معصومه صالحی

Quinoa is a dicotyledonous plant from the Amaranthaceae family. Due to the high nutritional value, several breeding programs have been started on quinoa in different parts of the world. The goals of the breeding programs are to increase yield, reduce sensitivity to day length, increase seed size, reduce seed saponin content, and resistance to powdery mildew and seed color. The purpose of this research is to select high-yielding and adapted quinoa lines using different parametric and non-parametric methods.

The advance quinoa line NSRCQ8 (B), NSRCQ7 (C), Sadoq (D), NSRCQ9 (E) with the Titicaca as control (T) in five regions, Yazd (Sadoq Salinity Research Farm, National Salinity Research Center), Sabzevar (Sabzevar Research Station), Shiraz (Khorameh), Bushehr (Ahram) and Iranshahr (Bampur) were evaluated in the form of randomized complete block design during two years 2019-2019. Planting date in Sabzevar was August 15 with irrigation water salinity of 2.8 and soil saturated extract salinity of 4.5 dS m-1, Yazd was 23th of Augest with irrigation water salinity of 12 and soil saturated extract salinity of 16.4 dS m-1, Shiraz on August 20 and in the second year, August 25 with irrigation water salinity of 11.2 and soil saturated extract salinity of 8.5 dS m-1 and Iranshahr on December 15 with irrigation water salinity of 2.8 and soil saturated extract salinity of 9 dS m-1 and Bushehr 22nd of November and in the second year on the first day of January with the irrigation water salinity of 6 and the salinity of the saturated soil extract of 10 dS m-1 and the planting date of the first year of Gorgan was the first of March without the need for irrigation. Yield and weight of 1000 seeds, saponin content and size of seeds were measured. The saponin content was determined using the method of Koziol, 1991. Bartlett's test was performed to check the uniformity of variance of environments and then statistical analysis was performed with SAS software. For the purpose of statistical analysis, line was defined as a fixed factor and year and place were defined as random factors, and the F test was performed according to the mathematical expectation of mean square of variation sources. Considering the significance of the interaction effect of genotype in year and place, stability analysis was done using different parametric and non-parametric methods with Stabilitysoft software.

The results of combined analysis showed that the interaction effect of place and year on grain yield and foam height was significant. The interaction effect of line and place in year on measured traits was significant. The interaction effect of year and location on grain yield and foam height was significant. The results of simple mean comparison showed that the highest grain yield belonged to line D. The thousand kernel weight of line D was 2.6 g on average and 40% of the seeds were placed in the large class. The lowest loss percentage related to D line was 9%. Stability analysis with GGEbiplot method showed that line D is located at the top of the polygon and showed a high private adaptability with all environments except Bushehr in the first year. According to Wricke (1962) (Wᵢ²) line D was ranked 1. According to Finlay and Wilkinson's index (bᵢ), number less than one is the least sensitive to environmental changes, and line D had the lowest (0.9). Eberhart and Russell index (s²dᵢ) showed that line D was ranked 1. Line D is ranked 1 based on Shukla's index (σ²ᵢ). Total rank stability statistic (KR) as another measure to determine the stability of genotypes was presented by Kang. Based on this, the genotype with the lowest value is selected as the most stable. The lowest amount was observed in line D (2) and the highest amount was observed in line B (6). Based on the average of the total ranks, line D (1.44±1.09) had the most stability and line B had the least stability based on parametric and non-parametric indicators of stability. Based on the results of GGEbiplot method and non-parametric and parametric methods, line D had the highest performance and stability.

Evaluating parametric and non-parametric methods and GGEbiplot method showed similar results and led to the selection of D line. In addition to stability, this line had a yield of 800 kg ha-1 higher than Titicaca variety. The amount of seed saponin was half of that in Titicaca variety. Due to the stability and higher performance of this line, as well as the higher tolerance to salinity, this line was introduced and named as Sadoq variety. Also, in addition to the yield, thousand kernel weight and the amount of saponin were also affected by the environment.

