleavage site, the conserved region in immunogenicity, infected species in Middle Eastern countries, and physicochemical properties of protein were determined. Results showed that the F protein of NDV consists of highly conserved regions that show a high rate of similarity and identity. Despite the majority of strains characterized as pathogenic, there were still non-pathogenic strains circulating in the Middle East. In this comprehensive study, protein regions essential in immunogenicity and epitope formation were identified, which may be used in the development of recombinant vaccines against this virus.

The tendency toward violence among prisoners is a significant challenge faced by prison administrators and societal authorities. This study aims to examine the role of cultural insecurity in the emergence of violent tendencies among prisoners to propose solutions for mitigating this issue.
This applied research adopts a descriptive-analytical and survey-based approach. The statistical population consists of inmates at the Central Prison of Ilam, with a sample size of 204 selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected via questionnaires, and their reliability and validity were confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, face validity, and factor analysis. The theoretical model was analyzed using AMOS software.
According to the results, 71% of the variance in violent tendencies is explained by the variables of cultural security and existential anxiety in a primary path. Additionally, cultural security accounts for 55% of the variance in existential anxiety.
Prisoners' negative perception of cultural security leads to existential anxiety, which in turn fosters violent tendencies. In other words, cultural insecurity and existential anxiety are underlying factors contributing to prisoners' violent behavior. This phenomenon stems from social dynamics and life circumstances in Ilam Province, where prisoners lived before incarceration. Therefore, rehabilitation programs that overlook these contextual factors will prove ineffective.

Today, one of the emerging and expanding social issues in the big cities of Iran is the phenomenon of littering, which has faced various challenges in urban life. These challenges have severely affected people's lives, family foundations and urban management. The purpose of the upcoming research is to investigate the formation process of waste collection in the city of Ahvaz. In order to achieve this goal, an in-depth interview was conducted with 22 waste collectors in Ahvaz city using grounded theory method and targeted sampling method with theoretical sampling strategy. The findings include 12 subcategories. housing challenges, family livelihood crisis, pressure from friends and inflammatory environment, lack of sufficient and stable institutional support, cultural poverty intensifying livelihood poverty, emotional tensions within the family, the basis for the formation of a self-governing livelihood strategy, the struggle for the survival of the family livelihood, physical consequences, spiritual, environmental, social and security, 5 main categories; Economic desperation, structural pressure, tension-causing cultural background, adopting a self-governing livelihood strategy and numerous consequences of the phenomenon of littering and a main category under the title of the phenomenon of littering as a generator of social tension. The results of the research show that the process of forming the phenomenon of littering starts from family economic and cultural backgrounds and is intensified by structural pressures. In such a situation, the garbage collectors adopt a self-managed livelihood strategy that they work in garbage collection as individuals, groups or families. They reduce the concept of scavenging to an accessible independent occupation, and the consequences of such an act are physical, psychological, environmental.

Honor killing is one of the most complex and controversial social issues in many societies, shaped by specific cultural and temporal conditions. Awareness of this social issue is of great importance, as it can lead to improved human relations between men and women and the replacement of peaceful coexistence with violence. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a sociological analysis of attitudes towards honor killings and examine the factors influencing these attitudes among men in Ahvaz.

This research adopts a descriptive-correlational approach and was conducted as a survey. Data were collected using a questionnaire technique. The statistical population includes all men residing in Ahvaz in the year 1401 (2022-2023), from which a sample of 384 individuals was selected. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, mean difference, and regression tests.

The findings indicate that attitudes towards honor killings among men in Ahvaz are at a moderately high level. A significant, direct, and inverse relationship was observed between the variables of social health and social acceptance and attitudes towards honor killings. Additionally, there is a direct and positive relationship between structural pressure, acceptance of patriarchal beliefs, and age with attitudes towards honor killings. Furthermore, significant differences were found in attitudes towards honor killings between Arab and Bakhtiari ethnicities. Regression analysis shows that these variables explain 41.5% of the changes in the dependent variable.

Attitudes towards honor are an active and acquired process shaped within the context of society and culture, leading to specific behaviors. This attitude is like a seed planted in the minds of adolescents and young people, which grows as the individual matures. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to the factors that reinforce this attitude.

