مقصود پیری

Neurotrophin disorders are a common mechanism in multiple sclerosis. Given the essential role of neurotrophins in cognitive function, the present study aimed to investigate the changes in some neurotrophins in hippocampal tissue in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model following endurance exercise (ET) and royal jelly (RJ).

In this experimental study, 49 female Sprague-Dawley rats with EAE (with complete Freund's adjuvant) were divided into groups: (1) EAE, (2) Sham (Sh), (3) RJ mg/kg 50 (RJ50), (4) RJ100, (5) ET, (6) ET+RJ50, (7) ET+RJ100. To investigate the effect of EAE on the variables, 7 healthy rats were placed in the healthy control (HC) group. ET was performed for five weeks, four sessions per week at a speed of 11-15 m/min for 30 minutes, and RJ was injected intraperitoneally at doses of (50 and 100 mg/kg/day). One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the findings (P≥0.05).

The results of the present study showed that BDNF levels in the ET group were significantly higher than in the EAE group. The results of the present study showed that BDNF levels in the RJ50, RJ100, ET+RJ50, and ER+RJ100 groups were significantly higher than in the EAE group. In addition, TrKB gene expression levels in the RJ100 group were significantly higher than in the RJ50 group. Also, TrKB levels in the RJ50, RJ100, ET+RJ50, and ER+RJ100 groups were significantly higher than in the EAE group.

Obesity is one of the main factors in the development of cardiometabolic diseases, including dyslipidemia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of aerobic training and rice bran supplementation on the changes of Lanosterol Synthase in rats fed with high-fat food. In a preclinical trial, 30 8-week-old female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (6 in each group), including control of feeding with normal food, control of feeding with high-fat food, aerobic exercise-feeding with high-fat food and Aerobic exercise-rice bran feeding with high-fat food was divided. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for data analysis using SPSS-22 software. The results showed that the reduction of Lanosterol Synthase (P=0.003) was significant in the control group fed with normal food compared to the control group fed with high-fat food. the decrease in the expression of Lanosterol Synthase (P≥0.018) in the group fed with high-fat food-aerobic exercise-ethanol extract of rice bran was significant compared to the control group fed with high-fat food. In general, it can be stated that the combination of four weeks of aerobic training and rice bran supplementation had positive effects on the changes of lanosterol synthase enzyme in rats fed with a high-fat diet.

In line with the design and identification of environmental interventions affecting obesity, this research has investigated the effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise and pistachio skin extract on TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene expression in obese female rats.

30 twelve-week-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, fattened, aerobic exercise, PP extract, and aerobic exercise-PP extract. In order to induce obesity in the target groups, 0.5 ml of high-fat diet per 100 grams of body weight was used by gavage for 4 weeks (5 days a week). After determining the maximum oxygen consumption, an aerobic activity program including 4 weeks of 20-minute running with an intensity of 50% in the first week and 65% in the last week was implemented.  After eliminating the acute effect of the interventions and isolating the Soleus muscle tissue, real-time PCR technique was used to determine the gene expression level of inflammatory receptors TRL-2 and TRL-4. .

four weeks of aerobic exercise, receiving pistachio peel extract and the interactive effect of aerobic exercise* extract caused a significant decrease in the expression of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in the soleus muscle of rats compared to the obese control group. However, statistically, no significant difference was observed between the three interventions on TRL-2 expression in soleus muscle, While the most significant decrease in TRL-4 expression was observed during aerobic exercise or its combination with pistachio peel extract .

These results indicate the decrease in gene expression of specific receptors of inflammatory indicators in obese mice after four weeks of isolated aerobic activity and consumption of pistachio peel extract. Despite these results, we need more studies on how to combine these effective interventions.

Menopause is associated with an imbalance in the expression of atherogenesis genes in the motor nerve terminal. However, the effect of resistance training on the gene expression affecting the inhibition of sarcopenia in the neurotransmitter plate is not well understood.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of increasing resistance training on the gene expression of AKT and mTORC-1 in the motor end plate of the quadriceps muscle of post-menopausal wistar rat.

In this experimental study, 20 female Wistar rats (8 to 12 weeks old) with an average weight of 235 to 265 g, were randomly divided into 2 groups including Resistance Training (RT) and Control (C).Ovariectomy was performed after anesthesia with an intraperitoneal injection of Ketamine/Xylazine mixture with a bilateral incision in the lumbar region. incremental resistance training was performed for 8 weeks, 5 days a week on an 85 degree incline ladder. After 24 hours of the last training session and afterward recovery, animals were sacrificed and their quadriceps muscle was extracted. Real-time PCR was used to determine the expression of AKT and mTORC-1 genes.T-test was used at alpha level of 0.05 to compare the independent groups.

Genes expression AKT and Mtorc-1 were increased in the training group compared to the control(P=0.001 and P=0.003 respectively).The rats body weight did not show significant change in any of the groups(P=0.151).

It seems that increasing resistance training reduces sarcopenia by increasing the genes expression of AKT and mTORC-1 in the motor end plate.

