مهدی حسین زاده

The main reason for the presence of specific microbiota, particularly lactic acid bacteria in dairy products made from raw milk, such as Lighvan cheese, is the traditional methods of preparing these products. A large number of these bacteria are probiotic microorganisms, and for example, many species of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Pediococcus bacteria presented in foods have shown probiotic properties. In the current study, genus-specific PCR detection for the Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus genera was used to confirm the isolates of lactic acid bacteria that had been phenotypically isolated from 25 samples of traditional Lighvan cheese. Subsequently, the probiotic properties of the isolates, including resistance in simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions, antagonistic properties, auto-aggregation and co-aggregation attributes, antibiotic resistance and hemolytic activities of the selected strains were evaluated. Based on biochemical and molecular detection tests, among the 84 selected strains, 58 isolates were identified as Lactobacillus (29 isolates), Enterococcus (18 isolates) and Pediococcus (11 isolates). Screening of these isolates for survival in human GI tract conditions showed that 26.1% of the isolates (14 isolates) had resistance levels above 50%. Also, nine isolates of the selected strains showed potent antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum molds. Moreover, based on the ability of auto-aggregation and co-aggregation features, four isolates LS106, LS71, LS33 and LS6 (belonging to Lactobacillus and Enterococcus genera) were selected. Finally, the investigation of antibiotic resistance revealed the sensitivity of these isolates to majority of the used antibiotics, so that all isolates were susceptible to tetracycline and ampicillin. Also, not one of these four isolates exhibited hemolytic properties. As a result, these isolates are recommended as suitable candidates for usage in fermented food products, taking advantage of their beneficial properties.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between psychological needs and self-regulation of learning with academic procrastination in second secondary female students of Mollasani city. The research method of this research was a descriptive correlation type. The statistical population of this research included all the second high school female students of Mollasani city, whose number was 1600 and they were studying in the academic year of 2011-2012. 300 people were selected as a statistical sample using the Karjesi and Morgan table and the cluster sampling method. The research data collection tools included Solomon and Rothblum's procrastination scale (1984), Guardia et al.'s psychological needs questionnaire (2000), and Bouffard et al.'s (1995) learning self-regulation questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that there is a significant negative relationship between the psychological needs and self-regulation of learning with academic procrastination in second secondary female students of Mollasani city.

The objective of this research was to explore targeted drug delivery of ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in order to minimize its side effects for patients requiring long-term and continuous use. To achieve this, a ZnO/NiO nanocomposite was synthesized as a carrier for the drug using a simple co-precipitation method. The structural and morphological properties of the nanocomposite were analyzed using XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques, revealing an average diameter of approximately 65 nm. Subsequently, ibuprofen was successfully loaded onto the nanocomposite with the assistance of mint extract as a covering agent. The presence of ibuprofen in the prepared drug-composite sample was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. In vitro investigations were conducted to determine the release of the loaded drug from the brush nanocomposite, which was found to be 20.4%. This research introduces a new green nanostructure in the drug delivery process.

The historical city of Mashhad has faced the emergence of new streets in two periods, first in the Safavid period and then in the contemporary period. For the first time, Safavid created a new structure for the city by building a street (Charbagh) connecting the gates of the city so that the role of traffic in it was secondary. This axis can be considered the most important social center of the city of Mashhad until the modernist interventions of the Pahlavi period in Mashhad. In the period until today, with the emergence of urban development plans such as the master plan, the streets were widened, and this was noticed with the advent of cars, which are known as transportation organs in the conventional reading. In recent years, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, to revive the lost meanings and roles of the street, published the regulations for the design of urban roads. 
To investigate the impact of this regulation on the revival of the street’s role in development plans, the current research raises two questions: 1.What is the approach of urban development plans to defining the role of urban streets? 2.To what extent has the urban street design code been effective in redefining the role of the street? Why?  For this purpose, this research investigated and compared the role of the street (Bala khiyaban and Paeen khiyaban) in the historical city of Mashhad in two phases: pre- and post-interventions of the master plan, and examined the position of the street in each period. The results of the research show that the partial approach of the master plan to the city is the reason for the reduction of the role of the street to mere access passages. The modernist approach of the master plan recognizes the street as merely connecting the functional zones of the modern city. This research underscores the need for a paradigm shift in urban development plans, recognizing the city as a whole entity, to prevent the reduction of the street’s role to mere access passages. Otherwise, similar regulations will not lead to significant changes in the role and status of city streets.