Planting halophyte plants such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is one of the best ways to increase the productivity of salty water. In this regard, in order to evaluate the effect of salinity stress on different lines of quinoa, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design in four replications in 2018.Experimental treatments include salt stress at five levels (control, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 dS/m) and four lines (NSRCQC, NSRCQE, NSRCQB, NSRCQG) and three cultivars (Titicaca , Sadogh, Rahmat) of quinoa. Germination components including final germination percentage, speed, time and uniformity of germination and seedling growth components including seedling length, seedling vigor length index and seedling vigor wieght index were investigated.The results showed that the increase in salinity level had a significant decrease in germination traits, germination speed and seedling length. in addition, the increase salt caused an increase in germination time and an increase in seedlinvigor length index.In general, the lines had good tolerance up to the level of 30 dS/m. But with the increase of salinity level of 40 and 50 decisiemens their tolerance decreased. Among the lines, the NSRCQD line had good tolerance and stability. So that up to the level of 40 and 50 dS/m, it had the highest amount in some traits.

The availability of organic matter in deficit irrigation conditions can be a practical solution to compensate the negative effects of drought stress. In order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and chemical fertilizers on yield and some physiological traits of quinoa an experiment was conducted in 2019 as split plot based on a randomized complete block design in two locations (Mashhad and Neishabour). Irrigation levels included, I0: full irrigation, I1: irrigation at emergence stage, I2: irrigation at stem elongation stage, I3: irrigation at flowering stage, I4: irrigation at seed setting stage. Fertilizer treatments included control (no fertilizer application); chemical fertilizer application according to local practices; manure application of 10 tons; and manure application of 20 tons per hectare. Seed yield and yield components, leaf area index, crop growth rate and relative growth rate were measured. The highest 1000-seed weight was obtained in 20 tons of manure and I2 treatment in Neishabour. The lowest 1000-seed weight was obtained in 10 and 20 tons of manure and I1 in Neishabour. The lowest grain yield in I1 treatment was observed in Neishabour and the highest grain yield in I0 treatment with 20 t.ha-1 manure was observed in Mashhad. Fertilizer treatments increased crop growth rate in both experimental sites, but the effect of manure on increasing crop growth rate was greater than the effect of chemical fertilizer. However, due to the high fat content of quinoa, the use of 20 tons of manure per hectare is recommended if it is purely economic. In general, I2 treatment along with the application of manure in both places had high grain yield and dry matter production.

Due to the limited quality of water resources and considering that the majority of the country is arid and semi-arid, it is important to cultivate plants with a high tolerance to drought and salinity. This research was conducted to determine the effect of different moisture levels on yield and yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under lysimetric conditions in the spring and autumn cropping seasons. Treatments included irrigation after draining 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 of the total available water (TAW). Irrigation was done based on the soil moisture depletion and the leaching requirement of about 20%. At the end, dry biomass, seed yield, and yield components were measured. The results showed that with an increase in the moisture depletion from 0.6 to 0.8 TAW, the biomass and seed yield had a significant decrease of 24 and 37% in the spring and 34 and 47% in the autumn cropping season, respectively. But the increase in moisture depletion from 0.2 to 0.4 and 0.4 to 0.6 did not cause a significant decrease in these traits. The results indicated that changes in moisture depletion levels caused significant differences in plant height (P<0.01), stem diameter, and 1000-seed weight (P<0.05) in spring cropping, but their effect on panicle length and width and the number of secondary stems was not significant. In the autumn cropping season, the results showed that changes in moisture levels caused significant differences in plant height and the 1000-seed weight (P<0.01), but the effect on other yield components was not significant.

The water and soil resources are limited, and the optimal use of water resources in the agriculture needs the most accurate determination of the amount of crop water requirement and crop coefficients in different stages of growth. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is one of the plants that has outstanding economic and agronomic characteristics in the production of oil and protein among the sorghums. The present research was conducted to determine the maximum allowable depletion, crop coefficient and water requirement of quinoa under controlled conditions (lysimeter) in two spring and autumn cropping season. The results showed that with a decrease in the moisture level at the beginning of irrigation from 0.4 to 0.2 total available water, the amount of biomass and seed yield had a significant decrease of 24 and 37% in spring cropping and 34 and 47% in autumn cropping, respectively. But the decrease in moisture levels from 0.8 to 0.6 and 0.6 to 0.4 did not cause a significant decrease in seed yield and biomass in both spring and winter cropping. Based on the results, Maximum Allowable Depletion (MAD) was estimated to be 0.6 in both cropping seasons. Overall, the crop coefficient of quinoa (Titicaca variety) in spring cropping was equal to be 0.42 at the beginning of the growing season, 0.95 in the middle of the growing season, and 0.33 at the end of the growing season. In the autumn cropping, the crop coefficient of quinoa was equal to be 0.36 at the beginning of the growing season, 1.09 in the middle of the season, and 0.56 at the end of the growing season.The net water requirement of different treatments varied between 618.1 to 295.5 mm in spring cropping season and between 597.8 to 334.8 mm in autumn cropping season.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a beneficial plant with high nutritional value with high tolerance to salinity and drought stress. Most of the experiments performed on the study of quinoa salinity stress tolerance in pot and greenhouse conditions were not comparable to the results of cereal experiment such as wheat and barley performed in field conditions. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the threshold value of quinoa to salinity stress under field conditions.

