مهدی خانجانی

Extensive research has explored the factors influencing bystander responses to cyberbullying, yet the relationship between the gender of the cyberbully, cybervictim, and bystander and its impact on bystander intervention remains inconclusive. This study aimed to examine the interactive effects of the gender of the cyberbully, cybervictim, and bystander on the bystander’s helping intention and tendency to blame the victim. 

This study employed an experimental design, manipulating the gender of the cyberbully, cybervictim, and bystander within a simulated cyberbullying scenario. Participants were college students from Tehran and Hormozghan Universities during the second semester of 2003–2004. A sample of 601 students was recruited via an online advertisement on social media. Participants completed post-test measures, including scales for bystander helping intention and victim blaming, through an online survey platform. Data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS 27, with a significance level of 0.05. 

The findings revealed a nuanced and dynamic relationship between gender and both victim blaming and bystander helping intention. Notably, female victims received higher blame attribution, while male victims were associated with lower bystander intentions to help (p < 0.05). 

The study highlights the importance of accounting for gender-related complexities when designing prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of cyberbullying.

In Iran, marriages between Iranian women and Afghan immigrant men are on the rise; however, there is limited information available regarding domestic violence against Iranian women with Afghan immigrant spouses. Domestic violence is a serious social and public health issue that requires a precise understanding of the influential factors in this context.

This study aimed to identify the factors influencing domestic violence against Iranian women with Afghan immigrant spouses. This study could contribute to improving policies and prevention programs aimed at addressing domestic violence in these communities.

The present study utilized a descriptive phenomenological approach. The target population consisted of all Iranian women who were victims of domestic violence with Afghan immigrant spouses residing in Tehran province. The sampling method was a snowball technique, ultimately resulting in interviews conducted with 14 participants. Data collection utilized semi-structured, in-depth interviews, and the collected data were analyzed using a seven-step Colaizzi method.

The results indicated that factors such as personal characteristics of women (such as age, education, and economic status), characteristics of Afghan spouses (economic, cultural, and social), and family and social factors (such as cultural pressures and societal attitudes) play a role in increasing domestic violence against Iranian women with Afghan immigrant spouses.

Given the findings of this study, it appears that a precise understanding of the factors influencing domestic violence in this community is crucial. This study can aid in formulating policies and prevention programs against domestic violence towards Iranian women with Afghan spouses, leading to improvements in their social and health-related conditions

The research aimed to study the psychological consequences of child marriage among girls through a phenomenological approach and semi-structured interviews.

  Twenty women from Gilan, Khoozestan, Sistan and Baloochistan, Khorasan and Yazd province who experienced child marriage and their current ages were less than 50 years old were selected through purposive sampling. Interviews and observations were conducted by traveling to each province. Colaizzi method was used in order to analysis data.

Results were included of 5 main themes and 15 sub themes in psychological consequences. Main themes are crashed ego, psychic traumas, negative emotions, immaturity and personal maturity.

The results showed that negative psychological consequences of child marriage are much more than their positive ones.

Power struggles and global competition for weapons among countries in the present era show and support the fact that the Taliban must always be ready to have a strong presence on the battlefield and engage in honorable confrontation against the enemy in order to achieve lasting peace. In this research, using the method of futures studies, which is analyzing cross-impacts, first the initial research data was identified by expert statisticians and using the Delphi method, the driving and inhibitory factors of war were determined. Then, by using the method of cross-impact matrix, the level of influence of components on each other was examined.Given the various actions taken, 5 key components have been identified for a country to launch a military attack: information, equipment, technology, logistics, and budget. On the other hand, with the changing nature of wars and the emergence of hybrid warfare in the military dimension, researchers have identified risk variables in analysis including: morale, depth, organization, expansion, and composition; variables that by considering and strengthening them in the military force can prevent enemy military attacks. To counter the enemy, we must work intensively on these variables; morale is the most important factor in strengthening the military force.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between parental bonding and the impaired autonomy and performance domain of early maladaptive schemas, which are mediated by emotion regulation. The research method was fundamental in its purpose and utilized descriptive-correlation for data collection. The study's statistical population consisted of 316 students from Allameh Tabataba'i University and Shahid Beheshti University, aged 18 to 35, in Tehran during the academic year 2020-2021. The students were selected using the available sampling method. The research instruments employed were the Parker Parental Bonding Questionnaire (PBI), Young Schemas (YSQ-SF), and Emotion Regulation (ERQ). The data analysis was conducted using the structural equation method and SPSS and LISREL software. The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between parental bonding and the impaired autonomy and performance domain of early maladaptive schemas. Expressive suppression, an inappropriate emotion regulation strategy, serves as a mediating factor in this relationship (Ps <0.05). In this relationship, cognitive reappraisal, which is an appropriate strategy for emotion regulation, did not serve as a mediator. The use of early maladaptive schemas in the autonomy and performance domain in adulthood is correlated with the feeble bond between mother and child, both directly and through the mediation of expressive suppression. This study’s findings underscore the significance of positive parenting in the prevention of the development of early maladaptive schemas and the implementation of appropriate emotion regulation strategies.

