مهدی احمدی

Diabetes is associated with inflammation. In this study, the effect of melatonin on the expression of inflammatory genes and the extracellular signal-related kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB (ERK/NF-κB) signaling pathway was investigated in the lung tissue of type 1 diabetic mice.

Adult male mice weighing 25‒30 g were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10, including control (C), control + melatonin (CM), diabetic (D), and diabetic + melatonin (DM). Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) protein level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured by the ELISA test, and the expression of IL-1β, ERK, and NF-κB genes was calculated using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique.

The findings showed that the concentration of the TNF-α protein in the BALF of groups D and DM was significantly higher than that in group C (P<0.001). The amount of this protein in the DM group significantly decreased compared to the D group (P< 0.05). The expression levels of ERK, IL-1β, and NF-κB genes in the lung tissue of the D and DM groups increased significantly compared to the C and CM groups (P< 0.001). However, the expression levels of these genes in the DM group significantly decreased compared to the D group (P< 0.05, P < 0.001, P < 0.01).

The results of the present study revealed that melatonin inhibited the expression of inflammatory markers and the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway in the lung tissue of diabetic mice.

 It seems that the induction of diabetes caused an increase in inflammation in the lung tissue of mice, and treatment with melatonin reduced inflammation.

The policy of the holy lawgiver is to preserve family institution; hence it considers separation preferable only in exceptional cases, such as precedence of wife's depravity by adultery to the benefit of maintaining the marital life. Explaining the effects of spouse’s adultery on marital life requires details; including whether the marriage is dissolved after the adultery is committed or whether the dissolution or divorce process is preferred; also, what are the rulings regarding the recovery of the dowry, the various forms of adultery before and after the marriage contract, adultery after intromission or after the wife has been punished by flogging (Had). All of these cases require explanation; but so far this issue has not been addressed in detail and in a coherent manner. Although in response to this need, at least six aspects and opinions have been raised among the statements of jurists. This research, applying a library method and a careful study of verses, narrations, and statements of jurists, has explained three important and controversial forms, which are adultery before marriage, adultery before intromission, and the implementation of the punishment of Had for adultery of the wife after marriage and before intromission. It indicates that the marriage of an adulterous spouse is valid and in some cases the dowry of the adulterous wife must be returned. Of course, it considers the permissibility of divorce to be valid in all forms of prostitution.

Credit ratings facilitate decision-making by capital market participants to compare companies in terms of credit risk. This research aimed to identify, weight, and design a credit rating model for companies listed on the capital market for 19 industries. A qualitative-quantitative approach was used to identify the determinants and design the credit rating model. In the qualitative part, the final indicators were obtained from a study of theoretical literature and then validated with experts. In the quantitative part, structural equations were used to determine the relationships between indicators and components and design the credit rating model. By studying theoretical literature and validating with experts, 46 final indicators were identified as factors affecting the credit rating of companies listed on the capital market. By determining the relationships between indicators and components using structural equations, 6 indicators were eliminated and it was determined that the components of liquidity, profitability and growth, social and environmental responsibility, accounting quality and asset quality and company size directly affect the credit rating and the components of industry, market value ratios, leverage ratios, efficiency ratios, audit quality and management quality indirectly and through other components affect the credit rating. The components of liquidity ratios and profitability and growth were the most influential factors on the credit rating of companies with a regression coefficient of 0.574 and 0.352, respectively.

The extent of mountainous and desert areas in Iran has caused the emergence of well-known geomorphological phenomena. Alluvial fans are landforms found in various locations. Identifying and evaluating their impacts can be valuable for natural hazard management and land use planning. In this study an attempt hs been made  to evaluate the status of tectonic activities in the south of the slopes of the Kharqan mountain range in the northeast of Hamedan province. Different maps were utilized to examine the development process of alluvial fans and present evidence of tectonic activity, including the Gozal Valley, Karafs, and several smaller alluvial fans. The findings of this study revealed that tectonic activity in the Gozal Valley cone remains active, while the alluvial fans located between the Gozal Valley are inactive. Further evidence in the bed of the Gozal Valley cones suggests tectonic changes caused by fault activity, resulting in the alteration of the riverbed's drainage pattern and subsequent destruction and erosion of the surrounding areas. Additionally, changes in drainage patterns and sediment depth on the surface of alluvial fans can be attributed to tectonic activities within these fans. Geological logs illustrate both prolonged, slow periods and active periods during various geological eras in the study area. Ultimately, tectonic activity initiated with a lengthy, sluggish phase, followed by continued tectonic activities and fluctuations.