An experiment was performed as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications on August 7, 2017 at Sadough Salinity Research Station of Yazd National Salinity Research Center. Experimental treatments including five quinoa genotypes including three quinoa lines (NSRCQE, NSRCQB, NSRCQC) with Titicaca and Sadough cultivars as subplots and irrigation water salinity at five levels of 2, 5, 10, 15 and 17 dS m-1 in the main plot. During the growing season, soil samples were taken from the plant root development area. Seed yield and yield components were measured. The percentage of saponin, seed vigor, 1000-seed weight and grain size were also measured.

The results of analysis of variance of the measured traits showed that the effect of salinity stress on plant height, 1000-seed weight and grain yield was significant at the level of 1%. The effect of salinity stress on grain size was not significant. Differences between genotypes in terms of plant height, grain yield, 1000-seed weight, biomass and grain size were significant at the level of 1% and panicle length and number of lateral panicles at the level of 5%. The interaction effect of genotype and salinity on biomass was not significant at 5% level and on other traits was not significant. The percentage of saponin between genotypes was significant at the level of 5%. The interaction effect of salinity and genotype on biomass and saponin percentage was significant at 5% level. The percentage of grain saponin increased significantly with increasing salinity in NSRCQB genotype and was not affected by salinity stress in other genotypes. Biomass of all genotypes except Titicaca was not significantly different up to salinity of 10 dS m-1. The highest biomass production in non-saline conditions was related to NSERCQE and Sadough cultivar and These two genotypes had the lowest decrease in biomass production with increasing salinity. Seed viability was not affected by salinity increase except in NSRCQB genotype seed vigour decreased by 15%. The lowest 1000-seed weight in non-saline conditions was related to NSRCQB genotype and the trend of 1000-seed weight loss with increasing salinity was similar to all genotypes and decreased by an average of 16%. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest yield at all salinity levels was observed in Sadough cultivar. Based on the results of the fitted linear equation, changes in quinoa seed yield to salinity showed that the salinity tolerance thresholds of quinoa genotypes were 4.3, 8.7, 4.1, 4.8, and 6.8 dS m-1 of electrical conductivity of saturated soil extracts, respectively. The soil and slope of the line were 3.5, 2.4, 0.1, 0.7 and 0.9%. Fifty percent reduction in wheat yield of Kavir and barley cultivars of Marvdasht cultivar has been reported at 15 and 20 dS m-1  of soil salinity, while Quinoa Sadough cultivar at 24 dS m-1  of electrical conductivity of soil saturated extract was 80% seed yield in non-saline conditions. Sadaogh cultivar not only have suitable agronomic characteristics and high production potential in saline conditions, but also has a higher salinity tolerance.

Quinoa has a higher tolerance to salinity stress than wheat and barley and can be a promising plant for using saline water and soil resources that are not economically viable for crop production. There is also a good variety among quinoa genotypes to select for using saline water.
Acknowledgments
This project has been done with the financial support of the Researchers Support Fund and the Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization (AREEO).

Pilonidal sinus of the sacrum is a relatively common chronic infectious disease. Surgical management of pilonidal sinus is a challenging matter, and despite the different surgical techniques, the recurrence rate is still high.

This double-blind clinical trial study was conducted on 60 patients with pilonidal sinus (2023). These patients underwent surgery randomly and based on the available sampling method in three

open, semi-closure, and primary closure. Recovery time and intraoperative bleeding were recorded. The McGill Pain Questionnaire was used to evaluate postoperative pain, and the Southampton scale was employed to assess infection and secretions.

The recovery time was longer in the open method than in the closure and semi-closure methods (P=0.001). However, this difference did not exist between the closure and semi-closure methods (P=0.402). There were two cases of recurrence in the closed method, while no recurrence was observed in the open and semi-closure methods. The patients undergoing the closure surgical method experienced less bleeding postoperatively (P=0.002). No significant relationship was found between surgical method and infection (P=0.189). There was no significant difference in the intensity of pain experienced by patients after the operation (P=0.789).