This study aimed to develop and validate an neurological rehabilitation program based on proximal senses with Transcranial direct current stimulation on the sensory profile of children with autism disorder.

The design of current study was quantitative-qualitative or mixed method, and it was implemented in two stages of internal and external validation. For internal validation, 10 psychologists and therapists of children with special needs responded to the validation questionnaire and CVI and CVR indices were checked. For external validation, 20 students with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder were selected from among the special needs students of Mashhad during the 2023-2024 academic year via available sampling method. Thane they were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. The subjects were exposed to neurological rehabilitation program based on proximal senses with Transcranial direct current stimulation during 20 sessions. Dunns sensory profile school companion Questionnaire was adopted to collect the required data.

The findings of the Variance analysis with repeated measurements reveald that the neurological rehabilitation with Transcranial direct current stimulation improved the sensory profile children with autism spectrum disorder at a significant level of 0.001.

Based on the findings of the present study; The neurological rehabilitation program based on proximal senses with Transcranial direct current stimulation is effective on the sensory profile of children with autism spectrum disorder. So it is recommended that to use this program in rehabilitation and treatment of autism spectrum disorder.

This research was conducted to predict work well-being based on the satisfaction of basic psychological needs with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in nurses in Tehran. The statistical population of the current research was nurses working in three shifts in 4 hospitals in Tehran, which are Razi Hospital, Azadi Hospital, Milad Hospital, and Sina Hospital in 1401, and the sample group was selected by available sampling consisting of 110 people. and were evaluated with three questionnaires, Psychological Flexibility (2010), Perma Questionnaire at the Workplace (2014), and Basic Psychological Needs Standards Questionnaire (2000). The results showed that work well-being can be predicted based on the satisfaction of basic psychological needs with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility. As a result of these findings and research results, it should be said that the existence of all kinds of problems and lack of motivation at work causes stress and lower work well-being and lowers the level of job quality. In this regard, it is suggested to hold meetings aimed at training cognitive flexibility and basic psychological needs for nurses to increase work well-being and reduce stress and problems.

 Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders and a general problem of human life, and is prevalent in almost all countries and cultures. According to the emphasis put in the new research on the use of cultural-religious factors, in the Iranian-Islamic culture, in addition to the scientific principles of Reality Therapy, we can also draw on Islamic teachings to treat depression. For this reason, this research aims to determine the effectiveness of group reality therapy along with Islamic teachings on reducing depression symptoms, deterministic beliefs, and increasing psychological well-being in depressed women.

 This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest posttest control group design and a 40-day follow-up period. Depressed women referring to Tehran's Nedaye Aramesh-e-Ravan Clinic in the summer of 2021 as the statistical population, out of whom 32 were selected using the purposeful sampling method. Then, they were randomly placed in two experimental and control with 16 participants in each group. To collect data, Becket al.’s Depression Questionnaire and (BDI-II), the scale of "psychological well-being" by Ryff and Keyes, and the scale of "free will and determinism" (FAD) by Paulhas and Margeson were used, and the subjects of the experimental group attended 8 90-minute group reality therapy sessions with Islamic teachings. The data obtained from the research were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis. In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

 The findings showed that Group Reality Therapy, along with Islamic teachings, has a significant effect on reducing symptoms of depression and determinism and increasing psychological well-being (P<0.05). The amount of this effect according to the relative eta square (effect size) in the follow-up period is as follows: 42% of the changes in free will, 60% of the changes in depression, 26% of the changes in self-acceptance, 30% of the changes in positive relations, 29% of the changes in autonomy and 28% of the changes in environmental mastery in the post-exam phase comes from the difference between the test and control groups.