This study aims to investigate the simultaneous effect of aerobic exercise and orange peel extract on the expression of HGF gene in hepatocytes of obese rats.

Rats were randomly divided into five groups of 6: an obese group, aerobic training obese group, an obese group that ate extract, an obese group that exercised and ate extract, and a control health group that did not have any intervention. The rats were fattened based on a research protocol, and training and extraction protocols were started. The exercise protocol was performed five days a week, with an intensity of 50 to 75% VO2max for six weeks. Extraction was done five times a week. The expression of HGF gene in liver tissue was done by the Real-Time PCR method. Independent t-test and two-way analysis of variance ANOVA between groups were used to test the data. GraphPad Prism version 10 software was used to analyze it with a significance level of p=0.05.

The expression of hepatocyte HGF showed a significant increase in the groups of aerobic exercise (p=0.009), extract (p=0.035), and extract + aerobic exercise (p=0.0001) compared to the obese group. There was no difference between the obese and control groups in the expression of HGF in the liver tissue (p=0.99).

The findings of this research show that aerobic exercise and extract alone can increase the expression of HGF, and on the other hand, the synergistic effect of aerobic exercise and orange peel extract also increases the expression of this factor; HGF is a protector of hepatocyte tissue.

The use of herbal supplements by athletes to improve performance and increase training adaptations has increased greatly in the last decade. Herbal supplements not only improve the performance of athletes, but also maintain their health. Medicinal plants contain macro and micronutrients and phytochemical compounds that are responsible for their medicinal effects. Rice is one of the most widely consumed grains, which, apart from nutrients, contains many bioactive compounds that promote health. Epidemiological evidence shows that in countries that consume a lot of rice, some metabolic and underlying diseases are less. Rice bran Rice bran is a byproduct of the rice bleaching process and contains many food compounds and various phytochemicals such as gamma oryzanol and beta sitosterol. Rice bran has antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, hypocholesterolemic and neuroprotective properties, so it is very effective in health development. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies (animal and human) show that gamma oryzanol and beta-sitosterol protect against the destruction and atrophy of muscle mass in obesity by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, improving the insulin signaling pathway, inhibiting the FOXO pathway, and thus causing Improves muscle function. On the other hand, gamma oryzanol has a neuroprotective effect by crossing the blood-brain barrier. Since most of the existing studies on the effects of rice bran bioactive compounds have been conducted with animal subjects, more studies are needed, especially in humans, to determine There is a precise effect of rice bran and its compounds.

Clinical and experimental studies have shown that type 2 diabetes is associated with depression-related disorders. Inflammation has been identified as a common mechanism in both type 2 diabetes and depression. Several studies have suggested that swimming exercise might be able to reduce depression-related symptoms

The present research aims to investigate the effect of swimming training on inflammatory cytokines in the serum of rats with depression-type 2 diabetes.

The experimental research design is a randomized controlled trial. The statistical population is male C57BL6 mice kept in Pasteur Institute of Iran in 2021. 40 mice were randomly selected and randomly divided into two groups (20 samples in each group). One group became diabetic with a high-fat diet and Streptozotocin. Diabetic samples underwent swimming training for 4 weeks. Then, depression-like behaviors were assessed with Sucrose preference, Novelty-suppressed feeding, Social interaction, and Tail suspension test. We also measured the levels of glucose, insulin and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum of the animals. The data were analyzed by Graphpad Primes.

The results indicated that type 2 diabetes significantly increased anhedonia- and depression-like behaviours in mice. Moreover, swimming exercise reduced anhedonia- and depression-like behaviour in type 2 diabetic mice. Swimming exercise also decreased glucose and inflammatory cytokines in the serum of mice with type 2 diabetes.

Collectively, this study demonstrates that swimming exercise decreased depression-like behaviour by reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice.Further clinical studies are needed to validate these findings in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that gradually destroys the synovial joints and leads to chronic inflammation. This autoimmune disorder is associated with an increase in stress-related symptoms, including anxiety and depression, and a decrease in social behaviors, which severely reduces the patient's quality of life. Previous studies show that higher physical activity during adolescence may lead to a decrease in neurobehavioral disorders in adulthood. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the increase of physical activity from early adolescence on stress-related behaviors and inflammation in mice with rheumatoid arthritis.

Male mice were randomly exposed to a running wheel from early adolescence to adulthood, and then rheumatoid arthritis was induced. Stress-related behaviors, including anxiety, depression and social behavior were investigated in animals. The level of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were also measured as important inflammatory markers in the serum.

The results showed that physical activity from early adolescence significantly resulted in decreased stress in mice with rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, the running wheel led to a decrease in the levels of (IL-17) and (IFN-γ) in rheumatoid arthritis-induced mice as two important indicators of inflammation.

