مقصود فراست خواه

The aim of this research is to present a theory to guide a comprehensive and quality counselor training program in Iran.

By adopting a qualitative approach and grounded theory method, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, in the context of counselor training programs in Iran with purposeful sampling; open, central and selective coding was used to analyze the interviews.

The findings identified the core category of "personal growth and continuous professional development of the counselor and improvement of the quality of counseling". Other important categories and subcategories were "cognitive excellence" (strengthening critical thinking, strengthening creativity), "enhancing professional performance" (strengthening appropriate evaluation and effectiveness, continuous growth and development of communication and counseling skills) and "intern-oriented active learning" (educational and professional interactions, developmental assignments, continuous self-improvement).

As a result of this research, a middle-range theory was formulated to facilitate the guidance of a comprehensive counselor training program, which helps the beneficiaries to ensure the quality and adequacy of this program, also improve the rate of graduates who are ready to enter the counseling profession field and reduce the waste of resources. Policy makers and administrators of various counselor training programs can use this theory as a reference to provide a rich and supportive educational and training environment to help the personal growth and continuous professional development of future counselors; This will ultimately lead to the improvement of the quality of education and counseling services.

The purpose of this research was to create a scenario of Iran's higher education in the transition of post-massism.

First, the influential environmental factors or key drivers of higher education in the post-massification transition in Iran were examined. In order to identify the most frequent propositions, the number of propositions related to each theme was used as the basis of the work. Next, experts were asked to rate each of these factors based on a three-point Likert scale, according to two indicators (1) importance and (2) uncertainty. As a result, 26 key factors were identified. Finally, a total of 36 different situations were designed for 8 thrusters.

At the beginning of this research, led to the identification of 43 key factors in six dimensions (1) education, (2) society, (3) university, (4) technology, (5) economy and (6) labor market. Next, the identified key drivers included eight general categories as follows: (1) mismatch between university graduates and labor market demand, (2) private sector investment in higher education, (3) political problems - economic and lack of independence, (4) the structural problems of the university in management and educational planning, (5) the change of attitudes governing the society, (6) the emphasis of the family and others on the university education, (7) the problems of the existing educational system, and (8) The emergence of new technologies in higher education. In the end, four scenarios were identified that had the most internal consistency: (1): market-oriented universities; (2): technological evolution; (3): limitations of political and economic institutions; and (4): sustainable and fair education.

It can be stated that the future of Iran's higher education system in the post-massification transition can be imagined through four distinct scenarios, each of which presents a different point of view based on key drivers and priorities.

The Global Knowledge Index report indicates that Iran's ranking in certain indicators, such as higher education system inputs, knowledge capital, and research output, is relatively average. However, its ranking in outputs, particularly the ultimate impact of research, is among the lowest globally. The aim of this study is to identify the factors influencing the effectiveness of policy research in the decision-making and policy-making processes of science and higher education. A quantitative survey method was employed to test the hypotheses. A proportionate random sample was selected from faculty members and researchers in six policy research institutions in the field of science, research, and technology. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's sphericity tests were conducted, followed by factor analysis with varimax rotation, structural equation modeling, and importance-performance map analysis. All but the second hypothesis were confirmed. The researchers' status, in terms of "emigration, marginalization, or active residence," was related to the "structure and behavior of the government in the field of science, the independence of the academic institution, and the freedom of researchers, as well as decentralization and de-politicization." Three categories of interventions—"1. managerial and organizational, 2. interactive, and 3. researcher-driven interventions"—influenced their research strategies and tactics. These strategies and tactics, in turn, affected the "effectiveness of research both in public policy-making for the government and in the discursive and social impacts of science." Significant differences were observed between men and women in terms of whether these interventions were "interactive" or involved "knowledge re-creation" and a "critical and socially responsive approach." Some generational differences were also observed in the effectiveness of research. Researchers whose strategies primarily involved interaction with the scientific community differed significantly in terms of effectiveness from those who interacted with a larger society. Various policy recommendations were provided.