 The present study showed that Group Reality Therapy along with Islamic teachings can be effective in improving depression symptoms, reducing determinism and increasing psychological well-being in depressed people.

The phenomenon of procrastination is more or less seen in different strata of society, and identifying factors related to it can help provide solutions to improve people's efficiency. For this purpose, the relationship between life-trend, self-confidence and social isolation with procrastination is investigated in this research. This mixed research combines qualitative (interview and drawing life graf) and quantitative methods (correlation, structural modelling). Its statistical population included all the residents of Tehran city over 20 years of age, which were 688 people, including 354 women and 334 men, who participated in it. In order to investigate the life-trend, the researcher used interviews and the technique of drawing life graphs, and to analyze the data obtained from this technique, lifeline (R2), transition (β) and mean interpretation indices, and used data related to other variables were collected through 3 questionnaires. The presented structural model had a good fit, so the lifeline index of the total effect was -0.32, the transition index was -0/28, the mean interpretation index was -0/43, the self-confidence variable was -0/42, and the social isolation variable was 0/35. They showed the procrastination variable. The events that people have experienced during their life, self-confidence, and social isolation can predict procrastination. If people's procrastination strategies are correctly recognized, informing they to acquire and use more valuable strategies, develop programs to increase self-confidence in various fields and increase beneficial social relationships. In that case, it is possible to help reduce procrastination and the dynamics of societies as much as possible.

The purpose of this study was to predict family resilience in couples based on conflict resolution styles and perceptions of the health of family-of-origin in Tehran. The design of the current research was correlation and regression designs. The statistical population of the current research was all married people in Tehran in 2021.Among them, 217 people were selected as Convenience Sampling. to measure variables from family resilience scale tools; The conflict resolution style questionnaire and the family of health scale were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression. The results of the research showed that among the conflict resolution styles, integrating and Compromising style are positively and avoiding style are able to predict family resilience. Also, the dimension of independence from the health of family-of-origin variable was able to positively predict family resilience. The styles of integrating, compromising and avoiding and the dimension of independence of the family-of-origin were able to explain 42% of the variance of family resilience. The findings of this research show that conflict resolution styles and the perception of health of family-of-origin have a role in the resilience of families and can predict it. For this purpose, paying attention to these factors in pre-marriage counseling and training these skills can increase the resilience of these people and lead to the improvement of the quality of life in the family.
Keywords: family resilience, conflict resolution styles, health of family-of-origin, couples

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of impulsivity and emotional dysregulation in the relationship between affective and emotional temperament and self-harm behaviors in university students

The Method of the present study was descriptive-correlational research using structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The statistical population of the research was all students between the ages of 18 and 25 in the city of Mashhad that 630 of them were selected through convenience sampling technique. The instruments for data collection included The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, The Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament (AFECT) scale and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11. The data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique and R software.

The results indicated that the hypothesized model had a good fit with the observed data.(RMSEA0/08). The results showed that the variables of impulsivity (β=0/29, p<0/001) and emotional dysregulation (β=0/50, p<0/001) have a direct positive and significant effect on self-harm behaviors. also impulsivity and emotional dysregulation mediated the relationship between affective and emotional temperament with self-harm behaviors(β=0/294, p<0/001).

Results showed that the impulsivity and Emotional Dysregulation can partly explain the association between Temperament and Self harm behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to skills such as emotion regulation and impulsivity.Keywords:, Emotional Dysregulation, impulsivity, Self-harm Behaviors, Affective and Emotional Temperament.

Research demonstrates that psychosocial factors have a crucial role among other influential factors in late-life anxiety. In this regard, there is a great deal of evidence indicating the effect of childhood maltreatment on late-life anxiety. However, despite the importance of this relationship, its underlying mechanism is still unclear. Thus, this study aims to examine the mediating effect of self-esteem and sense of coherence on the association between childhood maltreatment and late-life anxiety.