This study shows that increased physical activity during adolescence to adulthood may make mice resistant to increased stress and inflammation caused by rheumatic arthritis.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of orange peel compounds and physical activity on physical performance and health. The research method was descriptive-analytical, and the results showed that orange peel has attracted the attention of researchers due to its alkaloid compounds, including Synephrine and Octopamine, as one of the effective and widely used plants for physical performance and weight control. By activating β3 adrenergic receptors, synephrine increases lipolysis and the availability of free fatty acids (FFA) to peripheral tissues, especially skeletal muscles, which increases the oxidation process of FFA and reduces the oxidation of carbohydrates. The result of these changes is the preservation of muscle glycogen consumption and the delay of fatigue. On the other hand, synephrine reduces appetite by acting on the neuromedin U2 receptor and causes weight loss simultaneously with the development of thermogenesis. Although the effect of the compounds in orange peel on physical performance and weight control is contradictory, more studies are needed to understand the effects of these compounds.

Impaired insulin function with exogenous changes is a major cause of heart failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of high intensity interval training with curcumin supplement on the expression of IRS-1 and IRE-1α gene in the Left ventricle of type 2 diabetic rats.

In the present experimental study, 30 male mice with diabetes were divided into five groups of 6; high intensity interval training (HIIT), High intensity interval Training+Curcumin(S+HIIT), Diabetic control+curcumin(S+DC), Diabetic Control (DC), Normal control (NC). The High intensity interval training protocol was performed five days a week for four weeks. Curcumin gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg was performed daily. The expression of IRS-1 and IRE-1α were measured by the qReal-TimePCR method, and data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA at the alpha level of 0.05.

IRS-1 gene expression in the S+HIIT group compared to the DC (P=0.003) and S+DC (P=0.001) groups and in the HIIT group compared to the DC (P=0.002), and S groups +DC had a significant decrease (P=0.019). IRE-1α gene was significantly decreased in S+HIIT group compared to DC (P=0.003), S+DC (P=0.001) and HIIT (P=0.008) groups.

It seems that HIIT with curcumin supplement can reduce the process of myocardial apoptosis in diabetic patients by improving metabolic conditions and genetic factors.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is one of the most common muscle disorders that severely reduces the quality of life. Regular physical activities, especially resistance exercises, are one of the most important non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy. By increasing anabolic hormones, resistance training inhibits protein degradation signaling pathways and activates protein synthesis signaling pathways and reduces muscle atrophy. Many medicinal plants can also reduce muscle atrophy by inhibiting the signaling pathway of protein degradation and activating the signaling pathway of protein synthesis. Turmeric, tribulus terrestris, rice bran and ginseng are examples of medicinal plants that can inhibit muscle atrophy. According to the common mechanisms of resistance training and medicinal plants on the process of muscle atrophy, the results of studies show that these two interventions prevent muscle atrophy, especially in the conditions of skeletal muscle wasting diseases, by affecting the signaling pathway of muscle protein synthesis and degradation. do These two interventions in combination with each other have a synergistic effect and strengthen each other's effect. Therefore, the use of medicinal plants along with resistance exercises is an efficient way to maintain muscle mass.

The imbalance in the prooxidant-antioxidant ratio causes uterine tissue damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Pumpkin seed and aerobic training on mitochondrial biogenesis markers and DNA damage in uterine tissue in rats toxicated by hydrogen peroxide.

To implementation of this experimental research, 42 male wistar rats randomly were divided into 7 groups. All groups received 100 mg/kg body weight of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 14 days intraperitoneal. Rats in supplemented groups received hydrophilic the rats received supplemental hydroalcoholic extract of pumpkin seeds at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg body weight per day by gavage method. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, rat uterine tissue was collected. Data were analyzed using by Independent T-test, two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at P<0.05.

Combined intervention of pumpkin seed extract with aerobic exercise significantly increased methyl guanine levels and oxidant-prooxidant balance (PAB), as well as significantly decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in uterine tissue (P<0.05).

According to the results, supplementation of pumpkin seed with aerobic exercise can have a greater effect on improving mitochondrial biogenesis and reducing uterine tissue DNA damage.

The use of testosterone enanthate has increased among athletes, especially in resistance disciplines. Considering the side effects of using testosterone enanthate, it seems necessary to find alternative methods. The present study compared the independent and interactive effects of resistance training, testosterone and palm pollen extract on mRNA expression of MFN2, FISS and DRP1 genes in male rat liver.

In a experimental study, 30 male rats were divided into control groups, resistance training, date pollen extract, testosterone ethanate, consumption of date pollen extract + resistance training and testosterone etantate + resistance training. The interventions were applied based on the group name for four weeks. 48 hours after the last intervention, the liver tissue was investigated to measure the expression of MFN2, FISS and DRP1 genes.

Exercise, testosterone and date pollen, each independently, increased the expression of MFN2 gene and decreased the expression of FISS and DRP1 genes in the liver. The simultaneous use of exercise and testosterone/palm pollen strengthened the effect of independent interventions; however, the synergistic effect was observed only on liver FISS gene expression compared to independent interventions.

According to the results of the groups consuming date pollen and testosterone, it seems that the use of each of them has caused a similar pattern of change in the variables of the present study; therefore, the use of date pollen may be a natural alternative to testosterone.

Knee osteoarthritis is associated with damage to ligaments and skeletal muscles around the knee joint. Since inhibiting of atrophy can help to improve this disease; therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs), hyaluronic acid (HA) and aerobic exercise on the expression of myonectin and myogenin genes and the production of CD44 protein in the quadriceps muscle tissue of osteoarthritis rats.