The main objective of this study was to present a conceptual model for evaluating and monitoring research institutions in the country. This research was qualitative in nature. The strategy of Grounded Theory (systematic version of Strauss and Corbin) was employed, consisting of open, axial, and selective coding to achieve the research-derived model. Participants included experts in policy-making or those with executive backgrounds in higher education, as well as specialists in the monitoring and evaluation of higher education. In this study, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 experts and scholars in higher education, who possessed knowledge and lived experience regarding the studied phenomenon (policy-makers, senior managers, heads of research institutions, and faculty and professional members of institutions). Using a qualitative design and purposive and snowball sampling, the interviews were analyzed. Initial codes or concepts were identified after the content of the interviews was transcribed and preliminarily analyzed, and similar codes were grouped into specific categories to achieve the main themes. Titles encompassing all codes within each category were then selected. Findings indicated that the central theme of this study was the national model for evaluating and monitoring research institutions in the country. Strategies were developed based on causal conditions, contextual conditions, and intervening conditions, and the final model was presented accordingly. Subsequently, precise indicators based on the model were developed and organized into 51 indicators and 156 sub-indicators.

The ancient Greeks distinguished between two types or two meanings of education by using the metaphor of filling a vessel and lighting a flame. The acceptance of this distinction and the priority of education in the second sense has directed the attention of thinkers to different fields of education (especially the field of practice) and providing appropriate models. This article tries to find and explain the field of practice in philosophy education. For this purpose, after a brief overview of contemporary researchers' re-attention to the practical domain of philosophy, we will examine the factors affecting this flow and its consequences. In the following, "philosophical skills" and "philosophical life" are proposed and analyzed as the implications of the practical field of philosophy. In the first implication, we will study two suggested lists for philosophical skills and try to organize the differences of opinion, and in the second implication, we will explain the idea of philosophy as a way of life and the currents arising from it, such as philosophical counseling and philosophical therapy. At the end, the practical field of philosophy is drawn as a pyramid consisting of philosophical skills at the lower level, bio-philosophical skills at the upper level and other activities related to philosophizing at the middle levels.

The position of knowledge in policy-making has been discussed and disputed by academics for a long time, but it has been more seriously considered in recent decades. One of the most important approaches in this field is evidence-based policy-making, which was proposed in 1997 as an alternative to ideological and opinion-based policy-making. This research examines and criticizes this approach and argues that although the idea of evidence-based policy-making is desirable and ideal, but because scientific and research evidence - especially soft sciences such as humanities and social sciences - are products of social relations and not objective, it is not possible to realize the idea of evidence-based policy-making as an alternative to ideological and opinion-based policy-making. In addition, even with the assumption of objective and pure human knowledge, considering that the nature of policy-making is intertwined with interests, power, bureaucracy, and the like, there are many obstacles to use scientific evidence in policy-making

The quality of engineering education has become problematic. A kind of forgetting about the authentic narratives of learning the science has cast a shadow on our higher education system. We need a quality story. This study is an attempt to understand the collective memories leading to the repeated production of quality in the periods of growth and dynamism of engineering education in our country. The case of University College of Engineering, University of Tehran has been selected. An integrated methodological approach has been used in the form of documentary analysis, experts and key informant’ in-depth qualitative interviews and qualitative content analysis of narratives, documents, texts, and sources. Interviews were conducted with faculty members and managers who had significant experience of studying in various technical-engineering fields of Tehran University. Up to 21 participants based on the purposive sample frame to the extent of data saturation and theoretical saturation have been carried out. By using the »CIPP«framework, it was found that the core concept of engineering education quality during the period of grouth and flourishing was the penetrating experience  in science learning. The dimensions of external and internal contexts of concern about the quality engineering education was found. Inputs, processes and outputs were identified.

