معصومه زارعی

tǝmʃʌ kǝrdǝn ‘to look’ is an experiential predicate in Garrusi Kurdish whose arguments and event structure are represented as a coverb complex predicate. The present study explores how arguments are encoded in the predicate-argument construction of tǝmʃʌ kǝrdǝn based on Croft’s typological perspective (2022). It investigates the strategies employed by this verbal event to express its participants’ roles, which grammatical and semantic functions are hosted by its components, and how its event structure is represented with respect to its argument structure. For this purpose, a fieldwork was conducted and 30 native speakers of Garrusi Kurdish were interviewed. Wallace Chafe’s The Pear Story film was used as a catalyst for data collection, and Kurdish narratives were recorded. A total of 88 tokens of tǝmʃʌ kǝrdǝn, extracted from our discursive corpus, were analyzed to study argument coding strategies. The findings revealed that this experiential complex predicate, exhibits variation in the participants’ argument coding and the type of the event it expresses. It basically used experiencer-oriented strategy, encoding the experiencer as a subject argument phrase. However, the stimulus showed variation in coding strategies, being expressed as an object argument phrase, as an oblique argument phrase, or as a complement clause. Of the 88 tokens of tǝmʃʌ kǝrdǝn, only 16 instances employed subject-object argument structure. The most tokenized coding strategy was subject-oblique argument coding with a locative/goal stimulus. Additionally, this complex predicate was observed to function as a subevent in serial verb construction. It could also express a different event structure.

Critics of traditional theology, particularly feminists, have turned their attention to reinterpreting the sacred text from a feminine perspective. By doing so, feminist theologians aim to provide a fresh outlook on the human relationship with God, drawing from women's experiences within Western religious and intellectual traditions. This approach has led to the scrutiny of the historically male-centered philosophical, and theological foundations in the history of philosophy and theological thought. Consequently, gender has emerged as an explicit or implicit element in interpretations of religious texts. This research focused on the methodology employed by Schüssler Fiorenza, in order to understand the role of gender and hermeneutics within her approach. the findings of this research revealed Fiorenza utilized a critical and rhetorical hermeneutical method to challenge the masculine interpretation of the sacred text. She established a foundation for a new feminine reading by constructing positive and conceptual frameworks derived from the Bible. Furthermore, Fiorenza traced the transformation of understanding by departing from male historical-theological approaches and incorporating female agency. It is important to note that Fiorenza's emphasis on the diversity of femininity in reconstructing a contextualized and gender-inclusive theology did not imply a relativistic approach to knowledge or exclusive adoption of feminist epistemology

Color terms are radiation of the human conceptual system that represents a reflection of his cognitive and linguistic features. The human conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. Metaphor is a cognitive mechanism and one of the linguistic strategies that can play a part in color term formation and categorical extension of colors. This study has taken metaphor in Persian color terms and the metaphorical structure of color categories in the Persian language into consideration. In this study, based on cognitive lexical semantics, 910 color terms in Persian have been analyzed. After describing semantic domains in the metaphorical formation of Persian color terms and analyzing the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms, the frequency of semantic domains’ application in Persian color terms and color categories’ tendency for participation in the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms have been investigated. Metaphor is one of the cognitive mechanisms that have a significant role in forming color categories and their conceptual extension in Persian. The domains whose phenomena have been observed in the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms are plant domain, animal domain, food domain, body domain, mineral domain, natural phenomenon domain, and object domain. The frequency of application and distribution of these semantic domains in Persian color categories is not equal. Besides, the rate of color categories’ participation in the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms and their tendency to the source semantic domains vary in metaphorical mapping.

This research aims to identify and describe the first theoretical approaches in the process of the formation of the concept of gender and shows that the conceptual distinction between sex and gender based on the background of Western thought was formed in a period of 70 years.

With the theoretical perspective of Foucault's paleontology, the research follows the process of formation and the first appearances of the formation of the concept of gender to its formative foundation and shows what forces, theories and relationships Brind has organized the concept of gender. Paleontology is based on the concept of "possibility". In the sense that after the discovery of the first historical appearances of a phenomenon, the answer to the question is sought, how did this idea emerge?