Forty-five adult male rats aged 6-8 weeks were placed in 9 groups of 5 including: healthy control, patient control, MSCs, HA, aerobic exercise, MSCs+HA, exercise+HA, exercise+MSCs and exercise+MSCs+HA. Osteoarthritis was induced surgically. Aerobic exercise was done for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week and at a speed of 16m/min. MSCs were injected at the rate of 1×106cells/kg and HA at a concentration of 10mg/ml. Forty-eight hours after completing the protocol, the quadriceps muscle tissue was isolated and the expression of myonectin and myogenin genes was measured by Real-Time PCR and the expression of CD44 protein was measured by immunohistochemistry method.

The gene expression of myonectin, myogenin, and CD44 protein expression was significantly increased in aerobic exercise, HA and MSCs groups alone (P=0.001) and CD44 in exercise+HA (P=0.024). Also, myogenin in exercise+MSCs group (P=0.037) and myonectin in exercise+MSCs, exercise+HA (P=0.001) and MSCs+HA (P=0.012) groups increased significantly.

Aerobic exercise, HA and MSCs alone and exercise+MSCs synergistically led to the inhibition of muscle atrophy by increasing the activity of myokines; but exercise+HA play a role in muscle building in osteoarthritis rats.

The menopausal process causes degeneration of motor nerve neurons in fast-twitch fibers. However, the effect of resistance training with vitamin D supplementation on the inhibition of genes involved in atrophy is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance training and vitamin D with chitosan coating on Semaphorine-a3 and NLRP-1genes of neural junction in quadriceps muscle of postmenopausal rats.

In this experimental study, 42 femal of wistare rats with ages 8 to 12 weeks with an average weight of 230 to 260 g were randomly divided into 6 groups of 7 numbers; normal control (NC), menopause control (OC), estrogen (E), resistance training (RT),vitamin D white chitosan (Vit D+Ca+2), resistance training+Vitamin D with chitosan (RT+Vit D+Ca+2). Training group performed resistance training five days a week for eight weeks. Vitamin D with chitosan was gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg before exercise. PCR Real time was used to determine the expression of Semaphorine-a3 and NLRP-1genes.

The gene of Semaphorine-a3 in the resistance training group+vitamin D with chitosan compared to the postmenopausal control group and the training group had a significant decrease (P=0.001) and (P=0.002), respectively.  NLRP-1 gene in the resistance training group+vitamin D with chitosan was significantly reduced compared to the training group (P=0.043).

The results showed that resistance training decreased the  genes expression of Semaphorine-a3 and NLRP-1. Decreased expression of NLRP-1 gene under the influence of resistance training combined with vitamin D with chitosan coating could possibly improve neuromuscular function in postmenopausal people.

Obesity, which is a characteristic of metabolic syndrome. Based on this, obese people are in a mild inflammation condition due to abnormal secretion of inflammatory mediators. There are several mechanisms for the occurrence of this inflammation, the most important of which is the increasing production of inflammatory mediators and the reduction of anti-inflammatory mediators. Deep-heated oils, as an integral part of the diet, are one of the causes of inflammation in obesity. Studies show that with the development of obesity, capillary formation in adipose tissue does not occur in line with changes in cell size. Therefore, fat tissue in obese people is always associated with lack of oxygen and the secretion of inflammatory mediators causes systemic inflammation.

To conduct the present study, the keyword terms Aerobic Exercise, Metabolic disorders, and Octapamine were searched in all databases, including Science of Web, Pubmed, Google, Magiran, SID.IR, scholar risk factors, etc., with no year restrictions. The articles were then categorized based on the effect of performing aerobic exercise and octapamine supplementation on vascular function following metabolic disorders.

The results show that aerobic exercise and octapamine supplementation improve the process of angiogenesis of visceral fat tissue that has been disrupted by deep-fried oils and reduces the damage caused by feeding with deep fried oils.

Taking deep-heated oils leads to disturbances in fat metabolism in visceral fat tissue, and in this condition, capillary formation in visceral fat tissue decreases significantly and insulin resistance increases. As a result, this is associated with functional disorders of visceral fat tissue. However, aerobic exercise and octapamine improve the angiogenesis process of visceral fat tissue and reduce the damage caused by feeding with deep-heated oils.

Regular exercise training with different volumes bydate palm pollen extract is an effectives strategy in improvinggene expression and neuromuscular function. The purpose ofthis study was to determine the Effect of four weeks ofincreasing resistance training with date palm pollen extract onthe gene expression of CHRN-G and Semaphorine-a3 in theGastrocnemius muscle of healthy male rats.