In many countries, including America, Canada, South Africa, Brazil, Colombia, and certain European nations, firearm-related injuries are a significant contributor to the overall number of deaths (Dahlberg, 2004). The majority of these incidents occur in countries where civilian firearm possession is unrestricted (Singh, 2005). According to a report from the United Nations, South Africa has the second highest rate of firearm-related deaths globally (Sanaei, 2004). In contrast, Iran has relatively few reported firearm injuries with the most recent official statistics from 2014 indicating over one million illegal firearms and a similar number of authorized firearms in circulation.

This study employed an interpretive approach to explore and elucidate participants' experiences and interpretations of firearm use by using qualitative methods. Specifically, the foundational data theory method was utilized among various qualitative research methods to conduct and present the research. Criterion sampling was employed to select all cases that met specific researcher-defined criteria. The participants included senior experts from the police deputy of the governorate, social deputy of the governorate, senior experts of the governorate, individuals arrested in this field, senior experts of the police force, academic experts, and citizens of Khuzestan Province (Ahvaz, Abadan, Izeh, and Shadgan cities). In-depth interviews were the primary technique used for data collection. Data analysis followed the systematic approach of contextual theory, employing open, axial, and selective coding methods. Common validation techniques were utilized to ensure the scientific rigor and trustworthiness of the research.

The data analysis revealed various factors within the research model. Causal conditions encompassed the quality and lack of official supervision, civil disobedience, symbolic function of weapons, feelings of deprivation and discrimination, demonstrative use of weapons, tribal power dynamics, strategic planning weaknesses, and anomic conditions. Additionally, tribal prejudice, identity reevaluation, identity-driven use of weapons, and background conditions (economic determinants), such as poverty, unemployment, perceived economic pressure, economic-social base of users, easy access to weapons, and generation of income through unauthorized weapon sales were identified. The intervening conditions (cultural determinants) included the influence of nomadic culture, patriarchal cultural stagnation, weapons as symbols of nobility and leadership honor, low cultural capital of users, delayed ethnic customs and traditions, lack of family socialization, inactive cultural organizations, lack of free time, ethnic reference groups, belief in honoring local traditions, and value of using weapons. The proposed strategies involved the necessity of enacting laws, regulating licensed weapons, continuous monitoring of weapon licenses, citizen-centered monitoring, developing cultural strategies to replace weapons, enhancing the efficiency of laws in local conflict resolution, and utilizing local trustees' capacity. The participants highlighted the significant consequences, including heightened insecurity, negative evaluation of local governance performance by citizens, and reduced sense of belonging, all revolving around the core category of "unbalanced reproduction of ethnic traditions."

Awareness of the poverty situation in a society will be the first step in the planning process to combat poverty and deprivation and to review the results of previous programs and policies and possibly revise them. This study aims to provide a model to explain poverty in semi-urban areas of Khuzestan province. The method used in this research is data foundation theory. The participants of the present study are 24 poverty-related stakeholders who either live in the study areas or have work experience and administrative activities and interaction with these areas. Semi-structured interview technique was used to collect data and purposive sampling was used to select cases. After coding, ten main categories of data emerged, each of which was completely analyzed based on the text of the interviews. The emerging paradigm includes three dimensions of conditions, actions-interactions and consequences, which based on the results of research in the dimension of conditions including (lack of social capacity building, challenges of attracting investors, lack of accountability and transparency in the performance of public institutions in decision optimization). Implemented grievances and strategies, injustice in the distribution the dimension of action-interaction (Allocation of government facilities to real bority) Humanity and security of people Erosion of quality of life, crisis of knowledge aced and irregular development between regions - ruralization at the origin) formed .

Lifestyle is a coherent set of behaviors that is manifested in the form of consumption. During the last four decades, the lifestyle has undergone fundamental changes. The aim of the current research is to study the ethnographic changes in lifestyle (clothing and food) in the process of urban development in Izeh. The research methodology is based on interpretative paradigm. In this regard, in order to answer the research questions and objectives, the ethnographic method was chosen. In this regard, 23 informants who were selected by purposeful sampling were included in the study. The obtained data were analyzed through Grounded analysis and concepts, sub-categories and main categories were extracted. The findings of the research show that the spontaneous settlement of the nomads and the change of the natural ecosystem to the man-made ecosystem has brought about a change in the lifestyle of the residents in the study area. The change in the ecosystem gradually changed the arrangements for preparing food and the type of clothing, and urbanization as a man-made ecosystem has replaced the behavioral patterns of "individualism" and "consumerism" with the behavioral patterns of "collectivism" and "productivity". Qapu board of nomadic, the implementation of the provisions of the White Revolution, including land reforms, the sending of the Knowledge Corps to rural areas and the nationalization of forests and pastures led to the intensification of rural migrations, the increase of the city population and, consequently, the changes in lifestyle in the studied area.