Considering the university's transformational process from the third generation and the so-called entrepreneurial university based on commercialization to the fourth generation in a dynamic connection with the local, regional and national society with the aim of responding to the needs of the civil society, the main purpose of the research is to identify characteristics of the fourth generation university as an innovative one in connection with the society based on the quadruple helix (QH). The research is applied and the data collection method is the sequential mixed method. The main dimensions and elements of an innovative university in relation to society were identified through the content analysis method by studying domestic and foreign scientific articles, as well as the national documents of the higher education system. To validate the obtained conceptual model, the partial least squares technique (PLS) was used in the two science and technology parks affiliated with universities in Iran. All fit indicators of the measurement model (confirmatory factor analysis) and structural model (path analysis) are analyzed in the software (Smart PLS). The final model with 4 cluster categories including inputs, the process of interactions, outputs, and effects, 11 main categories, and 32 components were designed through the coding method based on the systemic approach. Moreover, the good fit of the model in all four category clusters, as well as the general model is confirmed at a strong level (0.755) by calculating the GOF criterion.

The concept of innovation is one of the concepts that has been misunderstood in various areas, or confused with concepts such as entrepreneurship, creativity, or change, and has been used synonymously as an adjective for individuals and institutions, especially for the academic institutions. The present study has been conducted with the aim of investigating this concept versus entrepreneurship and also extracting the specific characteristics of the innovative university in the existing literature by a qualitative method. In this regard, the meta-synthesis method has been used as a method to create a new idea or new interpretation of the findings of previous research (26 international scientific articles and 7 domestic articles among 352 papers over a period of fifty years). Consequently, depending on the model deriving from the research, it was identified that one of the key features of an innovative university is multiple interactions, especially with civil society, and also fulfilling the social needs. Therefore, the innovative university is more reminiscent of the concept of an "adaptive university" with an emphasis on adapting to the social needs of a changing environment, rather than merely achieving financial benefits.

Structures at the macro level and researchers’ habits hinder the effectiveness of research in Iran. But this is not the end of the story since researchers struggle with these structural and contextual limitations leading to the establishment of a diverse research cultures. This article takes into account a specific and contextual theory with the aim of understanding the twisted pieces of humanities research in Iran. As such, the author has referred to the shared experience of 32 faculty members from various disciplines in order to achieve a relatively deeper understanding of the subject and explain it systematically as a grounded theory. More than 600 key propositions have been analyzed with the "CCDA" (Constant Comparative Data Analysis) model that with the help of the researcher's technical notes could lead to a model to explain the matter. Based on this model, we are facing with a dual border situation in researches. Varied research cultures have been explored by taking into account 12 categories of causal conditions, 11 contextual conditions and 12 genealogical groups of strategies that researchers undertake in such situations. The outcome of this process has been identified and categorized. Accordingly, it was found that the knowledge absorption and productivity is problematic in Iran. Instead of effective knowledge, we are faced with states of wandering knowledge, suspended knowledge, prestige knowledge and artificial knowledge. Still, the arena is not empty of all kinds of innovations in diverse research cultures of Iranian researchers.

This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the welfare policies of women-headed households and its challenges in the9th to12th governments.This research is based on the purpose, application,type of research, qualitative and has an inductive approach.In order to analyze the data from the semi-structured interviews, thematic analysis method was used.The statistical population under study included20 knowledgeable and active people in the fields of science,policy making,executive and non-governmental organizations in the field of vulnerable women,as well as suitable texts for extracting indicators(theoretical literature).In this research,the snowball approach was used to select the samples and the theme saturation method was used as a standard for the end of the sampling.Themes were quantified using semi-structured interviews.The result of qualitative data analysis, identification of 48 basic themes, 28 organizing themes and finally, 7 overarching themes including the success rate of general policies,future policies for success,the difference between fundamentalist and reformist governments,the future status of vulnerable women.the reason for the existence of welfare problems,the systems that can be implemented,the solutions for the implementation of the implementation systems were presented in the form of a model.In most of the studies about vulnerable women,a problem has been addressed.In this research, in addition to stating the problems, implementable systems and implementation solutions of these systems to solve the problems have been discussed.In the end,based on the results,suggestions were presented in this field.