Caused by the strains of Vibrio cholera, cholera continues to be one of the major health problemsall over the world. This disease is mainly caused by consuming contaminated water, vegetables and contaminated food such as seafood in people who live in poor health conditions or those who travel to endemic areas of the disease are affected the most. Studies in endemic areas have shown that newer generations of oral vaccines against the disease are safe, effective and protective. In areas at risk, in cojuction with other preventive measures, including improving water quality and improving public health, cholera vaccines should be available in order to prevent more frequency of the disease and its mortality. However, despite the availability of these vaccines for more than two decades, their use has not yet been optimized. Although, there are currently limitations in the oral vaccines against cholera, recent data suggest that these vaccines are safe and can be used even in difficult conditions and, also, are able to provide protection in different situations. Considering the future threats related to cholera disease, since the effectiveness and efficiency of oral cholera vaccines have been proven and efforts are being made to make newer vaccines, it is possible to control cholera disease in endemic areas as well as cholera epidemics with oral vaccines

The rural landscape as a phenomenon resulting from the interaction of humans with the environment can be considered as the result of the thought process of the residents and affected by the cultural and physical factors of the village. Reading the landscapes is a necessary condition for understanding the whole in the direction of the spatial development of the village according to its spatial components and existence. Based on the field observations, this study attempts to clarify the problem and advance the research by answering the following main question: What is the role of reading and knowing the landscape of the village in its place-oriented development process? This article presents a model of landscape reading based on the concept of place, based on field observations and their adaptation to library resources, with a holistic approach. In this regard, a case study of Darb Gonbad village was studied based on a model that includes three stages of its landscape: first, the study of intellectual works such as travelogues, documents, and historical books that provide a general picture of the elements of the landscape and its structures. provided to the reader. Second, to investigate and understand the core, center, and cause of the formation of the village to understand its ontological and general causes. Third, examining the name to understand the cause or causes of the formation of the city as a whole. The conclusion of the research indicates that the landscape of the village is the result of a meaningful relationship between the elements of the river, the plain (agricultural fields), Imamzadeh, and the mountain. These elements in relation to each other have formed units, which in relation to each other have created a whole unit called the village. The development model of Darb Gonbad village will be balanced and sustainable if it considers the village as a whole unit of its components. Any intervention in the village system, if it takes into account the meaningful relationship between these elements, will improve the landscape of the village based on its spatial talents.

To remove pollutants, many methods have been used so far, including ion exchange, coagulation and reverse osmosis. Most of these methods have many disadvantages and among them, the adsorption method is considered as a useful method. The purpose of this study is to synthesize adsorbents in the form of nanocomposites based on graphene oxide and modify the surface of graphene oxide by using iminodiacetic acid ligand to remove chromium ion by adsorption method. To determine the chemical structure and characterization of functionalized magnetic graphene oxide, we used XRD, BET, FTIR and SEM analysis. After that, the factors affecting the removal rate such as adsorbent amount, time of reaction, pH and initial concentration of chromium ion were investigated. The optimal conditions for removal of chromium ion were obtained as pH of solution 2, initial adsorbent weight 30 mg, initial chromium ion concentration 15 mg/L, absorption process time of 15 minutes and removal efficiency was 92.00%. The experimental results and the results of the response surface design were in good agreement (98.8%). Reviewing kinetic and isotherm studies showed that the adsorption process follows the pseudo second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm. Magnetic graphene oxide functionalized with iminodiacetic acid has the highest adsorption rate and was considered as the optimal adsorbent for successful metal removal.

The development of the city of Mashhad in terms of shape and geography has been northwestward for various reasons. Currently, the city has a northwest-southeast extension. In recent years, the authorities in charge of the city management of Mashhad, for known and unknown reasons, have attempted to impose the development of the city towards the east. Among the reasons mentioned for this big decision in the city’s spatial organization is relocating the shrine from the center to the margin of the city. Based on the concept of centrality, this paper attempts to critique the approach of Mashhad’s urban management in making such metropolitan decisions and explain how the lack of technical perspective adopted by the managers in understanding the concept of “center”, has reduced this concept to a simple matter such as “being in the middle” in the city. With the city’s development towards the southeast, relocating the Holy Shrine to the center (middle) of the city has been the authorities’ intention. However, the “center” has a mental and abstract concept beyond its place in the organization of the city space. The opportunity created by this urban management approach can promote justice in its various dimensions, such as spatial justice and economic justice, and bring attention to marginal areas. Nonetheless, any planning, design, or intervention on the scale of the city requires specialized investigations and a holistic view of the city. Otherwise, it will be doomed to failure, so it will have no result other than wasting resources.