This study sample included 230 community-dwelling older adults (aged 60-97) from November to December 2019 in Tehran. The data collected based on a multi-stage sampling approach and analyzed with the structural equation modeling.

childhood maltreatment had a significant indirect effect on late-life anxiety via variables of self-esteem and sense of coherence with β = 0.283 and β = 0.303, respectively. Self-esteem also had a significant mediating role in the link between childhood maltreatment and sense of coherence with β = 0.245. The measured goodness-of-fit was SRMR = 0.8.

Regarding the mediating effect of sense of coherence in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and late-life anxiety, and the double role of self-esteem in promoting sense of coherence and alleviating symptoms of anxiety in older adults, it seems that making efforts to improve self-esteem and the level of sense of coherence could be an acceptable intervention to reduce symptoms of anxiety among older adults.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of brand communication power in the perceived value of retail brands in home appliance stores. The current research is applied with a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population in this research is all buyers of retail brands in home appliance stores in Tehran. A sample size of 196 was obtained and 200 questionnaires were collected in total. In this research, a simple random sampling method was used to select the sample. The tool for collecting information is a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity has been confirmed by professors. The obtained Cronbach's alpha shows that the questionnaire has acceptable reliability. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the obtained data. The results of the research show that the perceived quality, brand loyalty and associations of brand communication power have a direct effect on the perceived value of retail brands in home appliance stores and brand awareness on the perceived value of retail brands in stores. Household appliances are not directly effective.

The aim of the current research was to investigate the mental mechanisms of decision-making in moral dilemmas. The objectives of this study were: (1) to see the effect of the ethical principles of double effect and personal contact on the participants’ decision-making, (2) the relationship of immediate emotions with ethical decision-making, and (3) to examine the level of people's awareness of the underlying principles of their ethical decisions under time constraints. Mixed-methods design was used in this study. Research instruments included three scenarios adapted from similar studies. The statistical population included students active in virtual networks of national universities in Tehran. A number of 129 subjects were selected using convenience sampling. For statistical analysis, variance test analysis, Tukey's post hoc test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were utilized. The research results showed the significant effect of both mentioned principles on the participants’ ethical decision making (p<0.001). Also, there was a positive correlation (p<0.01) between the degree of moral acceptability and the pleasant emotion about the moral events that occurred in the scenarios under time constraints. From the findings, it can be concluded that ethical decision-making depends on a dual system: 1- an intuitive, automatic, immediate, universal and emotion-based system, which is a function of fundamental mental mechanisms, and 2- a logical system, which is the result of conscious thinking and creates justifications for immediate moral decisions.

The three principles of double effect, personal contact, and action are suggested as the chief psychological mechanisms affecting human moral decision making in trolley dilemmas. The purpose of current research was to investigate the claim of the universality of these principles and their role in moral decision making in trolley dilemma in the oriental culture of Iran. In this research, using a semi-experimental single group pre-test-post-test design, four scenarios were used adopted from similar research. The statistical population of this research was the general population active in social media. The sample consisted of 235 participants with an average age of 30.34. Among the subjects, 143 were women and 92 were men. "McNemar" test was used for statistical analysis. Based on the results, the effect of all three principles on the ethical decision making of the subjects in trolley dilemma was confirmed significantly (Pvalue>0.05). Therefore, this research shows that all three principles of personal contact, action, and double effect are effectively influencing moral decision making.