This is an experimental study. Forthis purpose, 42 six week old healthy of male rats were dividedinto 6 groups of numbers 7; Control (C), Resistance training(TR), Testosterone (T), SUP (S), Resistance training withextract (RT+SUP), Resistance training with Testostrone(RT+T). Extraction was performed with 90% ethanol at a rateof 670 ml and repeated three times. The extract wasconcentrated in vacuo and the solvent was completelyremoved. The extraction efficiency was 87.17%. Consumptionof the extract at a dose of 100 mg / kg per day to the extractgroups and exercise with the extract was gavagedintraperitoneally. Testosterone at a dose of 2 mg / kg per daywas injected into the testosterone and testosterone traininggroups.increasing resistance training, extract and testosteroneinterventions were performed for five days a week for fourweeks. After 24 hours the last training session and afterwardrecovery, subjects were sacrificed and their gastrocnemiusmuscle was extracted. PCR Real time was used to determinethe expression of CHRN-G and Semaphorine-a3 genes. tocompare the groups independent Two way anova was used atalpha level of 0/05.

genes expression of CHRN-G in the training withextract group (P=0.024) and training with testosterone(P=0.045) respectively showed a significant decreasecompared to the extract group. Semaphorine-a3 of gene in thetraining with extract group (P=0.016) respectively showed asignificant decrease compared to the extract group. Weight didnot significantly change in any of the groups.

It seems that possibly 4 weeks of increasingresistance training with consumption of date palm male pollenextract can improve neuromuscular function by reducing theexpression of CHRN-G and Semaphorine-a3 genes in thepresynaptic space.

Considering the side effects and increasing use of testosterone enanthate among athletes, especially resistance athletes, it seems necessary to find alternative compounds. The present study examined the effect of palm pollen extract, testosterone enanthate and resistance training on the tight junctions proteins in the prostate tissue of male rats.

36 male rats were divided into groups including: control, resistance training, palm pollen extract, testosterone enanthate, palm pollen extract+resistance training and testosterone enanthate+resistance training. The program of resistance training and other interventions consisted of four weeks and five days a week. The interventions of palm pollen extract and testosterone enanthate were applied with doses of 100 and 2 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. 48 hours after the last intervention, the animals were sacrificed and the prostate tissue was removed. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data (significance level: p<0.05).

Exercise training, testosterone enanthate and palm pollen each independently increased the expression of claudin-1 and occludin genes and increased the expression of occludin protein in prostate tissue, also. The simultaneous using of exercise training and testosterone/palm pollen had a synergistic effect on prostate occludin protein expression compared to the intervention of testosterone and palm pollen, alone.

It seems that palm pollen and testosterone enanthate have an effect on the variables of the present study with a similar pattern; therefore, the using of palm pollen may be considered as a natural alternative to synthetic testosterone.

Physical activities are associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species. The production of reactive oxygen species is dependent of the intensity, duration and type of activity. Although the physiological amounts of reactive oxygen species are necessary to regulate cell reactions, their excessive production can cause numerous damages to the structure and function of cells and weaken physical function and endanger health. Although physical activity itself is a stimulus to increase the capacity of antioxidant defense, but in the case of intense and long exercises, the production of reactive oxygen species exceeds the capacity of antioxidant defense. In this situation, the use of exogenous antioxidant substances can be a good solution for the development of performance and physical health. Plants are abundant sources of antioxidant substances that can neutralize most active oxygen species caused by physical exercises, and then reduce inflammation and muscle damage induced by repeated muscle contractions, especially extrinsic contractions. Despite controversial findings due to differences in the methodologies of studies, their results generally confirm the effects of phytochemicals on reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, pain, muscle damage and improving physical performance. Based on these findings, it is recommended that people who undertake intense and long physical exercises should use plants containing phytochemicals in order to maintain and improve physical performance and develop health.

The lifestyle in the machine world of the last century is low mobility and very little activity with the use of various types of equipment and facilities. This lifestyle is the basis of many physical and mental complications in today's humans and causes the occurrence of many chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, increased blood pressure, and metabolic syndrome as a whole, followed by widespread inflammation in the body. Increased inflammation in the body, especially in the central nervous system of the brain, can lead to neurological and behavioral disorders. The immune system plays an important role in regulating brain homeostasis. Even small amounts of Neuroinflammation can disrupt physiological processes that occur in the hippocampus, including neurogenesis. Inflammatory factors include inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 and alpha necrosis factor. In recent years, human and animal studies have shown that the increase of these two cytokines in the body and brain can lead to a decrease in memory. However, its exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent findings also show that IL-6 is involved in cognitive functions and memory, and increasing its level in brain areas such as the hippocampus may lead to a decrease in memory, on the other hand, anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 (potential role in immunotherapy and prevention) And progress or recurrence of neuropathy play a role in the body. Interleukin 10 prevents the production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. This cytokine is secreted to suppress pro-inflammatory effects in stressful situations. The most important brain region involved in cognitive functions and memory is the hippocampus. Any damage to nerve cells in this area of ​​the brain can be directly related to cognitive disorders. Exercise is known as a risk modulating factor for reducing memory and learning in neurological diseases and even Alzheimer's disease. It is assumed that neurological and vascular adaptation to exercise and physical activity improves cognitive function through neurogenesis, reducing pro-inflammatory processes and reducing cell damage. Physical activity can modulate microglial activation in the CNS. Low-intensity exercise is sufficient to induce an anti-microglial activation effect by regulating the expression of various factors. Some of these factors (eg, Myokines) can directly prevent microglial activation through various mechanisms that prevent Neuroinflammation in the CNS. Be secreted from different sources (such as damaged neurons, astrocytes, and microglia). According to past research and since the effect of swimming exercise on the amount of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10 and as a result on the amount of spatial memory in adult rats has not been investigated, this research was conducted in order to make its results for patients suffering from memory loss. It should be implemented in clinics as a suggested non-pharmacological and effective treatment, especially in elderly people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.