For the treatment of pilonidal sinus, primary surgical closure is not recommended due to recurrences, despite the shorter recovery time and less bleeding. The semi-closure surgical method seems to be safer than the open and primary closure methods.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) belongs to the Amaranth family and is native to the Andes. In recent decades, the cultivation of this plant has extended. One of the reasons for paying attention to this plant is its ability to adapt to harsh climatic conditions. It has a higher protein content than wheat, barley, corn and rice. On the other hand, plant seeds supply all the essential amino acids (including lysine, methionine and cysteine) needed by humans. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on the amount of micronutrients and protein percentage in quinoa seeds.

An experiment was planted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications on August 7, 2017. Experimental treatments included three superior genotypes (Sadough, Titicaca and NSRCQB). Genotype in sub-plot and irrigation water salinity at 3 levels of 2, 10 and 17 dS/m were located in the main plot. Finally, grain yield, saponin content (foam height), grain size and amount of micronutrients in grain and grain protein percentage were measured after saponification.

The effect of salinity stress on 1000-grain weight, grain yield, grain size (1.7-2, 1.4-1.7 mm), foam height, iron, zinc, calcium content and protein yield were significant. Sadough cultivar had the highest 1000-seed weight and grain yield. Sadough and Titicaca cultivar had the highest percentage of large seeds and small seeds, respectively. With increasing salinity, seed yield of Titicaca cultivar decreased by 13% per unit increasing irrigation water salinity, while in Sadough and NSRCQB genotypes, there was no significant difference with non-saline level. With increasing salinity, the lowest foam height was related to NSRCQB genotype. The interaction effect of salinity stress and genotype on grain yield, foam height, percentage of iron, zinc, calcium, protein and protein yield was significant. With increasing salinity, iron content in Titicaca cultivar, zinc content in all three genotypes, nitrogen in Sadough and NSRCQB, calcium in Titicaca, protein percentage in Sadough and NSRCQB increased significantly compared to non-saline conditions. With increasing salinity, the highest increase slope among micronutrients was related to grain. Protein yield in Sadough and NSRCQB cultivars was not affected by salinity increase, while in Titicaca cultivar decreased by 13% per unit of irrigation water salinity.

With increasing salinity up to 10 dS/m, the seed yield of three quinoa genotypes was not affected and this plant is recommended for exploitation of saline water resources. Sadough cultivar was the best among the three genotypes. The percentage of micronutrients iron, calcium, zinc and grain protein increased under saline conditions and despite the decrease in grain yield, the protein yield per square meter was not affected. The rate of increase in micronutrients and decrease in yield with increasing salinity of irrigation water is affected by genotype. Since the quantity and quality of quinoa seeds are not affected by water salinity, it can be effective in improving food security in marginal areas.

Salinity stress is one of the most important factors that affects the quality of crops. In order to investigate the influence of salinity stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of different quinoa varieties, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, in Yazd city in the agricultural year 2017-2018, under field conditions. Irrigation with saline water (0, 10 and 17 dS/m) was considered as the main plot and varieties (Nsrcqe, Nsrcqb and Titcaca) as the sub-plot. The results showed that salinity and varieties significantly affected DPPH radical scavenging activity, phenol, flavonoid, anti-inflammatory and Na+/K+ ratio, as well as seed protein and saponin contents. Irrigation with saline water at 17 dS/m level increased the antioxidant activity of DPPH (19%), the antioxidant activity of grain measured using the copper ion reduction method (25%), the antioxidant activity measured by the iron reducing power method (50 %), grain protein (30.5 %), and the anti-inflammatory activity (30.5 %), whereas it reduced the grain saponin content (15%), and the sodium to potassium ratio (73.6 %) compared to the control. Results indicated that the salinity also elevated the content of collagenic acid, paracoumaric acid, quercetin acid and camphor acid in quinoa grains. Among the studies varieties Nsrcqb showed the highest amount of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity but had no significant difference with the Titcaca in most examined traits. The results of this experiment showed that cultivation of Nsrcqb variety and irrigation with saline water at 17 dS/m can increase the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of quinoa.

The length of the growth period is the key to crop adaptation to new environments. It is strongly affected by the environment in such a way that it is possible to predict the length of the growing period based on some correlations with environmental factors. Simple models that quantify intraspecific variability in flowering responses to temperature and photoperiod can be useful for characterizing lines. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) shows considerable resistance to a wide range of abiotic stresses. Cardinal temperatures and day length at each development stage are necessary to find an appropriate model for predicting plant growth and development.