Analyzing the description and analysis of feminist, psychoanalytical, philosophical ideas and the views of Parsons' work shows that anthropological findings and Freudian concepts are the focal point in gender discussions and connect other ideas about gender issues like a connecting link. The model of kinship structure in Strauss' perspective and the term women's exchange play an important role in feminist literature before and after Oakley. Although the philosophical approaches of Debois are understood in Heidegger's theoretical tradition, the influence of anthropology plays an important role in the formation of Debois's point of view. For these theories, it becomes the basis for conceptual distinctions in Oakley's opinion and the separation of the concept of gender from gender. Although the concepts of role and base of Parsonzi and his successors are also loaded on this theoretical platform and highlight the gender roles and their dependence on the social situations of the two sexes. Lacan also creates newer perspectives on gender by using the literature of Freud and Strauss, and Irigaray has newer answers to gender differences by criticizing the traditional ideas of psychoanalysis and philosophy. Finally, the psychoanalytic views of Freud, Lacan and Lévi-Strauss with an anthropological approach had a major contribution in the process of constructing gender and led to discredit the idea that gender inequalities are a natural and unchangeable reality

Color terms and color naming is a matter that has frequently drawn the attention of the linguists. Human eyes can identify more than seven million colors. Languages in different cultures have tried to represent lexically a range of them. Color terms and their typology is considered as one of the pivotal studies in recent decades. While there are Persian words for the colors, each year, due to inaccessibility, several non-Persian color terms enter this language. This article is aimed at representing a list of Persian color terms, studying their morphological structure, their localization and enrichment of Persian language and culture. More than sixteen hundred color terms have been collected by the writer. These terms can be divided into simple and complex words. Only 2.74% of Persian color terms are simple and 97.26% of them have complex structure. Persian speakers create color terms through suffixation and syntactic processes. 50.50% of complex color terms have derivational structure and the remaining 46.76% are compound. Derivation and compounding are the most productive and frequent processes in the formation of Persian color terms.

Researches in recent decades have attempted to study the relationship between art and education and examine its theoretical and practical foundations. questions about beauty and art are questions that have occupied the human mind for a long time. Eshraq philosophy, by using the principles of Islamic wisdom, mystical and enlightenment principles it can be a suteble basis for analyzing the ideas and concepts in Iranian art. one of the important fields of education is art and aesthetics. accordingly, this research is an attempt to analyze and understand art education based on Iranian philosophy and extracting its implications in education, especially in educational planning and educational adminstration. the method of this research is qualitative content analysis. using constant comparative method, the categories of art education were deduced from the perspective of Eshraq philosophy.

The purpose of this study was to compare antisocial and borderline personality disorder, empathy, and mirror neuron function in chronic addicts and non-addicts with secure and insecure attachment styles. The research method is causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study consisted of all opioid addicts (opium and heroin addicts) who were referred to addiction treatment centers in Tehran in 2019. Sampling method was purposive sampling. The research instruments included the Hazen & Shaver Attachment Style Questionnaire (1987), Davies Empathy Questionnaire (1983), the Millon 3 Clinical Multidisciplinary Questionnaire, and electroencephalography apparatus. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results of data analysis showed that main effect of attachment styles was significant (p <0.05). Accordingly, the differences between the two groups of secure and insecure attachment styles in antisocial personality, borderline personality, empathy, and mirror neuron function in the cz channel were confirmed. Accordingly, in both groups of addicts and non-addicts, insecure attachment style had a greater effect on antisocial personality, borderline personality, empathy, and mirror neuronal function in the cz channel. . Also, people with a secure attachment style from a psychoanalytic perspective have a better ability to control their transient needs and behavioral impulses. Benefiting from a strong super ego allows the individual to manage and control the emotions and impulses of the id more powerfully. Postponement of immediate and transient needs draws human attention and concentration to the satisfaction of more important and long-term needs that play an effective role in a person's mental health, as well as the amount of neurotic anxiety caused by interpersonal conflicts. It focuses on the behavior and reduction of impulsive behaviors in these people.