This article presents the design of an adaptive Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller for a Mass-Spring-Damper mechanical system. The modeling of the system is conducted using Newton's second law, from which the transfer function is derived. Given the uncertainties associated with the system parameters, an adaptive method based on a reference model is employed to adjust the controller coefficients. The adaptation laws are formulated based on the MIT rule. The results from simulations and applications of the designed controller demonstrate its effectiveness in tracking the reference input. Under both nominal conditions and in the presence of uncertainties, the system output follows the reference input without steady-state error and at an appropriate speed

The objective of this study was to examine the in-plane shear properties of filament-wound composite cylinders and assess the associated damage mechanisms using acoustic emission techniques. Two distinct composite materials, namely carbon/epoxy and glass epoxy, were manufactured for this purpose. The cylinders were subjected to torsion load conditions in accordance with ASTM D5448. Throughout the testing process, various parameters such as torque, angle of torsion, and strain were meticulously recorded. Additionally, the acoustic emission sensors were utilized to capture signals indicating the occurrence of damages. The findings of the study indicate that the in-plane shear strength and shear modulus of the carbon/epoxy specimens surpass those of the glass/epoxy counterparts. The results from acoustic emission testing indicated that in the CFRP specimens, there were no instances of fiber/matrix debonding. Instead, the main mode of damage observed was fiber breakage, accounting for approximately 71% of the total damage detected. On the other hand, in the GFRP specimens, the primary damage mechanism was found to be fiber/matrix debonding, making up approximately 50% of the overall damage recorded.The objective of this study was to examine the in-plane shear properties of filament-wound composite cylinders and assess the associated damage mechanisms using acoustic emission techniques. Two distinct composite materials, namely carbon/epoxy and glass epoxy, were manufactured for this purpose. The cylinders were subjected to torsion load conditions in accordance with ASTM D5448. Throughout the testing process, various parameters such as torque, angle of torsion, and strain were meticulously recorded. Additionally, the acoustic emission sensors were utilized to capture signals indicating the occurrence of damages. The findings of the study indicate that the in-plane shear strength and shear modulus of the carbon/epoxy specimens surpass those of the glass/epoxy counterparts. The results from acoustic emission testing indicated that in the CFRP specimens, there were no instances of fiber/matrix debonding. Instead, the main mode of damage observed was fiber breakage, accounting for approximately 71% of the total damage detected. On the other hand, in the GFRP specimens, the primary damage mechanism was found to be fiber/matrix debonding, making up approximately 50% of the overall damage recorded.

This article explores the narrative analysis of Iranian folklore stories using modern narratology theories. The primary objective of this study is to examine the narrative structures, time, viewpoint, characters, and other key concepts in these stories to gain a deeper understanding of their structural and semantic characteristics. For this purpose, prominent narratological theories by Gérard Genette, Tzvetan Todorov, Roland Barthes, and Mikhail Bakhtin are employed. The findings show that Iranian folklore stories have complex and non-linear temporal structures that operate differently from linear narratives through techniques like flashbacks and foreshadowing. Additionally, changes in the focalization in these stories highlight the multiplicity of viewpoints and the social and cultural complexities. Characters in these stories typically have fixed and defined roles, often in contrast to antagonists and various obstacles that drive the story forward. Content analysis reveals that these stories, beyond conveying moral and social messages, particularly in areas like loyalty, courage, and justice, serve as tools for education and the transmission of cultural values. Finally, the article suggests that future research should compare Iranian folklore narratives with those of other cultures and place more emphasis on the analysis of negative characters within these stories.