The aim of the present study was to investigate ethnic subcultures (Arab and Bakhtiari) and the norms and popular beliefs that facilitate drug use in Khuzestan province.

The present research employed ethnography as the research method. The research statistical population consisted of experts and Bakhtiari and Arab families residing in the province. Thirty individuals from Bakhtiari and Arab families living in the province, along with ten experts, were selected using snowball sampling and the data saturation technique for the study. Data collection was conducted through in-depth semi-structured interviews, and data analysis was performed using thematic analysis method.

In this study, the driving forces behind substance use (local customs and traditions) and the enabling factors that support substance use (the normalization of substance use) were identified.

Family and school contexts significantly contribute to the onset and persistence of high-risk substance use behavior. It seems that therapists, researchers, and counselors can use the findings of the current research to reduce and prevent high-risk substance use behaviors.

Nowadays, poverty is one of the most important issues in human societies. The prevalence of poverty in society challenges the development process in economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions.. Poverty in urban areas, like other phenomena, is affected by various factors. In this study, using the qualitative method and Grounded Theory Strategy, the roots and consequences of poverty in urban areas of Khuzestan province (Ahvaz and Abadan) have been investigated. The participants of the present study were 46 key people including university experts, senior experts of executive bodies (provincial experts, experts of Ahwaz Facilitation Office, social experts of Ahwaz and Abadan governorates), individuals and families living in urban areas of Ahwaz and Abadan. The present study used interview technique to collect data and purposive sampling method to select cases. The interview continued until the theoretical saturation stage was reached. Findings showed that categories such as weak work culture and the normalization of poverty, unemployment and economic stagnation, poor support for the marginalized, weak psychological capital, lack of empowerment of marginalized people, lack of meritocracy, Asymmetric distribution of resources and feelings of discrimination and inequality, inefficiency in urban management, economic and administrative corruption, the weak demand culture of the people and the weakness of adopting a scientific approach in policy-making have all contributed to poverty. According to the results of the research, the outburst of the feeling of being deprived of capabilities was revealed as a central category from the text of the interviews.According to the findings of the research, it can be said that paying attention to strategies such as 1. Promoting work culture in the society, 2. Investing in acute and critical areas and supporting investors, 3. Paying attention to skill training in poor areas, etccan play an important role in combating poverty.

Today, in the university system, knowledge sharing plays a key role in realizing organizational goals, especially knowledge creation and university entrepreneurship. Knowledge sharing behavior among academic activists is facilitated by effective training and dynamic socialization. The main purpose of the current research is to study the effect of the academic socialization process on knowledge sharing among graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The research method is a survey and in order to collect information from the technique the questionnaire was used. The statistical population of the research includes 6114 graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, from which 362 people were selected using Cochran's formula with a simple random sampling method. The results of the research analysis show: The average of knowledge sharing among graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz is 42.29 and it is moderate to low, also, a significant relationship was observed between the variable of academic socialization and its dimensions with knowledge sharing. The results of the regression analysis showed that the variables of academic encouragement, student-teacher interaction and scientific participation explain 48% of the changes in the dependent variable. By comparing the beta coefficients, it can be said that the dimension of scientific encouragement of academic socialization with a beta coefficient of 0.388 has the greatest effect and the dimension of student-to-student interaction with a beta coefficient of  0.106 has the least effect on knowledge sharing.

armed crimes, more than other crimes; It causes disorder and the loss of the feeling of social security in the society; The cause of this issue should be sought in the fact that human lives are under the influence of armed crime and the creation of a widespread sense of insecurity in social life. This study aims to qualitatively investigate the phenomenon of armed robberies in Khuzestan province, in order to provide a clear understanding of the reasons for its spread.