C57BL6 male mice (approximate age 10-11 weeks) and (weight 18-21 grams) were obtained from Pasteur Institute of Iran and kept under light conditions of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness (8 am to 8 pm) and a temperature of 1±23 degrees Celsius and humidity of 40-50% and enough water and food were freely available to them. The data were analyzed using t-test analysis and P<0.05 was considered significant. SPSS software was used for analysis and GraphPad Prism software (V8.5) was used for drawing graphs.

Mice who have experienced swimming showed a higher level of the cytokine interleukin 10 in their hippocampus compared to the control group (p=0.002) and the significant effect of swimming training on spatial memory was confirmed and swimming led to a decrease in hippocampal inflammation. Through the reduction of interleukin 6 levels compared to control group mice (p=0.025).

In this study, the effect of swimming training on the amount of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors and spatial memory was investigated, and according to the tests and results obtained, it was determined that swimming training has a significant effect on the reduction of the inflammatory factor interleukin-6 and the increase of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10. It is effective in reducing the number of cognitive disorders, including spatial memory. Aerobic exercise can partially reverse the cognitive decline associated with diabetes by reducing the oxidative stress and inflammatory environment in the brain of T2D animals. Regular exercise has significant benefits on insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes and may persist for more than 72 hours after the last exercise session. Long-term intense exercise can generally lead to higher levels of inflammatory mediators and thus may increase the risk of injury and chronic inflammation. In contrast, moderate exercise or vigorous exercise with adequate rest periods can achieve maximum benefit. Exercise can protect against age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia. We provide evidence of swimming exercise in other animal models that assess cognitive functions and hippocampal inflammatory and Neurotrophic systems. In support of our data, studies are showing that swimming exercise can improve cognitive deficits in various animal models. Regular swimming exercise in mice significantly increases working, spatial and cognitive memory in Alzheimer's disease conditions or is effective in healthy conditions as well. Overall, this study shows that swimming exercise may be suggested as a complementary non-pharmacological strategy for the treatment of cognitive decline in affected individuals. However, further studies should focus on training protocols that can be used in humans.

Aging is an important risk factor for cognitive functions. On the other hand, exercise improves brain health and improves cognitive functions. However, the mechanisms of these benefits have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of four weeks of intermittent aerobic exercise with moderate intensity on cognitive function and the expression level of PGC1α and VEGF genes in the hippocampus of old rats. For this purpose, 20-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into 2 exercise training groups (number = 8 heads) and control (number = 8 heads). The animals of the sports group performed intermittent aerobic training with moderate intensity for 4 weeks, 5 days a week. In order to investigate learning and spatial memory, the animals were subjected to the Morris water maze test 48 hours after the last training session. Then, the animals were killed and the hippocampal tissue was extracted. Real time-PCR method was used to measure gene expression. Statistical analysis was done using independent t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient at a significant level of P£0.05. The results showed that aerobic exercise improved learning performance (P ≥ 0.05) and spatial memory (P ≥ 0.001) and the expression level of PGC1α (P ≥ 0.01) and VEGF (P ≥ 0.001) Increasing. Also, a significant positive correlation between PGC1α gene expression and VEGF gene expression in the hippocampus was observed (p≥0.001, r=0.894). In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between VEGF gene expression and the average time spent to find the platform (p≥0.05, r=-0.578), and there was a significant positive relationship with the time spent in the quadrant of the target circle (p≥0.01, r=0.713). In general, aerobic exercise improves learning performance and spatial memory in old animals; It seems that exercise-induced upregulation of the PGC1α/VEGF signaling pathway in the brain is at least partially involved in this adaptation.

Performing normal daily activities requires sufficient muscle size and strength, and atrophy has a negative effect on the overall quality of life; So that the decrease in skeletal muscle mass leads to a decrease in human performance, long-term health and low quality of life. Diabetes is associated with the development of secondary complications in various organs, especially skeletal muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and Tribulus terrestris extract on muscle atrophy indices and oxidant-pro-oxidant balance in extensor digitorum longus muscles of type 2 diabetic desert rats. Skeletal muscle is an important organ for glucose storage and metabolism, apart from being a power-producing machine. Considering the important role of exercise and physical activity along with herbal supplements in health and prevention and treatment of complications caused by diabetes, especially in the vital organs of the body such as skeletal muscles, it seems that investigating the effects of sports activities and herbal supplements on The markers of muscle atrophy are of great importance, but according to the investigations, the data in this regard are very limited.