Iran's construction industry has faced some problems in recent years, including rework, high costs and design errors. Engineers in this field have always emphasized the use of modern methods of building modern technologies and technologies to improve quality, reduce time, cost and increase productivity. One of these technologies is building information modeling technology, which has been very difficult to adopt and implement in this country. The purpose of this research is to present a systemic and holistic model to analyze the dynamics of adoption and implementation of this technology in Iran. For this purpose, a hybrid research method is designed, so that in the first phase using the grounded theory, a conceptual model of technology adoption is presented, and then using a system dynamics approach, a quantitative mathematical model with simulated decision consequences is presented. Four policies under the scenarios were implemented on the model. The results show that government support consisting of a set of measures is the most efficient solution to develop adoption and implementation of this technology.

Dementia is a prevalent disorder around the world. However, its chronic and progressive nature mostly affects physical and psychosocial characteristics and public healthcare. Recently, multisensory interventions have been used in people with dementia as one of the nonpharmacological treatment methods. This narrative review intends to explain multisensory stimulation programs or Snoezelen for those affected with dementia.

Keywords such as “sensory-based intervention”, “sensory stimulation”, “sensory processing”, “Snoezelen”, “sensory modulation”, and “dementia” were used in Scopus and PubMed databases with a sensitive search strategy in the articles published between 2000 and 2020.

The initial search retrieved 255 articles. After reviewing and rejecting some duplicates, 65 studies remained in the field of multisensory interventions in dementia. However, only 8 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria.

Multisensory stimulations in dementia can be used as an adjunctive strategy alongside other therapies. Sensory diets can be applied in common home environments. For this purpose, it is better to use Dunn’s sensory processing model. So, along with individual components, context and occupations are also considered.

Liver fibrosis is the main prognostic factor for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Change of inactive hepatitis B to active one is usually done silently. In this setting accurate estimation of fibrosis is an important step in the management of affected patients.
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of fibroscan to evaluate liver fibrosis in inactive chronic hepatitis B.

In a prospective study between February 2016 and June 2018, we evaluated liver fibrosis among patients with inactive CHB by fibroscan assessment. The inclusion criteria were the presence of serum HBsAg more than 6 months, persistence normal liver enzymes during the last 6 months, and HBV–DNA viral load<20000 IU/mL. All other liver diseases were excluded. All patients underwent liver fibroscan. The factors affecting fibroscan results such as severe obesity, cardiac and renal failure, decompensate cirrhosis, and ascites were excluded. The patients were visited every 6 months. The eligible patients were followed up for one year.

 210 patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 37.49±12.8 years and of them132 patients were male. Regarding the HBV DNA load, 48(22.9%), 84(40%), and 78(37.1%) patient had viral load undetectable, under, and more than 2000IU/mL, respectively. The mean transit elastography (TE) value among these patients was 5.8±1.26 kPa. TE value more than 7.2 kp was seen in 25 (11.9%) patients with mean of 8.1±1.4 kPa. There was no significant association between TE results and viral load levels in general. Moreover, we did not observe a significant association between age and viral load and TE.

We showed that inactive hepatitis B is not a benign condition, which needed regular follow-up by evaluating liver enzymes, vial load, and TE.  Hepatic fibrosis has prognostic significance because afflicted patients are at higher risk of developing cirrhosis; although liver biopsy is considered as the best available gold standard for assessing hepatic fibrosis.

Coagulase enzyme is one of the most important virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which could be used for differentiation of S. aureus from other Staphylococcal species. The relationship between the genotype of coagulase and the enterotoxigenic strain of S. aureus is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate coa gene typing in enterotoxigenic strain of S. aureus. A total of 21 enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains were assayed. A specific pair primer for coa gene amplification was selected. Gene extraction from the bacterial strain was carried out separately. Then, the coa gene amplification by PCR was performed. Using the bioinformatics methods in Silico and comparing PCR products with reference samples in silico, the search for AluI restriction enzyme digestion sites was determined. The results of coa gene amplification showed that only 20 S. aureus strains have this genetic element and consist of eight classes of coa gene based on their size, ranging from 352 to 1200 bp amplicons. All amplified fragments have fragments restriction enzyme AluI site action except fragment 352 bp which prone to genotyped. The frequency of the coa genotype in this study was type I (42.85%), type IV (19%), type II (9.5%) and others (4.76%) respectively. The results of alignment coa gene types with enterotoxigenicity showed that the potent enterotoxin producer was related to coa gene type II and VI. The study results indicated that the coa gene by primer pairs could have an amplified different size fragment. The comparison finding with references is a simple and accurate method for genotyping of the S. aureus isolate and it would be able to determine the type of enterotoxins produced.