From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the Iranian labor force in the Caucasus had different experiences from what they had in Iran, and one of the most important of these experiences happened in their employment, working hours, and wages. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the lived experience of these people in the mentioned fields. Thus, an attempt has been made to answer this question with the approach of history from below and inspiration from the methodology of "Edward Palmer Thompson" that the Iranian labor force in the Caucasus in the spheres of social life; That is, what kind of experience did they have with employment, working hours and wages, and how did this experience relate to their class existence? The results of the studies, which are based on the collection of data from archival sources, show that: the class existence of Iranian immigrants was in a cause-and-effect relationship with their lived experience; That is, the Iranian workforce, due to their class existence (lack of material capital, means of production, and knowledge and skills), mostly work in the oil industry, mines, agriculture, docks, etc. as workers for more than 12 hours. They did, but in terms of financial receipts, they were at the lowest level. Thus, according to the type of work they did, they received an average of 12 to 21 rubles, some of which were reduced for fines and bribes

This study endeavors to formulate a structural model for the individual development trajectory of commissioned officers. Employing a descriptive-survey and cross-sectional methodology, the research draws upon a population of 65 military personnel eligible for transitioning from the "Officer B" to "Officer A" category. This cohort comprises 21 individuals from the AJA headquarters and 44 from various units of the NEZAJA. A comprehensive sampling approach was adopted. Data collection employed a researcher-designed questionnaire, whose validity was determined through expert assessments, while reliability was established via Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Of the distributed questionnaires, 52 were completed. Model fitting utilized LISREL, and data analysis employed SPSS. Employing Friedman's test, the ranking of three dimensions, 30 factors, and 66 evaluation indices was accomplished. The findings highlight the "specialized empowerment programs for personal development of employees" dimension (mean: 3.89) as holding a "desirable" status and achieving the highest rank. Similarly, the "developing the ability of tactical marching of employees" measure garnered an average of 4.43, indicating a "favorable" status and securing the highest rank.

This study was conducted to evaluate the adhesion strength and oxidation behavior of SiC/Mo-Si-B coating applied on graphite substrates. For this purpose, SiC coating was created on graphite substrate using pack cementation method with NH4Cl activator. The secondary layer Mo-Si-B coating was created using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) with argon protective shower on the samples. Surface morphology and chemical composition of the SiC and Mo-Si-B coatings were inve stigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) system. Surface analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the structure of SiC was mainly composed of SiC phase. In the case of Mo-Si-B, different phases of Mo and Si, Mo and B, and pure Mo were identified. The adhesion of the multi-layer coating was evaluated by tensile test which indicated a sufficient adhesion and cohesion of the coating. The oxidation test was carried out in the air at 1273 K and the time and weight changes were recorded simultaneously. The results showed that the applied coating significantly improves oxidation resistance of graphite with SiO2 and B2O3 glass layers. 

In this work, Phthalonitrile resin based on bisphenol A was synthesized with a yield of 93% and a purity of 98.91%, and its structure was identified using various techniques. To investigate the effect of curing agent type on curing temperature and thermal property of resin, the synthesized resin was cured with two different curing agents including bisphenole A and methylene dianiline. It was observed that the amine curing agent, despite its lower weight percentage, has a more significant effect on accelerating the curing process. Finally, a composite of the synthesized phthalonitrile resin and carbon fibers was prepared with two resin contents, 32% and 41%, and its mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. The results indicated that the composite with 32% resin content exhibited superior properties, with an interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of 36.4 MPa and a modulus of 14.56 GPa. The thermal resistance of both resin and composite was assessed using the TGA technique, revealing that the pure resin has a char yield of 72%, while the composite with 32% resin content has a char yield of 87% at 800°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Moreover, the TGA results demonstrated that the phthalonitrile / carbon fiber composites has approximately the same thermal stability at air and argon atomosphere, domenstrating excellent ability of this resin as a thermal barrier.

The COVID pandemic imposed very adverse and irreparable effects on human societies. Meanwhile, nursing students as the future personnel of healthcare centers were facing a lot of stress on the front line of pandemics and epidemics, and maintaining their physical and mental health affects the way of providing health services and ultimately the satisfaction of patients 

The present study aimed to assess the general health of nursing students in a military university in the post-covid era. 