AbstractA city is a socializing process that creates civilization, so mere physical formation and development cannot lead to the development of a town. Cities are a collection of interconnected organs formed by an identity community. The city is a cohesive and relative whole; each part plays an important role. Every sector plays its part in achieving a unique goal. In systematic analysis, the city consists of the elements that make up its spatial organization. In Iran's traditional cities, for example, bazaars have formed a longitudinal structure along the direction of the town. In contrast, religious centers such as shrines and mosques have included circular designs in the middle of cities.As one of Iran's historical cities, Mashhad emerged in the 3rd century AH on the outskirts of the Toos and Tabaran villages. The development and expansion of Mashhad throughout history have always been affected by the town's religious center (the holy shrine of Imam Reza ). During the city's development, the sacred shrine of Imam Reza played a decisive role in how the city's spatial organization was formed and changed. Since Mashhad's formation, urban development has always originated in the central zone. Consequently, a cohesive and homogeneous relationship with the surrounding environment has been a characteristic of holy shrines during the urban development. The city constituents always served this place, such as neighborhoods and access roads. Since the Safavid era, the continuous organic relationship between the center and other Mashhad Urban Spatial Organization components has been broken due to fundamental changes in urban development plans and governmental interventions, which this study try to clarify.This study seeks to conduct a historical-analytical investigation of how Mashhad's broad foundation formed, changed, and contributed to the destruction of Mashhad's urban identity community within the region's constituent parts, including its center, structure, neighborhoods, and urban realm.

Cancer is characterized by abnormally excessive cell proliferation. Cell proliferation, the process by which a cell grows and divides to produce two daughter cells. Each of these daughter cells divides to produce two new cells, steps that are called cell cycle. Meanwhile, apoptosis is a highly regulated process of cell death, which is involved not only in the development of shape and morphogenesis, but also in controlling the number of cells and getting rid of damaged cells, thus playing an important role in tumor suppression. Apoptosis describes the orchestrated collapse of a cell characterized by membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, condensation of chromatin, and brief fragmentation of DNA. In this study, Scopus and PubMed scientific databases as well as Google Scholar search engine were used in order to broadly search for scholarly literature.

Non-specific chronic low back pain (LBP) is the most common problem of spinal column disorder and musculoskeletal problems. Many evidence has demonstrated that exercise and corrective exercise is a positive intervention on decrease pain; but according to the relationship between increased lumbar lordosis angle and low back pain; it seems to be very important to implement the study about pain changes and lumbar lordosis angle. Furthermore, movement control impairment is one of the most problem related with low back pain. The aim of current systematic review was to evaluate the effect of exercise on pain, lumbar lordosis angle and movement control in participants with non-specific chronic low back pain.

A data base search within the all of times was performed, using Google Scholar, PubMed, The PEDro, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Trip Database and Web of Science systems. Studies investigating the effect of types of exercise in pain, lumbar lordosis angle and movement control in patient with LBP were included. PEDro quality scale was used for the assessment of included studies.

Eleven out of 128 relevant articles had our search entrance criterions, which were chosen for this review (score higher than 5 on the PEDro scale). There was a large difference between various studies base on their methodology, outcome measures, simple size, procedure, etc. However, results from studies have verified that exercise causes decrease pain, decrease lumbar lordosis angle and increase movement control in patient with LBP; and exercise effective on decrease pain in pregnant women, but was not effect on lumbar lordosis angle in pregnant women. Also studies that shown decreased lumbar lordosis angle after exercises, was more effectively on more decreased LBP in patient.

It is likely that exercise decrease pain, lumbar lordosis angle and increase movement control in patient with low back pain; also exercise can decrease LBP in pregnant women, especially in the last months of pregnancy.

The venom of Jellyfish venom contains a variety of bioactive proteins that can be studied for vaccine application. Poly-Lactic Acid is a biodegradable polymer that is used in vaccine systems. The aim of this study was to encapsulate the C-CfTX1-STxB protein into PLA-PEG-PLA three-block copolymer and its immunogenicity study in mice.

