مهتاب امرایی

In the last few decades, with economic and social developments such as population increase, urbanization expansion, development of communication routes and improvement of access, increase of leisure time and improvement of social welfare, the ground has been prepared for the development of tourism in rural areas. Among the sustainable forms of tourism, we can mention the target villages of tourism, which have attracted the attention of experts and government officials in recent years; So that these villages, having historical, natural and religious attractions, can play an important role in the development of rural areas. These villages are full of pristine, beautiful, historical and religious areas, which are not only an important part of the various manifestations of these villages, but also a suitable situation for the villagers to generate income. Since the approach of sustainable tourism as a form of tourism, the alternative is to improve the quality of life of local residents, improve the experiences of tourists and preserve the environment of the destination.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effectiveness and performance of local people's support for the development of tourism target villages in Zanjan province. Therefore, the target villages for tourism and the support of local people for the development of tourism and its effects on rural development are among the goals of this research. The type of applied research and the method used is descriptive-analytical, and library and field methods (questionnaire, observation) were used to collect data. The statistical population of this research is eight tourism target villages of Zanjan province. Based on the census of 195, 2198 households have been estimated and according to the formula, 186 questionnaires have been randomly distributed among the people of the villages. To analyze the data, tests (one-sample t, simple linear regression, correlation) were used. In this research, 43 items are considered in five indicators (social dependence, social participation, expenses received, benefits received) and tourism development. Cronbach's alpha five indicators, social dependence, social participation, benefits received, cost received, tourism development, each respectively, 0.721; 0.907; 0.730; 0.877; 0.774 has been obtained, which shows the reliability of the data in order to investigate the desired research.

The findings of the test and the hypotheses of the research indicate that in the sample villages in the study area, in the index of received benefits, the variables of increasing tourism opportunities and increasing the production of traditional goods respectively with the amount of (4.57) and (4.37) has the largest difference distance from the optimal numerical limit of the test subject. In the index of expenses received, the variables of the components of the increase of expenses received from tourism and the return of reverse investment, each with the amount of (4.50) and (4.37), respectively, have the largest distance from the optimal numerical limit of the test. . In the indices of social dependence, the variables of the components of enjoyable village life, comfort and peace of mind, and dependence on local and national traditions, each with the mean of (4.77), (4.77) and (4.77) has the highest difference from the limit. The test item has the desired number. And finally, in the indicators of social participation or community intervention, the variable variables of respect and honoring tourists and participation in religious ceremonies and national holidays with an average of (4.43) and (4.17) are higher than the average in supporting the development of tourism dedicated. In this way, the correlation and linear regression tests confirm the residents' support for the tourism target villages, and it shows that the indicators used in the research were positive and significant.

Considering that, the purpose of this research was to analyze the impact and performance of local people's support for the development of tourism target villages in Zanjan province, and it is important to answer the problem and hypothesis raised. The results and findings from the research literature and the findings from the hypotheses test showed that the target villages of tourism can provide and improve the basis for increasing the quality of life of the residents in the sample villages, which is done through the use of components. Residents' support for sustainable tourism is possible. Also, the findings of the test and the hypotheses of the research indicate that in the sample villages in the study area, in the index of received benefits, the variables of increasing tourism opportunities and increasing the production of traditional goods respectively with the amount of (4.57) and (4.37) has the largest difference distance from the optimal numerical limit of the test subject. In the index of expenses received, the variables of the components of the increase of expenses received from tourism and the return of reverse investment, each with the amount of (4.50) and (4.37), respectively, have the largest distance from the optimal numerical limit of the test. In the indices of social dependence, the variables of the components of enjoyable village life, comfort and peace of mind, and dependence on local and national traditions, each with the mean of (4.77), (4.77) and (4.77) has the highest difference from the limit. The test item has the desired number. And finally, in the indicators of social participation or community intervention, the variables of respect and honoring tourists and participation in religious ceremonies and national holidays with an average of (4.43) and (4.17) are higher than the average in supporting the development of tourism. dedicated. In this way, the correlation and linear regression tests confirm the residents' support for the tourism target villages, and it shows that the indicators used in the research were positive and significant. Based on this and in line with the results obtained from the present research, it can be stated that Hama.