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022-23 a military nursing school in Tehran, Iran, involving 130 undergraduate nursing students recruited through a census method. Data were gathered using an individual characteristics questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), then analyzed with SPSS software (version 14) using descriptive and analytical statistics, including Pearson’s test, Fisher’s exact test, and chi-square.

Most students reported moderate levels of physical complaints (57.7%), sleep disorders (49.6%), and social functioning (64.6%), while their depression levels were within the healthy range (53.8%). There were no statistically significant differences in the general health levels based on academic semester (P=0.121) or marital status (P=0.261). However, female students had a better overall health status compared to male
students (40% vs. 60%, P=0.004).

The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the health of many, including nursing students. Assessing their health can offer valuable  insights for authorities to enhance their well-being by improving the educational environment, organizing health promotion workshops, and providing counseling.

The presence of generation Z in the labor market will cause a paradigm shift in the organization of activities in the organization. This generation will enter companies in the coming years, understanding how this generation enters the workforce is very important as they begin to graduate and enter the job market. In this regard, the aim of this research is to identify the expectations of Generation Z from the work environment.

The current research is based on the interpretation paradigm and has used the systematic literature review method as a research strategy. The information sources of the research are articles that have been published in international scientific databases from 2000 to 2024. The articles collected based on the acceptance criteria were entered into the systematic review process, and after evaluating the quality of the articles according to the Q and H indexes of the publications, 43 articles were analyzed using the coding method.

After completing the coding process, we found 9 overarching themes, 27 organizing themes and 137 basic themes. In this research, Expectations related to the nature of the job and working conditions (attractive job and flexible and remote working conditions), expected work environment (expectations from the physical, psychological, social and humanistic work environment), expected employment conditions (preference for employer brand and transparency in employment), expected training and development (expectations related to the content and methods of training and professional development), expected performance management (awareness of goals and plans, receiving effective feedback and fairness of performance management), motivational preferences (prefering intrapersonal and social motivations), expected service compensation (expectations of salary, benefits and rewards), expected management and leadership (expected styles and competencies, behaviors and relationships of leaders) and cultural and social expectations (technology-based interactions, dynamic and cooperative culture, attention to life and family).

The results of this research provide valuable insights to the managers of organizations regarding the expectations of generation Z from the work environment. Identifying and understanding these expectations can help managers to interact effectively with this generation.

There are hadiths mentioned in Shia and Sunni theological sources regarding the succession of the Holy Prophet which have been criticized. However, the question is why there are significant differences and conflicting results among hadiths mentioned in Farighain hadith books, such as the hadith of Gadeer, that are almost accepted in related theological sources? This article aimed at showing the perceptible parts of these differences that are respectively referred to as the "methods of criticism" and basic parts are related to theological foundations of Imamate and its characteristics. This purpose is achieved through describing and analyzing the methods and contents of Sunni theological sources. Also, it aims at pursuing the perceptible level, which is more prominent. Evaluating the methods of criticism carried out on the hadith of Gadeer, it is found that the Sunni theologians have applied the content, documentary, and textual criticism methods. Considering the former method, the lexical, literary, and rational criticisms are associated with the highest statistics, respectively. Taking the mentioned criticism methods into consideration, the impacts of accepted verbal assumptions and foundations are clearly observed and it seems that the criticisms have been carried out with the purpose of achieving a predetermined goal.

 The migration of Iranian labor to the South Caucasus experienced a growing trend during the last years of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, with hundreds of thousands of Iranians travelling to these areas every year in search of work. Many of these immigrants were employed in factories, mines, oil industries, wharves and agricultural lands in Baku, Ganja, Tbilisi, Erevan and Batum. Some were engaged in peddling, construction, etc. and lived in the workplace or on the outskirts of cities. The aspects of health and safety in these two locations significantly influenced the lives of these workers.

 This article employs an approach of "history from below" and relies on library and archival sources to investigate the conditions in which the Iranian immigrant workers lived in terms of their health status and the effects it had on their physical health.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this research, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the use of historical sources.