After purification, the protein was confirmed by Western Blot. Then, the antigen was loaded in the three-block copolymer using the solvent evaporated method and prepared nanoparticles characteristics by SEM electron microscopy and DLS. Following encapsulated and free antigen with complete and incomplete adjuvant, PBS and PLA_PEG-PLA nano were injected subcutaneously into the mice four times. In the end, the amount of antibody produced was measured by indirect ELISA and the survival of immunized animals against challenges by jellyfish venom was studied.

The results showed that the prepared nanoparticles have good quality and quantity. The size of the nanoparticles was 176.1 nm and the protein encapsulation efficiency was 71%. In the end, it was shown that immunized mice survived the challenge with the venom and the production of antibody titers was directly related to laboratory animal resistance.

Regarding the lack of cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity of the recombinant C-CfTX1-STxB protein, as well as the results, PLA-PEG-PLA nanoparticles could be suggested as suitable carriers for the preparation of a vaccine against jellyfish venom for further investigation.

Using social network as infrastructure to reduce the cost of IoT projects has its challenges as well as the benefits of this new design. This research provides a method for event detection / prediction system based on the proposed model, which has taken a closer look at this system than the previous research and has examined the conditions of using this system in various scenarios more carefully. Conditions such as network size, the time between two sampling of conditions and sending it to the data storage server, and the limitation of receiving data by common social networks’ APIs are some of the conditions that this research has addressed and the conditions for using social networks as storage and retrieval of generated data by the IoT projects. Obviously, the use of this infrastructure will have undesirable side effects. This study examines these effects and compromising between cost reduction and undesirable side effects. The results show that by using methods such as increasing multiple accounts and reducing the number of samples sent per second, the existing social network infrastructure can be used as the infrastructure of large IoT projects.

Social networks have found many applications in people's daily lives today so that identifying the behavior of members of these types of networks and associations within them is of particular importance. Due to the structure and the way of communication between the members of social networks, some members within this type of network have more important roles than other members. In this study, a method for identifying more important communities was discussed. For this purpose, new features were introduced using network centralization features and then the importance of this type of feature was investigated by Rough set theory. The experimental results showed that by increasing the number of popular nodes among a community where introduced in this study and at the same time decreasing the value of density, betweenness, and closeness centrality features of that community, it causes the effect of the number of popular nodes on the community will remain more evident.

Mashhad is characterized as a “pilgrimage” city since it daily receives pilgrims from different cultures, all of whom intend to travel to Mashhad to attend the holy place of the Razavi shrine. Therefore, the concept of “pilgrimage” is the most central concept that comes to mind when the name of Mashhad is heard. The importance of the concept of pilgrimage in Khorasan goes back to the historical background of the presence and martyrdom of Imam Reza (AS). On the other hand, the concept of tourism has been introduced as a new phenomenon in today’s world. In recent decades, with the emergence and prosperity of the modern concept of tourism, one of the controversial issues in the city of Mashhad has always been the relationship between pilgrimage and tourism, their contradictions, or compatibility. This issue is so important that sometimes it even causes a serious dispute over the naming of city signs and symbols as a pilgrim’s guide or a traveler’s guide. Proponents of tourism cite several reasons, including high economic return. However, the proponents of pilgrimage raise the issue of identity concerns. This study attempts to examine the relationship between pilgrimage and tourism using a holistic approach. For this purpose, first, a brief review of the basics of the concepts of pilgrimage and tourism was presented, and then travelogues were analyzed as historical sources, to achieve a comprehensive narrative of events and discover the relationship between pilgrimage and tourism. The result shows that the concept of pilgrimage and tourism in Mashhad are not two competing concepts, rather based on analytical findings from travelogues of Mashhad, Pilgrimage is always the main function and the side activities are in line with it. Thus, these two concepts not only do not contradict each other, but if we understand their relationship correctly and apply this understanding in establishing the relationship between the elements of the city landscape, they will be complementary to each other.

The aim of the current study was to compare the exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) due to Aerobic Rehabilitative Continues vs High Intensity Interval exercise.

Thirty-nine healthy participants (Mean ± SE age 30 ± 9.7 year, BMI 23.6 ± 2.8 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into 3 groups (13 in each) including aerobic continues exercise, high intensity interval exercise and/or control group. EIH index was recorded on before, immediately after and 30 minutes after exercise or control intervention. A mix ANOVA was used to statistically analyse the data.

The EIH index was significantly developed at all the quadriceps, biceps and upper trapezius muscle sites (p > 0.05). EIH index immediately after intermittent exercise was significantly higher than immediately after continues exercise in quadriceps muscle site (p > 0.05).