The main basis of the research is based on the theory of social interaction. According to the above theory, the opinions of the residents of Khorramabad city were investigated through questionnaires and interviews.

Design/methodology/approach:

 The statistical population of his study was the city of Khorramabad. To analyze the results, Spss and Minitab software and descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used, and Cronbach's alpha (0.915) was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire.

The results of the sample T-Tech test to investigate the impact of local tourism development on the local community of Khorramabad show that because the P-value obtained for all indicators (0.000) is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, with 95% certainty, it can be concluded that the development of local tourism will have favorable effects on the local development of Khorram Abad city. Based on the results of one-way variance analysis, there is a significant difference in terms of the impact of local tourism development on the development of local communities in Khorram Abad city. Because the P-value obtained is equal to 0.000, it can be concluded that there is a difference between the local tourism development indicators in terms of impact on the local communities of Khorram Abad city.

According to the theory of social interaction, a study of the opinions of residents of Khorramabad shows that the development of local tourism will have an impact on the development of local communities in Khorramabad. Therefore, it is suggested that research related to the development of local tourism and its effects on the city of Khorramabad and other cities in Iran continue comprehensively, and since the service and infrastructure index had the lowest average impact from local tourism development, the authorities should pay special attention to this sector.

Originality/value: 

Given the existence of local communities, diverse, and very attractive cultures and traditions in all parts of Iran, enough attention hasn’t been paid to research in this field. The use of the social interaction method is another innovation of this research, which was examined through this lens.

Industrialization of a country leads to its growth and identifies it for investment and subsequently improvement of the country in social and economic fields. Construction of industrialized settlements and the industrialization of underdeveloped areas can play an important role in the socio-cultural, economic and environmental developments in the areas around industries and increase rural production, productivity, job opportunities, provides basic needs and links with other departments. In this study the research method is survey and descriptive- analytical. The method of data collection is through library, and field study through Likert scale. The three indicators of quality of life development, efficiency and service delivery impacted Qarchak Industrial Town on the surrounding areas. This study used SPSS software and t-test and ANOVA for analyzing data. Results of the study show that from experts and practitioners view the economic impact of Qarchak industrial town was significant in relation to the three indicators of quality of life development, efficiency and service provision. The results of analysis show that from experts and practitioner's point of view the impact of settlements on the surrounding areas is different with respect to these three indices. Also the output obtained by Tukey and Scheffer tests shows that from point of view of the two groups the economic impact of Qarchak Industrial Town is different with respect to three different indicators.

The Coveid Epidemic 19 is a purely urban crisis that occurred in a world of widespread urbanization. Therefore, all urban areas of the world, including the city of Tehran, are facing this crisis.

The present research is based on the type of research, applied and mixed research method (quantitative-qualitative). SPSS 26 and Minitab software were used to analyze the findings.

In the present study, the challenges of the Covid 19 epidemic were addressed in two sections. In order to study the challenges of the world's cities in the face of Covid 19, the sources published in 2020 were used, which in total nine major challenges (economic, socio-cultural, political, service, technological and digital, managerial, health, Environmental and physical-spatial) were identified.

The results of one-sample t-test to examine the status of challenges in Tehran in the face of Covid 19, show that the occurrence of crisis has an impact on the creation and intensification of these challenges, so that the P-value obtained for The whole challenge, and in general (0.000), is. The results of Friedman test to evaluate the priority of the impact of the Covid 19 crisis on the challenges show that the obtained P-value is less than 0.05 and 0.000 and shows the different impact of the Covid 19 crisis on the challenges of Tehran.