Ten separate experiments (10 planting dates included: 29 March, 29 April, 28 May, 28 June, 26 July, 23 August, 6 September, 20 September, 29 January, and 29 February) were conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factor consisted of five quinoa lines plus one cultivar (Titikaka). Five promising lines were modified at Yazd Salinity Research Center. Four lines belong to the middle maturing group, one to the late maturing group, and the Titikaka cultivar belongs to early maturing group. The time of beginning and end of each developmental stage, including germination, pollination, and seed maturity, was recorded. The response of developmental stages to temperature and photoperiod was used to determine the cardinal temperature and day length of the main developmental stages (emergence, flowering, and seed maturity).

Based on the coefficient of determination (R2) it seems that the quadratic model is suitable for estimating the cardinal temperatures of germination, flowering, and ripening of quinoa seeds. Using both quadratic and segmented models to estimate the length of special days resulted to satisfactory robustness. The results showed that on days with a length of lesser than 12 hours and temperatures lesser than 30°C, the flowering rate increased with a simultaneous increase of temperature and day length. As the day length increased to 14 hours, the rate of flowering development changed more significantly when temperatures were between 19 and 25°C than at temperatures below 19°C. For all lines, increasing the day length or temperature resulting in an increased plant maturation rate (from flowering to seed maturity) at a constant temperature or day length. The optimal temperature range for all developmental stages of quinoa lines was between 20 and 25°C. There was a significant difference in the base temperatures of the developmental stages. The base temperature for germination of quinoa lines was above 0°C, the base temperature for flowering was between -2 and +2°C, and the base temperature for seed maturity was below 0°C. The maximum temperature of all quinoa developmental stages was above 40°C (42-51°C). At low temperatures, the flowering stage was more sensitive than the seed ripening stage. The critical day length for flowering and seed ripening of quinoa lines was between 11.5 to 12 hours.

The optimum temperature range for germination was obtained by 25-34°C, for flowering by 28-21°C, and for seed ripening by15-32°C. The optimum temperature of all developmental stages of quinoa lines was between 20 and 25°C. The optimum day length range for flowering is estimated at 11.37-34.12 hours and for seed ripening by 10.58-12.3 hours. Using the segmented and quadratic models to estimate quinoa cardinal temperature and photoperiod response resulted in the same estimations, although in most values, the quadratic model showed a higher coefficient of determination. In general, the results indicated that the temperature and day length have a compensatory effect on the flowering rate and seed ripening stages of the studied lines.

Quinoa is a dicotyledonous plant from the Amaranthaceae family, with favorable nutritional value and a high potential for growth and production in adverse environmental conditions. Despite being three carbon, it has high water consumption efficiency and as a new crop, due to its wide adaptation to different environment conditions such as salinity and drought, as well as being premature, it is suitable for planting in arid and desert areas and has many factors. Genetic and environmental factors such as genotype, density, arrangement and planting date, soil salinity, and drought stress affect yield. Among these, drought is one of the most important non-living stresses that cause great damage to crops and horticulture in the world every year. And especially Iran, which is considered an arid and semi-arid country. The effect of moisture stress on plants varies depending on which stage of plant growth occurs and plants can work through various mechanisms such as reducing growth parameters, closing pores, reducing photosynthesis, changing regulatory mechanisms of ion transport, and increasing activity. Antioxidant enzymes cope with drought stress to some extent, although such mechanisms are energy-intensive and cause a decline in performance.

order to investigate the optimal density of quinoa at different levels of irrigation, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University. The first factor was irrigation levels (based on 50, 75, and 100% water requirement) and the second factor was plant density at 5 levels (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 plants m-2). Measurement traits included relative leaf water content, stomatal conductance, electrolyte leakage, number of branches, number of grains per branch, branch weight, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, water use efficiency, and grain protein.