Both modes of aerobic exercise has the potential to stimulate the EIH in the body at both the local and central level. The findings on muscular pain received during the exercise and EIH induced by different modes of exercise demonstratethat pain induced by exercise training is less likely to act as a stimulation for EIH rather than other characteristics of exercise training. Findings of this study has the potential to be used by pain relief therapists specially those who are interested in designing acute exercise trainings to be used as alternative pain relief therapy.

Today, online social media with numerous users from ordinary citizens to top government officials, organizations, artists and celebrities, etc. is one of the most important platforms for sharing information and communication. These media provide users with quick and easy access to information so that the content of shared posts has the potential to reach millions of users in a matter of seconds. Twitter is one of the most popular and practical/used online social networks for spreading information, which, while being reliable, can also, be a source for spreading unrealistic and deceptive rumors as a result can have irreversible effects on individuals and society. Recently, several studies have been conducted in the field of rumor detection and verify using models based on deep learning and machine learning methods. Previous research into rumor detection has focused more on linguistic, user, and structural features. Concerning structural features, they examined the retweet propagation graph. However, in this study, unlike the previous studies, new structural features of the reply tree and user graph in extracting rumored conversations were extracted and analyzed from different aspects. In this study, the effectiveness of new structural features related to reply tree and user graph in detecting rumored conversations in Twitter events were evaluated from different aspects. First, the structural features of the reply tree and user graph were extracted at different time intervals, and important features in these intervals were identified using the Sequential Forward Selection approach. To evaluate the usefulness of valuable new structural features, these features have been compared with consideration of linguistic and user-specific features. Experiments have shown that combining new structural features with linguistic and user-specific features increases the accuracy of the rumor detection classification. Therefore, a rumor classification algorithm based on new structural, linguistic, and user-specific features in rumor conversation detection was proposed. This algorithm performs better than the basic methods and detects rumored conversations with greater accuracy. In addition, due to the importance of the source tweet user in conversations, this user was examined and analyzed from different aspects. The results showed that most rumored conversations were started by a small number of users. Rumors can be prevented by early identification of these users on Twitter events.

As the first intervention on an urban scale,  Bala Khiaban (the street above the buried Imam Reza’s corpse) and Paein Khiaban (the street below the buried Imam Reza’s corpse) were built in Mashhad and they created an east-west axis to the center of the holy site. Since it has always played an important role in the spatial structure of cities and the imaginations of inhabitants throughout history, this axis has always been the focus of all administrations. However, interventions made in recent decades, particularly since the second Pahlavi to the present, have disrupted the urban texture, structures, districts, and systems that govern it, displacing locals as the true beneficiaries of this texture and causing several social, cultural, economic, and other issues.The present paper is an inferential study that examines different resources from three historical eras to read the landscape of these two streets: Pre-Pahlavi (including historical documents and intellectual works), Pahlavi (historical and urban documents), and Post-Islamic Revolution (historical and urban documents as well as in-depth interviews). This research uses a landscape approach to investigate the significance of the streets in the spatial organization of Mashhad. According to the studies, the characteristics of the landscape in question served a single purpose in relation to each other in a harmonious manner prior to the urban interventions of the first comprehensive plan in the Pahlavi era. Despite the current period’s crisis and its repercussions on the street’s form and physical features, the public perception as the viewer is always so superior to the matter that the street landscape still exists to some extent and can be revived through some interventions in its main function. As a result of the research, it was discovered that the street in issue has typically been seen as a sublime axis associated with the concept of pilgrimage.

Weed suppression and increased production are objectives of intercropping systems. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of mixed culture on weed suppression, yield and its components of sesame and cowpea. The experiment was arranged in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran, during 2019. The main plots included pure sesame culture, pure cowpea culture, 50% sesame: 50% cowpea, 65% sesame: 65% cowpea and 80% sesame: 80% cowpea and sub plots included weed control and no weed control treatments. Results showed that pure sesame culture had the highest weed density and dry weight and there was no significant difference in weed density and dry weight between mixed and pure cowpea cultivars. In the most studied traits, there was a significant difference between weed control and no weed control treatments. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was higher than one in all treatments and was higher in without weeding rather than weeding treatments. The intercropping of 50% sesame: 50% cowpea had the highest LER, in terms of weed control and non-control (1.15 and 1.72, respectively). In general, it is concluded that sesame and cowpea mixture increased the land use efficiency while avoiding weeds, especially compared to pure sesame cultivation.