 The social life experienced by Iranian workers in the Caucasus was accompanied by a high rate of physical injuries and even deaths compared with workers of other nationalities. Consequently, some of them lost their lives and some suffered from diseases such as cholera, plague, malaria, shortness of breath, or physical disabilities.

 Iranian emigrant workers in the Caucasus undertook the most difficult jobs due to lack of material capital, production tools, knowledge and skills as well as living in huts and sheds or workplaces. These two places were dangerous and inappropriate in terms of health and hygiene, leading to a high incidence of physical injuries and even fatalities among Iranian workers.

In this paper, an applicable control-relevant nonlinearity assessment method is proposed for nonlinear dynamic systems. In this method, nonlinear system is decomposed to a bank of linear systems using gap metric, a smart tool for measuring the distance between two linear systems. Then, the ability of each local linear model is investigated to stabilize all linear models. A criterion is proposed to measure the nonlinearity of nonlinear system based on gap metric and maximum stability margin values which bounded between 0 and 1. Unlike most of the current nonlinearity measurement, the proposed method could be used for both integrating and unstable nonlinear systems. Besides, the presented method supplies to distinguish that a single linear controller is adequate to control the nonlinear system or it is necessary to employ the multi-model based controllers design methods. Therefore, the redundancy problem could be avoided by employing the proposed method. A nonlinear Continues Stirred Reactor Tank (CSTR) process is studied that the results confirm the capability of presented nonlinearity assessment method..

Cyanate esters are one the most suitable matrixes for production of high temperature composites with carbon fibers due to their excellent thermo-mechanical properties. Since the curing of this resin has a high heat release, applying a suitable curing cycle has the ability to control the heat release during the curing. Cyanate ester provides high adhesion to carbon fibers even in less resin content, so cyanate ester can be used as a matrix for preparing advanced composites. 2,2'-bis(4-cyanatophenyl)propane resin was synthesized by the reaction of cyanogen bromide and bisphenol A. The synthesized resin was characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. The curing behavior of cyanate ester resin was determined by DSC and a suitable curing cycle was defined and it’s efficiency was monitored by FT-IR. Cyanate ester/carbon fiber composite with 30% and 44% resin contents was prepared and their ILSS was determined and thermal and mechanical properties were investigated by DMTA and TGA. The defined curing cycle for 2,2'-bis(4-cyanatophenyl)propane had the ability to control the high heat release of cuing reaction with the curing ability of the resin up to 95.6%. Cyanate ester has a high adhesion to carbon fibers in the composite even in the relatively low resin content 30%. Hence, the amount of ILSS was increased about 9% compared to the ILSS for composite with 44% resin content. At temperatures as high as 250 °C, composite had only 16% decrease in flexural modulus. The cyanate ester/carbon fiber composite had a char yeild of 82.6%.

The issue of work-family conflict has received much attention in today's organizations, because it affects the organizational success and the personal life of employees. Studies in this field emphasize its two-dimensionality: work family conflict (WFC) and family- work conflict (FWC). Therefore, the research seeks to identify the affecting factors and consequences of both of the conflicts.

This interpretive research has used the systematic literature review (SLR) method to answer the main research question. Its information sources include related articles that have been published in international scientific databases from 1992 to 2023 and entered the systematic review process based on acceptance criteria. Finally, after evaluating their quality based on Q and H indexes of publications, 91 articles were analyzed using coding method.

The identified antecedents of work-family conflict were classified into four categories: nature of job, time-related antecedents of the job, job requirements and work conditions, and social pressure of the job, which lead to two categories of consequences: weakening of the family role and Weakening the quality of family life. The antecedents affecting family-work conflict are also classified into three categories: family status of employees, role-oriented family antecedents, and family social pressure. The consequences of these antecedents include: psychological job consequences, behavior-oriented job consequences, and performance-oriented job consequences.

The findings of this research can help managers and organizations to better understand the antecedents and consequences related to both areas of the conflict so that they can effectively take steps to solve the problems of the working and family life of employees. Additionally, the findings of this study, by integratingng the findings of previous studies, have helped to improve the richness of existing knowledge in this field.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of lesson study training on the professional competencies of primary school teachers.