Using new media is one of the most important cultural issues in everyday life. The expansion and prevalence of instant and continuous communication has rapidly affected various fields of daily life. The permanent presence of virtual technologies in academic environments can hardly be denied. Meanwhile, the university has also lost its previous nature and meaning. This has especially caused a change in the function of universities in relation to the society and other social entities. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between classroom virtualization and university culture during Covid-19 Situation. The study has a quantitative paradigm and its research method is a survey. The population of the research consists of 385 students of the state universities of Tehran in three categories of face-to face, semi online and online university courses. Cluster Random Sampling and Probabilistic Sampling in proportion to the number of population have been used. The research model was tested using Lisrel software. The results show that the process of virtualization has an influence on the communication as an intermediate variable and it thus has a significant effect on the university culture and its dimensions such as lifestyle, organizational culture, etc. In other words, communication is an intermediary that mediates between virtualization and dimensions of university culture. It can be concluded from the findings that the process of virtualization has created a fundamental change in human interactions and communication and this transformation in human interactions has also spread to other aspects of university life and culture.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the past and existing situation of accreditation in Iran's higher education system based on a native model of accreditation and its comparative analysis with the reference model as the optimal situation.

This research, in terms of purpose was applied, in terms of data collection method was descriptive, and in terms of the nature of the data was quantitative. The statistical population of the study consisted of three groups: higher education professors, experts in higher education and Ph.D candidates of higher education. Hence, using random sampling and sample size determination based on Krejcie & Morgan's (1970) table, 92 persons were selected as the statistical sample. Research measurement tools were the questionnaire of past and existing situation of accreditation in Iran's higher education system and the questionnaire of optimal situation of accreditation in Iran's higher education system. To analyze the data, the following inferential statistics techniques were used: Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test, One Sample t Test, Paired Sample t Test, Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, Covariance, Structural Equation Modeling, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Post-Hoc Test called Tukey’s Test.

The findings of the study showed that the past and existing situation of higher education accreditation was unfavorable and there is a difference, gap and lack of correlation with optimal situation. In addition, There was a significant difference among the viewpoints of scientific experts about the past, existing and optimal situation.

It can be concluded that there is a deep gap between the past and existing situation of higher education accreditation and optimal situation

The present article is a historical study about the relevance of new natural sciences and the concept of progress in Qajar period. By examining the books of natural history (Geology and Biology) and the books of "world history' written in this period, we show that first of all, these sciences are an extension of each other in terms of theory and method, which transformed the concept of time in history into progressive, cumulative, improving and evolutionary time, which is inevitable and without human intervention operate in nature. The law that was referred to as the "natural law of progression' and oversees the progression and all-round flourishing of intellect, perceptions, senses, law, organization and collective institutions such as family, kinship, economy and state. Second, the theoretical principles of these sciences were applied to the "real history" of societies, and societies were classified in an evolutionary spectrum with a gradual transition from "savagery" to "civilization". Thirdly, the new natural science, biology by explaining the human eye and physics by explaining the light and the way of seeing objects, explained human vision by comparing it to photography technology as the act of taking pictures and taking objective images. seeing the human being gained objectivity that placed the historian in position of impartial objective observer who, while denying the "historian's position", records objectively all the things that happen or should happen by necessity. History was understood as a mirror, notebook, tabula, phonograph, screen, photo, cinema and canvas that represent what happens in nature in the form of objective images. Objectivity, similarity and repetition of the events of human societies in the path of progress was the dominant way of looking at history in this period, which is become possible with the new natural sciences.