Generally speaking, organizations and their appropriate operations play a vital role in the modern societies. In addition, administrative transparency and organizational establishment are among the most important determinants of the quantity and quality of institutional trust. This article is based on the results of a survey on a sample of householders in Nourabad-Mamasani City. The survey examines how the individuals’ perceptions on administrative transparency and organizational establishment are associated with institutional trust. The results of this analysis indicate that people have the strongest trust towards military and security institutions, whereas the weakest trust goes towards institutions that are responsible for controlling the price of goods and services. Moreover, the results show that there is a significantly positive association between institutional trust on the one hand, and staff’s behavior, organizational establishment and quality of supervisory organizations, on the other hand. This applies to the trust toward all three types of institutions: governmental, supportive and educational, and economic services institutions. The variables included in this analysis could explain 29 per cent of variation in the trust towards governmental institutions, 19 per cent of variation in the trust towards economic services institutions, and 12 per cent of variation in the trust towards supportive and monitoring institutions.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of using a panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) laser in one or three sessions on the improvement of symptoms of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In a clinical trial study, 80 eyes from 40 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The first group was cured by 2400 spots in one session of PRP and the second group was cured by 2400 spots divided in three sessions (3 × 800) of PRP. Finally, early complication of laser therapy was compared between the two groups. The changes of visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and central macula thickness were not significantly different between the two groups of one and three sessions of PRP. Performing PRP in a single session or three divided sessions does not have an effect on visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and macular thickness; but it seems that the laser is preferred in one session due to reduced frequency of visits and therapeutic costs.

The distinction between ‘gender’ and ‘sex’ is regarded as the most basic feministic assumption. Accordingly, feminists argue that many of women’s characteristics which have been deemed as natural traits are socially constructed, so their critical and normative theories are intended to eliminate women inferiority. Some planners and scholars in the field of Iranian women studies argue that one cannot conceive the ideas of thinkers likes Allameh Tabatabaei as a rival for feminist theories or as a coherent framework for understanding, explaining, or reforming the status of women, because gender has not been a matter of interest for them. We examine the claim in details in this research. The results of this research carried out by qualitative analysis method on Allameh's works (particularly Al-Mizan), show that Allameh has sought to present coherent discussions in defending the place of women in Islamic thought and in criticizing their conditions in Islamic and modern societies, and he addresses these topics regarding most important feministic ideas. Therefore, attention to the distinction between sex and gender is one of the features of the formulation of women's problems in Allameh's thought. However, due to the rhetoricity of his speculations in Islamic and feminist teachings, one cannot regard his viewpoint as a scientific theory with the characteristics of an empirical theory.

This article is going to discover and explain policies of 4th, 5th and 6th development plans on the empowering of women headed family. Divorced women, widows, single and married women who their husbands are not able to work, are meant by women headed family. To empower this group of women necessitate to consider two factors: advancement and women’s agency. The main question is examining of two factors within development plans for empowering women headed family. Findings of the research based on qualitative content analysis method are presenting that development plans have not been effective in enhancing women's empowerment in the area of access to resources and presence in social networks and markets. It only limited to financial support and in some context social support. This kind of policy would not lead to reduce women’s poverty in the long run.

The fear of falling is common in people with Parkinson's disease. One of the most common tools to measure the fear of falling in these patients is the Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (SAFFE). No Persian version of the SAFFE is available and no study on the reliability and validity of this scale has been conducted in Iran. The main objective of the present study was to develop a Persian version of the SAFFE scale to assess fear of falling and activities in people with Parkinson's disease.
After obtaining permission from the developer of the original scale, the Persian version was prepared according to the International Quality Of Life Assessment Protocol (IQOLA). To review the clarity and necessity of the translated items, CVI and CVR methods were applied. The internal consistency of the items was also measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
The clarity and necessity of the translated items based on the scores of CVI and CVR were acceptable. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was very high for fear of falling and activity restriction level, and moderate for activity level. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was very good for the entire scale (α = 0.93)
The Persian version of SAFFE had very good content validity and internal consistency of items and can serve as a useful tool in the clinical assessment of fear of falling and activities in patients with Parkinson's disease.