The history of twentieth-century urban planning is replete with theories and methods that rely on the ontological, cognitive, and methodological assumptions of the positivist paradigm; In fact, pre-late urban planning of the late 1970s is a legacy of the dominance of the modernist rationalist approach of the 1950s and 1960s. One of the most important theorists of postmodernism is the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Deleuze tries to introduce a new look at knowledge by presenting his horizontal and transverse approach to knowledge, which is called "rhizomatic approach"; A view that opposes the tree approach to knowledge and challenges all the different epistemological systems based on the tree approach to knowledge. Deleuze argues that tree systems are linear, hierarchical, static, and vertical, and suggest cuts, divisions, and lines between things. Tree thinking is "thinking", while rhizome thinking is "thinking". The Covid 19 epidemic occurred in the 21st century at a time when various countries were developing and expanding complex relationships around the world, and success was one of the states with the most relationships. The lowest rate. At the beginning of the spread of Covid 19, each country tried to prevent the spread of the epidemic in their own country. Among these, the community-based approach focuses on the role of the voluntary and grassroots sector in local development and the formation of community-based organizations, above all on the role of the voluntary and grassroots sector in local development and the formation of organizations. Emphasis is community-oriented. In this approach, local communities are pioneered, spontaneously organized to achieve common interests and goals, including problem solving, achieving social welfare, and moving beyond the status quo of their local community.

Planning and housing researchers and experts including Mitlin (2007), Al-Aghabari et al. (2011), Litman (2016), Oraj (2019), Ziyari et al. (2019), Arshin and Sarwar (2016), have addressed the issue of housing for low-income groups. The aim of the current research is to achieve the main hypothesis of the research, that is, investigating the consequences of the housing economic crisis on the stable security of low-income households (in this research, low-income households are the ones that, due to low monthly salaries or temporary and permanent unemployment, cannot afford housing as their basic need, either in the form of buying, renting or they do not have a mortgage) in the metropolis of Tehran, so that the main economic factors playing a role in the fluctuations of the housing market and as a result of the increase in housing prices in Tehran will be evaluated.

The current research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical. In order to collect information and data, library methods, electronic databases, as well as field studies, interviews and researcher-made questionnaires were employed. The statistical population consists of experts in the field of housing, urban planners (including professors and students of urban planning) and housing experts working in municipalities and urban planning department of Tehran. Questionnaires and interviews were completed virtually and through various communication channels. 100 urban planning and housing specialists in Tehran were selected as samples based on snowball sampling. By using virtual snowball sampling, a number of samples were contacted and interviewed and questionnaires were completed. The general method of completing the questionnaires and interviews was exponential sampling without discrimination. After completing the questionnaires, which included 30 main items about the main topic of the research and 6 questions about the level of information of the samples about the research topic and 5 questions about their characteristics, SPSS26 software and descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, Friedman) were used to analyze the data, and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. The value of alpha in the 30 main items of the research was 0.918, which showed the internal reliability of the questions.

The results show that there are items playing a role in the problem discussed including the lack of access to affordable housing for citizens, fluctuations in housing prices and household savings, housing construction, the role of municipalities and the increase in housing prices, the role of builders in the fluctuations of the housing market, land prices and its impact. The presence of brokers in the housing market and the increase in housing prices, the lack of firm rules in determining housing prices, and the prevalence of speculation play a role in housing price fluctuations in Tehran. The results of the prioritization of housing economic crises show that the presence of brokers in the housing market with an average rating of (7.70) is the most and the land price and its effect on housing price fluctuations is the least effective items.

 The results show that the economic factors that play a role in housing price fluctuations have influenced the stable security of low-income households in Tehran, and the effect of each of the economic factors that play a role in housing price fluctuations on the stable security of low-income households is different, and the presence of brokers in the housing market is ranked first and the lack of access to affordable housing is ranked last in terms of importance.

One of the most important informal occupations in the border cities of Iran is Culbery employment. At present, due to the economic conditions in the city of Sardasht, Colberry is increasing as the job of the majority of the poor people of this city. The present study investigates and analyzes the economic reasons for the tendency of the people of Sardasht to work in Culbery.

The type of research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Library methods, electronic resources and field studies, interviews and researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect information and data. A total of 160 Colbranes from Sardasht were selected as the research sample based on snowball sampling. Findings were analyzed using SPSS 26 software using percentage and frequency and chi-square test and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha (value 0.70).