These days, virtual space plays a vast and significant role in human’s individual and social life. Many people spend a lot of time and energy in this space in order to produce digital products and consume another one’s productions. This style of consumption is called Digital Virtual Consumption. Social networks are very important in the procedure of consumption, because they gather so many people in their space and all virtual space have been republished there as multimedia productions and links. The goal of this research is to study of consumers’ meanings and interpretations about their lived experiences during digital virtual consumption. The research method qualitative and interpretative phenomenology technique is utilized for research. Telegram and Instagram as two famous and popular social networks in Iran are selected for the study. Data are gathered from three resources including news and reports about social networks, social network contents and deep semi-constructed interviews with consumers. The finding led to four important phenomena including: “Knowledge Network”, “Representation and Identity”, “Hypermarket” and “Challenge of Norms” which construct the main phenomenon of the research named “Pleasure of Freedom”.Keywords: Virtual Space, Social Networks, Phenomenology, Phenomenology IntroductionDigital virtual consumption is a relatively new term that is becoming more and more popular. These days we are surrounded by virtual space and telecommunication technologies and many questions have been raised about this digital life. Virtual consumption is a way to explain a kind of consumption that occurs in the computer atmosphere. Just like classic consumption, this kind of consumption can influence our lives and culture significantly. This research tries to study the effects of DVC on lifestyle and cultural aspects Tehran citizens buy utilizing phenomenological methods.PurposeDigitalization is a fast-growing trend in all people's lives. Qualities and results are these lifestyles is a very important question that can affect all aspects of policy making and cultural studies. No adequate research has been carried out in order to investigate the meanings and motivations of Tehran citizens that live in a digital atmosphere and describe their acts and meanings of them. This research can be the first step to discuss this matter and utilize the next studies as well.MethodologyBecause this research is designed to investigate the people's acts and their meanings, a phenomenological method was utilized. The research method is completely qualitative. Three data sources are utilized to discuss obtaining a better model of the case. Content analysis of Telegram and Instagram as to popular social media in Iran besides interviews to 45 social media users and eventually content analysis of news, policy documents and other media are data resources. The results have been coded and conceptual model is introduced.FindingsCoding and categorizing the results let in four important concepts that are; hypermarket, identity and representation, the conflict of norms and knowledge networks. The spirit of this research leads us that all of these concepts are related together via a more general and global concept which is named the joy of freedom. So, it could be claimed that Tehran citizens act and spend their time in virtual space especially in social networks in order to experience the joy of freedom. Concisely it could be claimed that freedom is the ultimate purpose of digital virtual consumption among Tehran citizens.ConclusionIt could be concluded from this research, that that freedom experience is a very strong motivation for users to stay and act in social media and barriers like filtering cannot avoid this act. So that the more filtering technologies are being strengthened the more users try to find some other technologies to bypass filters and preserve their free atmosphere of communication and consumption. This conflict results in a prolonged controversy between people and policymakers. Just an extended dialogue and cultural studies can modify this conflict and end the wasting of natural capitals.NoveltyDVC is a new term in virtual space studies and no previous research in Iran has investigated this term and its aspect. This study can be pursued in many other disciplines like sociology, economy HCI and policy.

There are some observations indicate examples of misconduct in academic environments, such as credentialism, academic plagiarism, and parasitic behaviors in joint activities. Academics cannot actualize academic ethics as they should, carrying out social responsibilities has become controversial and the social impacts of academics in reducing human bitterness, human hardships and sufferings have been doubted. These have been the result of the distortion of academic autonomy and freedom and ultimately academic ethics. The university has been a colonial territory of the government. To investigate this issue, three ethical logics are the main basis of the present study; a. ethics of result and benefit, b. ethics of duty and responsibility; and c. virtue ethics. Academic ethics has been compared based on the three mentioned logics. Then, the author has discussed referring to two academic philosophies, that is, the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and the philosophy of Max Weber. The finding of the study was that in the absence of academic autonomy and freedom, the whole academic ethics goes to waste. If there is no academic autonomy and freedom, not only the academic ethics, but also the existential philosophy of science, scientific teaching and learning and science operation are distorted, the nature of science, the structural and functional requirements of science are damaged, and science basically loses its objectivity. In this study, five categories of academics were observed and typologized: 1. academic emigrates, 2. academic cryptographers, 3. academic pragmatists, 4. academic staff and 5. academic intellectuals. The best situation of academic ethics is possible in the fifth type, which is an optimal combination of ethics of results, ethics of responsibility and ethics of virtue.