The present study was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test follow-up design with a control group. With the available sampling method, 30 people were selected and randomly divided into two equal groups of 30 people. They were replaced by the experimental group of lesson study training for primary school teachers and the subjects of the control group did not receive any intervention until the end of the follow-up phase.  Data collection was done with the help of standard questionnaire of teachers' professional competencies. The data analysis of the research was done using Covariance Analysis of Intergroup Effects.

After comparing the data obtained in the pre-test and post-test between the experimental and control groups and performing the analysis of covariance between the groups, the results showed that there was significant difference between the total scores of the teachers' professional competencies in the experimental and control groups after the implementation. There was a significant difference in the lesson study training course compared to the group that did not receive lesson study training, so lesson study training has increased the professional competence of the trained teachers at a significant level. Also, the professional competencies score of teachers who have received lesson study training has improved more.

The effectiveness of lesson research training on the professional qualifications of primary school teachers has been influenced by dimensions and components such as content knowledge, educational knowledge, experience, reflective and critical thinking, mass collaboration, student learning, problem solving and innovation, empowerment and ownership, which work together to promote Teacher development, student learning, and overall amelioration of school education are applied.The indicators of professional competence of primary school teachers include: teaching skills, expert knowledge, classroom management, interpersonal communication, motivating and motivating students, and the ability to assess and evaluate. These indicators play an important role in determining the quality of teaching and the academic progress of students.In pedagogy, teachers can ameliorate their skills in teaching subjects by using their professional competence indicators. By analyzing the pros and cons of the courses and providing proper solutions, they can increase the quality of their teaching and strengthen the students' learning, and by examining the main topics and educational methods in providing the content, they can make the necessary changes and improvements in their teaching programs.According to the above explanations, it can be concluded that there is a direct relationship between the indicators of professional competence of primary school teachers and pedagogy. The indicators of teachers' professional competence affect the quality of students` teaching and learning, and the research enables teachers to improve the quality of students` teaching and learning by applying these indicators. Eventually, in order to improve the quality of teaching and learning in elementary schools, it is essential for teachers to pay attention to their professional competence indicators and to study, analyze and improve their teaching programs by applying case studies.Since lesson study training has an effect on the professional qualification competencies of teachers, it is recommended to pay attention to lesson study training to grow and strengthen the professional competencies of teachers. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of teaching and learning in elementary schools, it is necessary for teachers to pay attention to their professional competence indicators and to study, analyze and improve their teaching programs using lesson research.Regarding the results and considering the positive and constructive effect of the pedagogy on an important category such as the teachers` professional competence, it is recommended that this curriculum is widely taught to teachers in all schools and educational levels; additionally, the teachers apply them in their teaching method.The findings indicate that under the pre-test statistical control conditions, with 95% reliability, the ratio between the total scores of the teachers' professional qualifications of the experimental group and the control group after carrying out the training course via applying pedagogy for primary school teachers, a significant difference was observed in the group which had not been exposed by training. Thus, the pedagogy has an impact on the professional qualifications of elementary teachers.

The defense-security strategy of the countries is not possible without taking into account their ability, capability and behavioral orientation at the domestic, regional and international level in the field of foreign policy. The above research was of a fundamental type with a qualitative-interpretive method and inferring information through existing documents with a descriptive-analytical approach and gathering information and data through a library. It seems that Iran's defense-security strategy has a special importance and position in its foreign policy strategy in the region and axis under influence, and in the plans made and using the resources and parameters at its disposal, Iran is determined to be the first power. and potentially become the region (regional hegemon). The defense-security strategy in the military dimension by using its potential facilities and affected by parameters such as: expansion of security-defense borders (operational environment), proxy wars (strengthening aligned proxy groups), defense of Shia geopolitics (Shiaism) and advancement of field goals ( Military diplomacy (with the help of foreign policy strategy) in order to realize this important matter (regional hegemony) is the result of research findings. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the role and position of the Islamic Republic of Iran's defense-security strategy in Iran's foreign policy strategy in the region and axis under influence.