For implementation of this experimental research, 42 male wistar desert rats 2 months old (average weight 180±20 g) were randomly divided into 7 groups. In order to induce muscle atrophy, Dexamethasone (750 μg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally into desert rats. desert Rats were diabetic using peritoneal injection nicotinamide-STZ. desert Rats in supplemented groups received Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 5 and 10 mg per day by gavage method. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. Using Real Time PCR and PAB methods, plantar muscle tissue was measured using immunoassay method. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to ensure the normal distribution of variables. Two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to compare the average changes of the investigated factors in the groups. The significance level was considered as p≤0.05 in all cases. All statistical operations were performed with SPSS software version 23.

Thistle plant extract (F=136.305, P=0.001, µ=0.901) and the interaction between training and thistle plant extract (F=419.949, P=0.001, µ=0.966) had a significant effect on the level of MURF-1 in extensor digitorum longus muscle. . Also, the amount of MURF-1 in the long extensor muscle of the toes with the 5-gram dose was significantly lower than the 10-gram dose group (P=0.0001). The results showed that aerobic training, Tribulus extract and combined intervention of Tribulus extract with aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in the expression genes of Atrogin-1, MURF-1, MiR-29b (p=0.001) and significant increase in methyl guanine (p=0.001) and oxidant-pro-oxidant balance (PAB) levels in male wistar desert rats exposed to dexamethasone (p=0.001).

The findings of this research show that aerobic training led to a significant decrease in Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b gene expression and a significant increase in methylguanine levels and oxidant-prooxidant balance in type 2 diabetic rats. Aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce DNA damage caused by oxidants. Decreased insulin and increased oxidative stress seem necessary for protein breakdown and muscle atrophy. Therefore, negative regulation of anabolic processes as well as oxidative stress occurred in STZ-treated animals can activate muscle proteolysis and increase MuRF1 expression. Regarding the effect of exercise on the expression of MuRF1 in type 2 diabetic samples, there have been few studies that have expressed different mechanisms in the interpretation of the results; The response of MuRF1 to sports activity can change under the influence of various factors, including the subjects' training history, the intensity and duration of the activity, or the effect of repeated activities. On the other hand, it seems that Hsp25 is one of the mediators that regulate the atrophy pathway, which plays an important role in dealing with atrophy in diabetic conditions, so that increasing its amount due to exercise reduces atrophy and decreases the expression of MuRF1. The mechanism of MiR-29b changes due to exercise training is not well defined. However, miR-29 targets have been found to include IGF-1, p85a, and myeloblastosis-related protein B (B-myb) in mouse muscle tissue. IGF-1 and p85a are important regulatory proteins for protein translation via miR-29 to inhibit myogenin and protein synthesis, thereby reducing protein components during muscle atrophy. The effect of exercise on redox status depends on many factors, such as type of exercise, exercise load, as well as age, gender, risk factors, and physical condition. Short-term exercises may increase oxidative stress and imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant agents and ultimately lead to mitochondrial dysfunction.However, long-term exercise may enable ROS detoxification by increasing cellular antioxidant activity or stimulating the expression of genes such as Mn-SOD. Other findings of the research show that milk thistle extract and the interaction of exercise andmilk thistle extract reduce Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b gene expression and increase methylguanine levels and oxidant-prooxidant balance in the extensor toes long muscle tissue in rats. He had type 2 diabetes. Other findings of the research show thatmilk thistle plant extract and the interaction of milk thistle plant extract with the reduction of Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b gene expression and the increase of methylguanine levels and the oxidant-prooxidant balance of the extensor digitorum longus muscle tissue in diabetic rats. Type 2 was included. It has been determined that the extract of this plant has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties in the experimental model of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. In the present study, the hydroalcoholic extract of thistle plant with doses of 5 and 10 mg per kilogram of body weight per day was able to help reduce muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetic rats, and the lower dose brought more benefits. Due to the presence of large amounts of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of milk thistle, and based on the findings of this research, it can be said that the presence of antioxidants in milk thistle can reduce muscle atrophy. The inhibitory effect of regular exercise is also at least partly due to adaptation to oxidative stress. The process of adaptation related to exercise is not only related to the production of ROS levels, but also causes an increase in antioxidants and the activity of enzymes that restore the damage caused by oxidative damage (43). Therefore, the interaction of exercise and milk thistle extract with antioxidant effects and reduction of lipid peroxidation helps to improve muscle atrophy indicators in diabetic subjects. In general, according to the few studies conducted in this regard, research on the effect of sports activity and milk thistle plant extract on muscle atrophy indicators in type 2 diabetic subjects needs more research. There were also limitations in the current research, among which we can mention the lack of measurement of other indicators of oxidative damage. In summary, the results of this research showed that aerobic exercise, milk thistle plant extract and the combined intervention of aerobic exercise and milk thistle plant extract can probably be effective in the treatment of muscle atrophy caused by type 2 diabetes and the intervention of a lower dose of this plant extract can give better results. to be accompanied.Aerobic training, Tribulus extract and combined intervention aerobic training and Tribulus extract can probably be effective in treating muscle atrophy due to type 2 diabetes and lower dose intervention of this herbal extract can have better results. Diabetes leads to changes in cellular proteins, oxidative stress and disruption of the cellular defense system. It seems that the reduction of oxidative stress caused by exercise in diabetic subjects in the present study has a positive effect on the negative regulation of MuRF1 expression at the end of the exercise period. The mechanism of Atrogin-1 changes following exercise is not well defined. Therefore, the interaction of exercise and milk thistle extract with antioxidant effects and reduction of lipid peroxidation helps to improve muscle atrophy indicators in diabetic subjects. In general, according to the few studies conducted in this regard, the research on the effect of sports activity and milk thistle plant extract on muscle atrophy indicators in type 2 diabetic subjects needs more research. There were also some limitations in the current research, including the lack of measurement of other indicators of oxidative damage.