The results of the chi-square test indicate that there is a difference between the reason for employment with Culbery and the variables; There is no significant relationship between gender, place of birth, reason for migrating to the city, number of family members, level of education, type of goods mainly transported, monthly expenses, way of getting acquainted and entering the Culbery job and income fluctuations of the Culbery job in different seasons. But between the cause of colibri tendency and age, the previous job is also variable; There is a significant relationship between marital status, monthly salary, second source of income and apart from Culbery, future job, job security, job satisfaction and duration of Culbery employment with the reasons for inclination to Culbery.

The results of multivariate linear regression show that 35% of the dependent variable changes are due to independent variables that have been entered into the final model and the test value to determine the significance of the effect of independent variables on the causes of Culbery employment tendency 0.000 With a significance

Cities, as centers of communication and global transportation, are the main centers of domestic and international migration, transportation, communications and economic activities. Therefore, today, with the development of cities and the diversity and complexity of different sets of systems, it is necessary to pay attention to modern technologies to identify and analyze these issues. In the case of urban issues, especially the development of sustainable urban security, GIS can monitor the growth and development of the urban environment, identify trends and directions of growth, feasibility and routing of transportation networks, location of various urban applications, zoning design and preparation Comprehensive, detailed and fluid designs provide good performance. Therefore, due to the importance of the use of GIS in addressing the issues of sustainable urban development, the aim of this study was and therefore in this study, the applications of GIS in the development of sustainable urban security with emphasis on the metropolis of Tabriz. Due to the descriptive nature of the research, library sources and previous researches were cited. During the research, maps (Tabriz metropolis) output of GIS were used to confirm more. The results show that GIS can be used to achieve the goals of sustainability and sustainable security in this metropolis. So it is clear, with comprehensive and thoughtful use of GIS technology, city managers in the metropolis of Tabriz will be able to cultivate skilled and experienced human resources that by emphasizing their expertise, it will be possible to take care and manage valuable resources.

in this research, an attempt has been made to analyze and examine the social networks of these immigrants at the destination by preparing a researcher-made questionnaire made by Aqqalai rural immigrants. The present study was used in terms of descriptive-analytical method, documentary data collection method and field methods including questionnaire. The statistical population of this study was Mr. Qalaei living in Morteza Gard village and the statistical sample was 243 people over 18 years of age of immigrants living in it who were randomly selected based on Cochran's formula. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire questions, the value of which was 0.783. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Kai Square and “T”). Based on the results, more than 61 percent of the migrants were encouraged by one of their acquaintances and relatives to migrate to Mortezagerd and received a variety of emotional and professional support from the network so that friends and relatives were involved in finding jobs for 85 percent of these immigrants. They sent funds to their hometowns for family along with the improvement of their economic situation and maintained association with their hometown monthly.

One of the most important issues related to climate today is the development of urbanization and urban air pollution, especially in metropolitan areas and subsequently urban climate. Today, air and environmental pollution has been raised as one of the problems of human society, and this is not a regional issue and is not limited to political and geographical borders, but is a global issue. Thus, one of the challenges of the 21st century is the issue of climate change. Therefore, in this study, using descriptive-analytical methods and citing sources in various ways to try to address the effects of climate change on metropolises. Based on the available findings, it can be said that climate change itself is one of the results of the increase in the emission of pollutants in metropolitan areas, which has now overshadowed all aspects of human life. At the same time, climate change can be achieved through; Global warming, increasing emissions of some major pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter, forest fires, migration, metropolitan population growth, urban health threats, inversion and the creation of thermal islands are affecting metropolitan air quality.