Population is considered as an effective factor in shaping the power of countries, especially in military, political and economic aspects. So that population growth in a society and country means more power of the rulers. Therefore, usually in theoretical discussions, the concept of national power is defined as the ability, ability and capacity of a country with a nation to use its own material and spiritual resources with the aim of exercising spiritual will and achieving national goals and interests, and this is where the importance of the factor comes from. The population is prominent in the production of national powerThe purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the population in the production of national power and promotion of national authority. In order to carry out this research, several methods were used, which are: the method of reviewing scientific documents and documents with a background approach and the method of content analysis with both in-depth and broad approaches. The current research is of an applied type and its statistical population is the books and articles that have been written about measuring national power and have presented a formula for this. The result of this research shows that in all the studied models, the population is seen as a main factor of power and has the highest coefficient of importance in the calculation of national power. This factor causes the growth and promotion of national authority in the country.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and emotional labor with respect to the mediating role of psychological hardiness in hospital staff in Khorram-Abad. The research design was a relational, the type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all employees of Khorram-Abad hospitals in 1398 who were working full time, from which 224 people were finally selected as a sample by multi-stage random sampling method which responded to the Emotional labor Questionnaires by Diefendorff et al. (2005), Psychological Capital Questionnaires of Luthans et al. (2007) and the psychological hardiness Questionnaires of Kobasa et al. (1982). The analysis method was quantitative which was performed using SPSS and AMOS. The results showed that the predictive model of emotional labor based on psychological capital and the mediating role of psychological hardiness has an acceptable fit. The findings showed that psychological capital is negatively related to superficial action and positively to deep action. The findings also showed that psychological hardiness mediated the relationship between psychological capital and superficial and deep action.

Population is considered as an effective factor in shaping the power of countries, especially in military, political and economic aspects. So that population growth in a society and country means more power of the rulers. Therefore, usually in theoretical discussions, the concept of national power is defined as the ability, ability and capacity of a country with a nation to use its own material and spiritual resources with the aim of exercising spiritual will and achieving national goals and interests, and this is where the importance of the factor comes from. The population is prominent in the production of national powerThe purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the population in the production of national power and promotion of national authority. In order to carry out this research, several methods were used, which are: the method of reviewing scientific documents and documents with a background approach and the method of content analysis with both in-depth and broad approaches. The current research is of an applied type and its statistical population is the books and articles that have been written about measuring national power and have presented a formula for this. The result of this research shows that in all the studied models, the population is seen as a main factor of power and has the highest coefficient of importance in the calculation of national power. This factor causes the growth and promotion of national authority in the country.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the Affective and Emotional Temperament on self-harm behaviors satisfaction mediated by the childhood trauma.

The Method of the present study was descriptive-correlational research using structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The statistical population of the research was all students between the ages of 18 and 25 in the city of Mashhad that 630 of them were selected through convenience sampling technique. From 630 questionnaires that were distributed among the participants, a total of 623 questionnaires fulfilled the required analysis criteria. The instruments for data collection included The Deliberate SelfHarm Inventory, The Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament (AFECT) scale and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique. 

The results indicated that the hypothesized model had a good fit with the observed data. Affective and Emotional Temperament showed a significantly correlation with selfharm behaviors. Path analysis indicated that the relation between Affective and Emotional Temperament and self-harm behaviors mediated by childhood trauma. Concluion: Considering these variables are important in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of self-harm behaviors as well as in promoting mental health among general population.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological capital training on organizational socialization and job burnout of Khorramabad education staff. The research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all education staff in Khorramabad, whose number at the time of the study was about 1534. The statistical sample of the study was 30 people (due to the semi-experimental nature of the study) was selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Data collection tools included Taormina (1994) Organizational Socialization Questionnaire and Maslash et al. (1996). Data analysis was performed by analysis of covariance. The results of analysis of covariance showed that the adjusted means of socialization scores and burnout in the experimental and control groups were significantly different. Sociability (4.391) F = and (0.04) P =; Burnout: F = (29.339) and P = (0.001) which was significant at the level of 0.05. The use of psychological capital training will increase organizational socialization and reduce employee burnout; therefore, psychological capital training can be used to strengthen the organizational sociability behavior of education staff and reduce their burnout.

Sexual satisfaction is one of the most important issues in marital singular that can affect its survival. The purpose of this study is to predict and examine sexual satisfaction by psychological concepts such as attachment styles, identity styles and Sternberg love triangle. The research method is correlational with the help of Stepwise regression analysis. The study population is all married people in Tehran who have been married for five years, of which 416 are the sample of this study. To collect information sexual satisfaction questionnaires (Kermani, 2007); Adult Attachment Styles (ASQ_15), (Hazen & Shaver, 1987); Identity styles (ISI_6G), (Berzonsky, 1992) and Love Triangle (STLS), (Sternberg, 1989) were used. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results of this study in accordance with previous findings showed that attachment styles, identity styles and love triangles in married people have a significant relationship with sexual satisfaction, respectively 25%, 19% and 28% with satisfaction, respectively. Sex was a common variance. As a result, using this to raise awareness can help significantly in marriage and divorce counseling.