Wireless body area networks (WBAN) are innovative technologies that have been the anticipation greatly promote healthcare monitoring systems. All WBAN included biomedical sensors that can be worn on or implanted in the body. Sensors are monitoring vital signs and then processing the data and transmitting to the central server. Biomedical sensors are limited in energy resources and need an improved design for managing energy consumption. Therefore, DTEC-MAC (Diverse Traffic with Energy Consumption-MAC) is proposed based on the priority of data classification in the cluster nodes and provides medical data based on energy management. The proposed method uses fuzzy logic based on the distance to sink and the remaining energy and length of data to select the cluster head. MATLAB software was used to simulate the method. This method compared with similar methods called iM-SIMPLE and M-ATTEMPT, ERP. Results of the simulations indicate that it works better to extend the lifetime and guarantee minimum energy and packet delivery rates, maximizing the throughput.

 Biological changes caused by aging can affect the functioning of the human locomotor system. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of exergaming vs. fall-proof exercises on ankle joint proprioception and fear of fall among the elderly.

Forty-five elderly men, aged 60-74 years voluntarily participated in this semi-experimental study that includes a control group. Participants were randomly assigned into three groups including exergaming (n=15), fall-proof prevention exercises (n=15) and control (n=15). Participants in the training groups exercised for 6 weeks, three 70-minute sessions per week. Participants in the control group did continue their regular daily lifestyle. Ankle joint proprioception was recorded at 10 degrees of Dorsiflexion and 20 degrees of Plantar-flexion by Electro goniometer. The Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was applied for recording fear of fall among the elderly. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and two-way covariance ANOVA and using SPSS software version 24.

 The results of two-way covariance analysis showed a significant improvement in ankle joint proprioception at both 10° dorsiflexion and 20° plantarflexion angles in both groups (fall-proof, exergaming). Fear of fall was also improved similarly in both training groups (p < 0.05). The outcome measures were not significantly changed in the control group.

 Six weeks of both exergaming and fall-proof training can improve the ankle joint proprioception and the fear of fall in elderly men. Both the exergaming and fall-proof training are recommended for elderly men.

In cooperative P2P networks, there are two kinds of illegal users, namely free riders and Sybils. Free riders are those who try to receive services without any sort of cost. Sybil users are rational peers which have multiple fake identities. There are some techniques to detect free riders and Sybil users which have previously been proposed by a number of researchers such as the Tit-for-tat and Sybil guard techniques. Although such previously proposed techniques were quite successful in detecting free riders and Sybils individually, there is no technique capable of detecting both these riders simultaneously. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to propose a single mechanism to detect both kinds of these illegal users based on Game theory. Obtaining new centrality and bandwidth contribution formulas with an incentive mechanism approach is the basic idea of the present research’s proposed solution. The result of this paper shows that as the life of the network passes, free riders are identified, and through detecting Sybil nodes, the number of services offered to them will be decreased.

What we refer to as the economic landscape of habitats, cities, and villages, is a product of human interaction with nature and the ways in which human societies use, trade, and distribute resources in historical context. Economic landscapes in cities sometimes emerge as urban organs like bazaars and at other times as economic activities and sub-activities. In the past, geopolitical factors and the resources available to a city would shape economic landscapes giving each city a distinguishing set of characteristics. Following the Industrial Revolution, the circulation of capital in cities ceased to be organic and based on essential mechanisms and evolved into monotonous global processes. Following the obsolescence of some professions, the emergence of Piercing Streets, and the asymmetric accumulation of capital historical texture of cities underwent a process of desertion one after another. As the political aspect of the economy became progressively more apparent in the context of cities and privilege-based governments emerged, construction projects around the historical texture of cities became more aggressive and common. Moreover, political economy in urban landscapes has always been affected by social factors so examining economic landscapes and the political economy of cities from a sociological viewpoint can help us gain new insights. The city of Gorgan, like many of other contemporary cities, has not been an exception to the aforementioned process. Affected by numerous social issues such as what Jean Baudrillard calls Hyperreality, the economic landscape of the city is undergoing the process of gradual destruction. Hyperreality, despite being primarily a social phenomenon, is one of the key factors in turning modern life into an aestheticized experience of spectacles. In the context of consumption and in combination with other factors, it leads to the deterioration of the economic landscape in cities such as Gorgan.