Various treatment methods such as herbal supplements and lifestyle modification including regular exercise have been recommended to reduce oxidative damage and improve antioxidant defense. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Purslane seed supplement and aerobic training on mitochondrial biogenesis markers and DNA damage in kidney tissue of rats toxicated by hydrogen peroxide.

To implementation of this experimental research, 54 male wistar rats randomly were divided into 9 groups. All groups received 100 mg/kg body weight of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 14 days intraperitoneal. Rats in supplemented groups received hydrophilic Purslane seed with doses of 50, 200 and 400 mg per day by gavage method. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at P<0.05.

The results showed that purslane seeds and the combined intervention of purslane seeds with aerobic training led to significant increase in the levels of O-6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase and oxidant-prooxidant balance (PAB), as well as significant decrease the amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney tissue of rats toxicated by hydrogen peroxide (P=0.001).

It seems that aerobic exercise with purslane seeds can help to reduce the oxidative damage of kidney.

The aim of this study was investigating the effect of 4 weeks of high intensity interval training with curcumin supplement on the gene expression of collagen I, II and SMAD/3 in the myocardium of male obese rats with type 2 diabetes.

In this experimental study, 35 male diabetic rats were divided in to 5 groups of seven; normal control, diabetic control, curcumin+diabetic, high intensity interval training, high intensity interval training+curcumin. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin with a dose of 60 mg/kg in all groups except the normal control group. Curcumin was gavage 200 mg/kg of body weight in all groups except normal control and diabetic control groups to determine the expression of COL-I, II and SMAD/3 genes, PCR-Real time method and group comparison were used by Two-way ANOVA test at alpha level of 0.05.

The decrease in COL-I gene expression in (S+HIIT (group compared to the (DC) (P<0.0001) and S+DC (P<0.0004) was significant, respectively. In high intensity interval training (HIIT) group, the decrease in COL-I gene expression was also significant compared to the diabetic control (DC) group (P=0.017).The decrease in COL-II gene expression in  curcumin + high intensity interval training (S+HIIT) group compared to the (S+DC) (P=0.001) and diabetic control (DC) (P<0.0003) and in (HIIT) group was significant compared to the (DC) group (P=0.013) and (S+DC) (P=0.029).The decrease in SMAD/3 gene expression in (S+HIIT) group compared to the HIIT (P=0.008), (S+DC) (P<0.0002), (DC) groups (P<0.0006) and in the (HIIT) group was significant compared to the (NC) (P=0.010), (DC) (0.006) and (S+DC) groups (P=0.032).

The results showed that, high intensity interval training reduced COL-I, COL-II and SMAD/3 genes and decreasing the expression of SMAD/3 due to high intensity interval training with curcumin supplementation possibly can improve diabetic fibrosis in myocardial.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly, threatening their quality of life. On the other hand, regular exercise is associated with improved brain health and cognitive function. However, the mechanisms of these benefits have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of moderate intensity interval aerobic training on cognitive function and expression level of PGC1α and VEGF genes in the hippocampus of old rats with AD.

For this purpose, 20-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of AD (n=8), AD+exercise training (n=8) and control (n=8). Intra-hippocampal injection of Aβ42 was used to induce AD. The animals in the exercise group performed moderate-intensity interval aerobic exercise for 4 weeks, 5 days a week. To assess spatial learning and memory, the animals underwent the Morris water maze test 48 hours following the last training session. Then, the animals were killed and hippocampal tissue was extracted. Real time-PCR method was used to measure gene expression. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficient at the significance level of p£0.05.

The results showed that Aβ42 injection impaired spatial learning and memory function and reduced the expression level of PGC1α and VEGF genes in hippocampal tissue (p£0.05). Aerobic exercise improved spatial learning and memory function and increased PGC1α and VEGF genes expression (p£0.01). Also, a significant positive relationship was observed between the PGC1α and VEGF gene expression levels in the hippocampus (r= 0.859, p≤0.01). In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between PGC1α and VEGF genes expression and the mean time spent to find the platform (r= -0.9, p£0.01 and r= -0.750, p£0.01, respectively), and a significant positive relationship with the time spent in the target quadrant (r= -0.794, p£0.01 and r= -0.632, p£0.01, respectively).

In general, aerobic training improves spatial learning and memory performance in old animals with AD; up-regulation of the exercise-induced PGC1α/VEGF pathway in the brain, at least in part, appears to be involved in this adaptation.