The migration of Iranian labor to the Caucasus began in 1850/1266 AH, so that every year several thousand people left the country and worked in factories, oil industries, farms and docks in the worst conditions. One of the most important issues that these immigrants faced as soon as they arrived in the Caucasus was the issue of how to live and its conditions. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the housing situation of Iranian workers in the Caucasus. The following article, with the approach of history from below and with the inspiration of "Edward Palmer Thompson" (1924-1993 AD), tries to answer the question of what kind of settlements were chosen by Iranian migrant workers in the Caucasus, and this was influenced by What were the components? The results of the studies show that the workers in the Caucasus had three types of housing, i.e. housing at the workplace, rented housing and dormitory buildings. Considering the low wages of Iranian workers (between 12 and 21 rubles per month), most of them did not have the financial ability to live in dormitory buildings. For this reason, some farm and garden workers lived in their workplaces, and some A significant number of workers in the oil industry and factories rented cottages, basements and crypts on the outskirts of the cities and lived in them collectively

Airborne wind energy system (AWES) is a novel approach in wind energy harvesting. It has several advantages against conventional horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), like using less material and thus lower manufacturing cost, higher efficiency, stable electricity output and higher capacity for energy harvesting. It is obviously embedding a complex control system which makes the appropriate flight trajectory for the vehicle. These systems need to be carefully designed so using virtual flight simulators in design process is crucial. The main components of a typical AWES are: tether, flyer, and rotors. The flyer is designed to have a tether-constrained flight across the wind in a circular path. Consequently, the mounted rotors on the flyer’s wings will capture energy and this mechanical/electrical energy would be sent back to the ground via the same tether. It is notable that the flight path and the special design of the flyer, would make it capable to have a sustained motion in the circular loop with no energy consumption. A tethered drone equipped with several rotors is an example of such devices, already has been built and tested. In previous literature, the flight simulators usually contain some simple aerodynamic models for predicting the forces and moments generated by the rotors. It is derived by constant aerodynamic coefficients. In the current study, it has been developed a flight simulator for a typical AWES having onboard rotors. To make this flight simulator more accurate and to improve its fidelity in different environmental conditions, proper estimation of the external forces, particularly the aerodynamic forces and moments, seems to be necessary. Therefore, toward developing a high-fidelity simulator, Lagrangian dynamics and a new algorithm for estimation of the rotor aerodynamics, has been utilized. This new method is shown to have more accurate approximations of the system performance and also better description of the vehicle trajectory. By this framework, one could design optimized blades of the rotors and also the rotors arrangement. Implementing the new simulator, a single drone, as the flyer in AWES, having 3m wing span, would experience 40 percent improvement in the average power extracted which is near 2 KW.

This research was conducted to study the effectiveness of the lesson study method on the self-efficacy of primary school teachers.

The research method was quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population included sixth grade teachers of primary schools in Tehran and the sample size included 60 teachers who were randomly selected and replaced in the experimental (30 people) and control (30 people) groups. The data collection tool included the job self-efficacy questionnaire (Riggs and Knight-1994). In the pre-test stage, the dependent variable (job self-efficacy questionnaire) was conducted on both experimental and control groups. Then, the independent variable (lesson study training) was implemented on the experimental group during 12 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any training. Then, in the post-test stage, the dependent variable (job self-efficacy questionnaire) was administered again for both groups (experiment and control). The validity of the questionnaire was checked and confirmed by experts. The total reliability of the job self-efficacy questionnaire according to Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.86 and the reliability coefficient of its sub-scales including individual self-efficacy beliefs was 0.86, individual outcome expectations were 0.88, collective efficacy beliefs were 0.88 and collective outcome expectations were 0.85. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance test) were used in SPSS software version 22.

The analysis of covariance test showed that there is a significant difference in the pre-test scores of teachers' self-efficacy between the effect of the two experimental groups (lesson study training ) and the control group (P=0.000 and F=28.678), which means that the self-efficacy score in teachers who They have received the lesson study training, it has improved more.

Since lesson study training has an effect on teachers' self-efficacy, it is recommended to pay attention to lesson study training to grow and strengthen teachers' self-efficacy.Key words:lesson study training, self-efficacy, collective efficacy beliefs, individual self-efficacy beliefs, primary school teachers.