Training competent counselors requires quality programs. Amongst the approaches of quality assurance in higher education, accreditation is the most extensive one with an explicit judgment about meeting the minimum necessary standards. However, there has been no specified policy for quality assurance of various counselor training programs in Iran. In this study, with the aim of identifying the minimum essential components to propose  comprehensive and concise accreditation model for a core counselor training program, the pioneer accreditation models of counselor training programs have been compared and analyzed using qualitative approach and theory-generating meta-synthesis method. According to this method, by a qualitative systematic review based on grounded theory, a model has been developed for the accreditation of the counselor training program, which is generalizable and  prescribable in different contexts. The sampling method was purposeful and the documents related to six situations at the international level have been subjected to final review. The findings specify 3 factors, 6 criteria, 18 indicators, 6 fundamental features and 6 action steps in a comprehensive counselor training program accreditation model. As a result, an accreditation model has been proposed which determines the indicator areas, practical priorities, the quality assurance and approval procedure of a counselor training program, emphasizing the culture of evidence instead of strict standards. By utilizing this model, may a greater unification emerge amongst various programs in terms of their quality, resulting in a stronger professional identity, a higher level of training for counselors and care for clients, especially when it comes to licensing.

The concept of dwelling is complex and dynamic. Therefore, the existing theories and views on the concept of dwelling, which are often presented in the conditions and structures of formal settlements, do not have the necessary effectiveness in other settlements. Due to the mental and interactive nature of the concept of dwelling, its experience and perception in different residents can be different from the universal and conventional theoretical views in the field of dwelling. Therefore, considering the development of informal settlements and the importance of studying and recognizing them accurately, as a basis for any action in the environment of informal settlements, which are recognized with different characteristics, can be thought-provoking. The purpose of this study is to identify the perception and experience of residents of dwelling and how its meaning and conceptualization in the field of informal settlement and related concepts and by examining the case study of Mortezagerd informal settlement. This research falls into the category of interpretive paradigm and from the epistemological point of view, emphasizes the researcher's action and interaction with the research subject and at least an objective separateness from the research participants. In this research, manifest inductive qualitative content analysis has been used as a research method in order to interpret the textual data obtained from semi-structured in-depth interviews and field observations. The data were analyzed through a systematic process with the aim of classifying concepts up to four levels of abstraction. The selection of participants in this study was purposeful and in line with the development of concepts to achieve saturation. The findings of this study indicate that in informal settlements, the dynamic concept of dwelling and its defining components such as peace, tranquility and security in different stages of dwelling is interpreted differently and its transformation is observed. Once (phase and first stage of residence) through living within large families and a sense of collective belonging and another time (phase and second stage of residence), through intra-group competition and contradiction, promotion of capital and quality of life. In other words, this study, through the interpretation and analysis of the content of residents' perceptions, shows two different and metamorphic stages in the concept of dwelling: First, "meaningfulness of living within large families", and then, the rotation of the concept and "intra-group competition and contradiction" with the aim of promoting capital and occupying space. Also, the development of previous research in order to achieve the concept of dwelling in informal settlements with a focus on Morteza Gerd informal settlement is considered; Concepts that express how to achieve the components of housing in the general sense, such as peace, habitation, construction, nurturing, etc., but in different ways. The novelty of the present article is to show the difference in the meaning of dwelling in formal and informal settlements and to refine the mentioned concept and the defining components of each in different stages of informal settlement.