The aim of this study was to predicting job search behavior based on personality traits with the moderating role of core self-evaluations.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population includes job applicants referring to non-governmental  job counseling and employment agencies in Tehran in 2019. The sample size is available to 206 people by sampling method. Research data were collected through Blau Job Search Behavior Questionnaire (1994), Personality Traits Questionnaire (NEO) and Jadge et al. (2003) Core Self-Evaluations Questionnaire and data analysis was performed through correlation coefficient and regression tests using soft SPSS software was performed.

The results showed that the job search behavior prediction model based on personality traits with the moderating role of core self-evaluations has an acceptable fit.

The results indicate that the amount of search behavior can be predicted through personality traits. Therefore, personality traits components should be considered as important factors in predicting job search behavior. Core self-evaluations also play a moderating role in predicting job search behavior based on personality traits.

The geopolitical conditions prevailing in the West Asian region have always made this important and strategic region the focus of regional and trans-regional powers throughout its history. And they always try to exploit the countless resources of the region by keeping the territorial and border disputes alive. These remaining territorial and border disputes in the West Asian region and the formation of the Zionist occupying regime have posed major geopolitical threats in the region. The present article has been done by descriptive-analytical method in West Asia. In this study, researchers using library resources and Delphi expert opinion and AHP SoLver software to answer the question: What are the effects of geopolitical threats in the West Asian region with emphasis on territorial and border differences on the integration of countries? The results of the research show that the difference between the occupying Zionist regime and occupied Palestine, the difference between the occupying Zionist regime and Lebanon in the south of that country and the difference between the occupying Zionist regime and Syria in the Golan Heights can have a great impact on regional security. And the occupying Zionist regime in the West Asian region as a potential threat and the surrender of the new rulers of the West Asian region has reduced the convergence of the region among the countries of West Asia. And most of these countries are moving towards divergence with a lot of specialties in common.

The aim of this study was to qualitatively analyze the effect of linguistic and ethnic differences in members of the women's national futsal team on the weak team cohesion of the Iranian women's national futsal team. The research method was qualitative and data collection was done using interviews. The statistical population and spatial scope of the study consisted of members of the national women's futsal team in 1399.As a case study, 12 people by purposeful sampling and ball sampling Snowmen were selected. The validation of the qualitative instrument was validated using the participant feedback method. In order to analyze the qualitative data obtained from the interview, the content content analysis method based on open coding was used in MAXQDA-18 software and the extracted concepts were drawn in the form of a network of themes. The results of content analysis indicate the existence of 255 open source, 29 original, 11 categories such as: recognition and acceptance of emotions, mental interaction with self and others, orientation based on ethnic similarity, ethnic narcissism, judgment and prejudice, discrimination and Prejudice, the class of conflict and irresponsibility, weakness in cooperation and adaptation, socio-family differences, the class of textual differences, and functional differences that these eleven classes were classified as a major theme. Summarizing the results showed that the development of a group cohesion model for women in the national team futsal based on ethnic-linguistic differences is possible and testable, and according to the results, it is possible to reduce ethnic-linguistic differences and facilitate group cohesion

Phubbing is an emerging phenomenon in the world that has become more prominent in modern societies with the development of smartphones. With a practical purpose, this study has tried to standardize the phubbing Phenomenon Questionnaire and study and identify this phenomenon. The research method was correlational and its statistical population included the general population of users of smartphones and virtual networks. The sample size of the present study includes 408 people who were sampled by online questionnaires. In this study, the general phubbing scale (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2018), and the mobile phone addiction scale (Savari, 2014), and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed good validity and reliability for the phubbing General Scale Questionnaire. Also, the convergent validity between phubbing General Scale Questionnaire and Mobile Phone Addiction Questionnaire was 0/77. Based on the results, the phubbing General Scale Questionnaire can be used by the general population of Iran.