The results showed that the yield components in response to low irrigation conditions were significantly reduced, so that the highest 1000-seed weight, number of branches, number of seeds per branch, branch weight and yield at the level of 100% water requirement were, respectively, 0.1 (g), 1368.4 (branching per square meter), 132.64 (grains per branching), 2377.8 (grams per square meter) and 3265.25 (kg ha-1) have been obtained. The maximum orifice conductivity measured at 35.66 (mol CO2 per square meter) was obtained at the beginning of flowering at 100% water requirement. Also, with decreasing irrigation level, physiological traits including relative leaf water content decreased significantly and traits such as electrolyte leakage and grain protein increased. The optimal density at the irrigation level of 100, 75, and 50% of water requirement were 113, 105, and 80 plants per square meter, respectively. The interaction of irrigation levels and density also showed that the highest yield was 100% of water requirement and density of 100 plants with 4226.52 kg ha-1. The results showed that at the irrigation levels of 100 and 75% of the water requirement, the highest yield was obtained at a density of 100 plants and with a decrease in density at these levels by 61.2 and 73.2%, respectively, was associated with a decrease in yield, but at the level of 50%. The highest yield was obtained at a density of 80 plants, which was accompanied by a decrease in yield to 40 plants with a yield of 73.5%. The results also show an increase in optimal density with increasing irrigation level, so that the most optimal density at the irrigation level of 100% of the water requirement is 113 plants per square meter and with increasing the stress to 75 and 50% of the water requirement, respectively, density Optimal yields of 105 and 80 plants per square meter have been achieved.

general, the results show that lack of moisture has an adverse effect on quinoa yield such as 1000-seed weight, branch weight, number of seeds per branch, and number of branches in the main inflorescence and reduces the optimal plant density.

Climate change is rapidly degrading the conditions of crop production. For instance, increasing salinization and aridity is forecasted to increase in most parts of the world. As a consequence, new stress-tolerant species and genotypes must be identified and used for future agriculture. Stress-tolerant species exist but are actually underutilized and neglected. Quinoa, scientifically known as Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. Promoting the cultivation and nutrition of quinoa will diversify food products in the country, sustainable production, increase farmers' incomes and provide part of the community's food needs. Crop simulation models have been used for various studies such as selecting the appropriate cultivar, determining the best planting date, predicting the effect of diversity and climate change on growth. Field research requires a lot of time and money, while computer simulation models can save time and money by conducting extensive experimental simulations.

This research was conducted in two regions of Yazd province with 10 separate experiments in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental factors included 5 promising modified lines in Yazd Salinity Research Center with Titicaca cultivar. The lines consisted of four intermediate maturity lines, numbered 1 (NSRCQE), 2 (NSRCQC), 3 (NSRCQD), and 6 (NSRCQA), one late maturity line numbered 4 (NSRCQB), and the early maturity cultivar Titicaca numbered 5. Sampling and note-taking were performed regularly, once every three days, in proportion to the progress of the phenological stages of each line. A model based on degree-day-growth was prepared in FST language. In preparing the length table, due to the short day of Quinoa, for all lines in the model up to 12.5 hours, the development rate was one, and after 13.8 hours, the development rate was zero. The base temperature in the model was 2 °C. Then, the model was calibrated and evaluated with data taken from the field.

RMSE (CV) coefficient of variation between 7 to 12%, root mean square error (RMSE) between 4.4 to 6.4 days, Wilmot agreement index (d) between 0.99 to 1, model efficiency (ME) between 0.96  to 0.98, the mean deviation from the model (MB) was between 0.05 to 0.08 and the coefficient of determination (R2) was between 92 % to 98%. These values indicated a good estimate of the day to flowering of quinoa with the model written in FST language, and the values of day to flowering simulated gained the necessary validity. The coefficient of variation of nRMSE (CV) is between 6.8 to 8.6%, the root mean square error (RMSE) is between 6.2 and 8.7 days, the Wilmot agreement index (d) is between 0.75 and 0.92, The mean deviation from the model (MB) was between 0.05 to 0.08 and the coefficient of determination (R2) was between 92% and 98%. These values indicated a good estimate of the day to physiological maturity with the model written in the FST language, and the day values to the simulated physiological maturity gained the necessary validity. Calibration and evaluation of model efficiency using root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of variation or nRMSE percentage (CV), Wilmot agreement index (d), model efficiency (ME), and mean model deviation (MB), coefficient of explanation (R2), line test 1: 1 day until germination, flowering and good physiological maturity was estimated.

The results of this study indicated that, the quinoa model prepared for quinoa in terms of degree-day-growth well predicts the developmental stages (emergence, flowering and maturation) of this plant in terms of maturity (early, medium and late) and can be its help determined the appropriate planting date in different areas. This calibrated sub-model can now be used to evaluate different temperature and photoperiod effects for decision making in a wide range of growth environments in quinoa cultivation systems in current and future climatic conditions. Therefore, this sub-model can be used in educational-research and applied work in the field.