Intro:

 Based on Bourdieusian definition of symbolic violence, the research aims to introduce an index of symbolic violence, capable of quantification and numerical analysis, to give a comprehensive and comparative insight to the social reproduction and the degree each social institution—here specifically the universities— tend to do such a reproduction.Thus, the research targets to give a ranking of Iran’s top universities in accordance to their symbolic violence index.En route to this target, researchers in response to the current socio/political situation and conditions of Iran, established the theoretical framework in the foundation of the “stats-quo” and its philosophical and sociological development of the status-quo in Foucauldian,Derridean & Bourdieusian perspectives. It’s only then become clear the relation between the status-quo, the power relations and the educational system as the reproduction platform of the status-quo.With such a philosophical/theoretical inquiry, the problematique of the research is reformulated into assessing Universities share in maintenance of the status-quo through the medium of “symbolic violence” in education.In accordance to such quest of introducing most symbolically violent university ranking, … criteria extracted from the Bourdieu’s Reproduction (1990), surveyed in Iran’s top universities. Based on MCA analysis of the data and the theory of distinction from Bourdieu, most distinguished criteria have been chosen and implied for a cluster analysis. In the procedure of the cluster analysis, categorial independent variable of the correspondent’s university name has been fixed in order to observe which university has the most dense distribution of other dependent or independent criteria of symbolic violence. That being said, the analysis is a combination of multi correspondence analysis and a clustering analysis based on Xi-2 distribution of the target sample responds to the questionnaire of symbolic violence criteria. Eventually, the symbolic violence criteria is defined by the vector addition of distributed respondents as a characteristic of how dense the whole distribution is over the symbolic violence criteria for each university.

With the above in mind, the research has been designed to meet the following milestones in the journey to the final ranking of the universities degree of symbolic violence and their share of status-quo maintenance:Clarification of Iran’s undesirable status-quo 2.Definition of the status-quo 3.The relationship between the status-quo and the educational system social reproduction through the symbolic violence 4.extraction of objective symbolic violence criteria in respect to Iran’s higher educational system 5.Recognition of the most critical symbolic violence criteria 6.Ranking Iran’s top universities based on their symbolic violence criteria

Findings indicate that in spite of the collectively high level of the total symbolic violence reproduced in Iran’s top universities; Iran’s most violent universities in respect to the symbolic violence notion, are those of STEM colleges in which they have receive the most application for and have the best reputation in the society. Humanities and Art schools come last in such ranking. Which means the status-quo establishment is dependent to the STEM knowledge-based cultural and social reproduction which is being reproduced mainly at technic universities and Med-schools of Iran.

The present research has aimed to present a model to guarantee the quality of student-teacher preparation in Iran's educational system. For this purpose, a sequential, exploratory mixed research was used. Grounded theory was used in the qualitative phase. By means of purposive sampling, 28 individuals who better suited the aim of the research were selected, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. Content analysis led to the identification of 20 main components guaranteeing quality in the first phase: public perception of teaching profession, student admission, training system, managers, faculty members, administrative staff, structure, organizational culture, supervising and assessing the system, regulations and rules, formal curriculum, informal curriculum, internship program, coaching process, teaching process, evaluation process, learning facilitators, coaching novice teachers, assessing learning consequences, and professional support for novice teachers. To accredit the quality guarantee model, both quantitative (using questionnaires) and qualitative (forming focus groups) means were used, and the model was presented. For the quantitative phase, 745 faculty members, senior officials, mid-ranking officials and students were selected by means of random clustered sampling. A questionnaire consisting of 159 items was devised based on the given components and subcomponents, the reliability of which was determined to be 0.94 using Cronbach's alpha. Second-order factor analysis indicated that the subcomponents for each component predicted that component significantly, which shows that the model presented in this research enjoys the required credibility.