This research was conducted using a qualitative method and a grounded theory approach. Sampling; It has been done purposefully and in the form of theoretical sampling. data collection method; in the form of in-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 people; It includes two ranges of armed robbers as well as police officers related to the phenomenon of armed robbery in Khuzestan province.

The findings consist of 38 conceptual codes and 11 main categories including: socio-economic challenge and structural deprivation as causal conditions; Marginalization, geographical location, and weather conditions are categorized as background conditions, illegitimate opportunities, criminal subculture, institutional dysfunction, social learning, and lack of supervision and control as intervening conditions and loosening of social bonds as consequences.

The main and central phenomenon of the research according to the formed categories; It is named as "armed robbery product of failure of status". Thus, the failure of dignity at different social levels has been identified as the most important factor in the formation of armed robberies in Khuzestan province, which is placed at a more abstract level than other categories.

From Qajar until now, the conflict between tradition and modernity became an insoluble equation for the country. The Fardidiyeh movement has a Heideggerian approach and its prominence is a radical opposition to modernity. The purpose of this work is to know why the Faridiyeh movement opposes modernity. Using the method of discourse analysis, the investigation showed: In the discourse of modernity, material ontology and the rationality of the subsistence mentality were opposed to the existential ontology and the rationality of the resurrectionist. In modernity, the central sign of humanism and signs such as scientism, technology, capitalism, individualism, freedom, liberalism, Protestantism, human rights, secularism and democracy found meaning with it. The central signifier of Fardidiyeh's discourse was the conscious and obligated human heart. Signs of sacred science, denial of technology (manifestation of human soul authority), denial of capitalism (manifestation of human selfishness), denial of secularism (loss of the concept of God and deification of man), Quranic wisdom, freedom of soul, Islamic human rights and God's rule, were detailed. And made a difference. In the political theory of modernity, the demand for maximum welfare and freedom for man, but the Fardidiyeh trend denied any tolerance and tolerance towards the subject itself, the foundation.

The present study was conducted with the aim of qualitatively studying the contexts of domestic violence in the experience of women in Khuzestan province. Among the qualitative research methods, the interpretive phenomenology method has been used to investigate the experience of violence. 18 participants were selected through purposive sampling and criterion sampling strategy. A semi-structured interview was used to collect the data, and the Claizian method was used to analyze the data obtained from the phenomenological interviews. The main themes are "weak social support, power dynamics as a builder of romantic relationships, allocation of unaccounted credit to men, masculinity's zeal and honor, use of ineffective strategies, traditional femininity as a cultural-social structure, giving identity to male violence-causing behavior, feelings of desperation and helplessness, resilience and adaptive strategy, lack of strict laws, female poverty and power imbalance" which can be finally attributed to three "structural, intellectual and interactive" contexts. The results of this study show that violence occurs for two reasons: hermeneutic injustice and the lack of collective interpretation resources, and it is created under the influence of the structure and ideology that governs the society, the social ties of the person with the people around him, and the rewards and punishments that the person receives during his actions. Eventually this strong tension will lead to the elastic band strategy, which implies a long-term process of moving between actively resisting violence and giving in and staying in the position for a longer time, before possibly finally leaving the relationship.

Identifying the values and beliefs of spouses about married life and interpersonal relationships plays an important role in revealing the backgrounds of the instability of married life. The aim  of this study was to analyze the facilitators of marital instability and its consequences in Ilam city. This qualitative research was carried out in the framework of grounded theory and in order to identify and understand the causal processes of the formation of marital instability from the point of view of experts (including university experts, dispute resolution council experts and family court judges) in Ilam city. has taken. In this study, 20 participants were selected by theoretical and purposive sampling methods. The desired data were collected and analyzed based on in-depth interviews. The emerging model includes three dimensions of conditions, actions-interactions, and consequences. The "Conditions" dimension includes superficial knowledge, moral and behavioral deviation, the coercive approach of couples, weak problem-solving skills, and spouses' disharmony" dimension of "action-interactions" includes the role of silence and tolerance, feelings of inferiority and confrontation, violence and revenge and tendency to Divorce, the "consequences" dimension, includes intensification of feelings of inferiority and frustration, transformation and inefficiency of family values, identity crisis, and moral insecurity. Therefore, it has been proposed to establish and strengthen cultural centers, improve patterns of marital skills, and strengthen the monitoring and treatment of counseling centers to reduce marital instability.