village, is a dynamic phenomenon like city, that is passing the development process based on the amount of incoming changes and Adaptation of internal processes with them. It requires a flexible and effective decision-making model to be used for directing its Shaping forces . In designing these models, not only the general economic component and social considerations but also the tendency and public participation for supporting these models are very effective. In this case, one of the notable aspects is the process of renovation and reforming of rural housing which reflects the desire of the residents to revive rural housing. In this respect, the quantitative estimate of willingness to pay for each of the environmental values are important in performing these projects. In economic thinking, for assessing such social trends, it's taken advantage of various methods and the most popular one is experimental method. The aim of this study is to detect rating method, and calculate the amount of willingness to pay for environmental values and get a loan to upgrade the level of the quality of each of the environmental values in 10 villages of Abadeh-tashk zone, so it's tried to assess the rating of environmental values based on the resident's points of view and the willingness to pay villagers for each of the environmental values. The results of the experimental selection method showed that in the resident's opinion, all the value variables for choosing housing parameters, have meaningful relationship with each other (P>0.05) except for the aesthetic variable which is sig

The world Health Organization considered participation as an important role in normal aging.Participation is one of the main concepts of International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF).Activity Card Sort (ACS) is a comprehensive tool to assess participation in instrumental,leisure and social activities.The porpuse of this study is cultural adaptating,validity and reliability of Persian version of ACS according to cultural criterias of Iranian elderly population.
This cross -sectional study was conducted in Tehran using available sampling method.Firstly,after getting permission of test developer,item generation were done by using time diary and activities questionnaire.The second step was item selection by using Delphi method and elderly panel and expert panel.in The third stage,test reliability using internal consistency and test-retest was investigated.
Based on the results,86 activities for Iranian ACS were obtained.Cronbach's alpha values for the Persian ACS was 0.84,for instrumental activities 0.73 ,for low physical demand activities 0.80 ,for high physical demand activities 0.71 and for social activities 0.70,indicating high internal consistency of the instrument.The test-retest correlation was 0.98.
The results of this study indicate that Iranian ACS has good validity and reliability.This tool allowes professionals to accurately assess elderly participation rate.

The aim of the present study is to identify the variables that influence the willingness of villagers to get loans for the process of structural modefication and rehabilitation of housing and also ranking of these variables

This study is an applied research and it used correlational descriptive - analytic method for analysis. For characterizing data, SPSS software was used. ANOVA, T-test and Chi-square were examined to determin the rate of tendency to get loan. Data was collected through field studies using the cook-run sampling method taken from 300 sample families of the region.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between 5 variables of 6 investigated variables (type of residence, age, education level, awareness of risk, income) and the dependent variable of research (willingness to get loans) (p0.05). Research limitation: Lack of access to update data in villages is one of the chanllanges of the present study. Practical implications: Regarding the findings, some suggestions are proposed such as paying attention to the schedule of giving loan to families and providing subsides for part of the required building. Original/value: The importance of this study lies in the fact that rural administrators can take actions according to the variables of willingness to get loan for earthquake retrofitting.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is (OCD) one of the serious problems which imposes high economic and social expenses on the society. The aim of this study was to identify a probable transmission pattern in the families of the patients with OCD. This cross sectional study included 150 patients in the psychiatric centers in Sanandaj. Diagnosis of the disorder was confirmed by a psychiatrist. History of signs and symptoms of OCD in the maternal and paternal relatives of the patients، including the type، severity and duration of the signs and symptoms were recorded in a questionnaire for every patient. We used descriptive statistics to determine relative and absolute frequencies، and chi-square test to analyze the relationship among the nominal variables. The results of this study showed that contamination and pathological doubt were the most frequent patterns. Washing was the most frequent pattern of obsession which was observed in 42% of the patients. The family history of OCD were18% in paternal and 44. 7% in maternal relatives. 35. 3% of the patients had no family history of OCD. The results indicated that family history of OCD، especially maternal، is important and OCD is more likely to occur in the subjects with family history of this disorder. However more studies are needed to identify the exact genetic pattern.