In recent decades, Tabriz metropolis as the largest city in the northwest of the country has faced with increasing population growth and development of industrial, commercial, services and residential structures. Increasing development along with failure to comply with land use planning criteria has led to an increase in air pollution. Current study has been carried out in order to understand factors causing pollution in Tabriz city. Research method is descriptive analytical and the type of the information is documental- library. Eight indicators, i.e. floor area ratio, population density, intersection density, bus stop density, industries density, green spaces density, distance from industries and elevation were used as predictor variable. NO2 concentration was used as dependent variable and wind flow was used as an emission factor. In order to analyze the data, ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression was used. According to the results of ordinary least square, the relationship between predictor variables and dependent variable is significant. So that the concentration of nitrogen dioxide increases with increase in floor area ratio, population density, intersection density, bus stop density, and industries density. In fact, there is a direct correlation between these variables and the concentration of nitrogen dioxide. By increasing the elevation and the distance from industries, the concentration of this pollutant decreases, which indicates an inverse correlation between these two variables and the dependent variable. Based on the results of geographically weighted regression model, considered variables account for 62% of air pollution in the city. Finally, maps of spatial variations of independent variables were drawn by using geographic weighted regression in the city of Tabriz.

Religious tourism is a symbol of the religious identity of communities that promotes cultural and religious interactions between host communities and tourists at national, regional, and global levels. The geopolitical position of Shiite regions is one of the important determinants of the security value of these areas at national and transnational levels. These areas have long been the focus of crises and the source of many challenges and opportunities. Khorasan and the city of Mashhad, where the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS) is located, are among the most important Shiite areas in the world. In addition to its geopolitical importance, this region is also important in terms of tourism and can play a significant role in the development of tourism and the creation of new opportunities. Khorasan, during the Shiite ups and downs of history, has been endowed with many challenges and opportunities throughout Iran. But what is of paramount importance today is the position of Khorasan, and especially Mashhad, in the development of religious tourism as a Shiite geopolitical region in the Middle East. Given Iran's location at the junction of the three ancient continents and the central position of Mashhad in the Shiite geopolitics and the center-around model, it is possible to revive the historic-ancient silk and spice roads that Europe via Iran to Central Asia, pseudo- Connecting the continent and China, it has promoted tourism, especially religious tourism in Iran. The research method of this paper is descriptive-analytical whose data are collected using library resources.

The worn tissues of large cities can provide a substantial portion of the residential spaces required by the cities in In case of consideration them and at the lowest cost. One of the fundamental preconditions for organizing worn-out tissues is people's participation in decision making. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the proper governance and regeneration of the Worn tissues of District </strong>4 </strong>Azarshahr. Library, field and questionnaire studies were used for data collection. The results were analyzed by SPSS software using one-sample t-test, Friedman and multivariate regression. </strong> The results show that the indices of </strong>governance</strong> and regeneration of worn-out tissues are not in good condition. The results of the two independent and dependent variables showed that fairness, efficiency and effectiveness and transparency It is better positioned than other indicators. Among the dependent variable indices, the physical index is the first and the economic one is the second. The final results show that there is a significant relationship between regeneration of worn-out tissues and indicators of urban governance. Also, in terms of the coefficients of influence of independent variables on regeneration of worn-out urban tissues, transparency index with 0.501 had the most effect.</strong>

Today, buses are the most important means of public transportation in most citiesof our country, as well as in most developing countries. There is little investmentneeded to launch a bus; and it does not depend on a specific route compared to other mass transit systems. It can be developed and changed. It also has a lower level of urban space compared to other vehicles; it is a priority in terms of cost savings and urban bus traffic reduction for many vehicles. In this study, in order to evaluate the satisfaction of Maragheh citizens from the interurban bus system, 200 people were selected as sample in each region of the city. Data were analyzed by SPSS and Minitab software and data output through the test T single-sample and ANOVA tests, and these results were achieved; most users of urban buses are women, educated people, and people with an income of less than one million. In the first hypothesis, the data output was calculated through a single-sample Ttest, it was found that there are some satisfactions in such cases as: bus timing, time saving, security for women, reduced traffic, reduced pollution, etc. However, there is not enough satisfaction in such cases as: drivers' behavior, ticket costs, and the number of stations. In the second hypothesis, using ANOVA, it was found that there is a difference between the different regions of the city in terms of satisfaction with the intercity bus system.