مهدی ذاکریان امیری

The discourse analysis method is one of the qualitative methods in political studies, employed to explain semantic systems that lead to the formation of a particular understanding regarding the role of individuals or actors within society or the international environment. The primary objective of employing this analytical method is to examine the ways and mechanisms through which a semantic system and discursive framework make a specific action or policy possible. To date, numerous studies in the field of political science have been conducted using the discourse analysis method. The main goal of this research is to apply discourse analysis to explain the security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in West Asia. Accordingly, the central research question is: how can Iran's security policies in West Asia be explained through the lens of discourse analysis? In response to this question, the hypothesis of the study posits that the Islamic Republic of Iran has sought to define its security policies in the West Asian region through the construction of a discursive articulation that transcends political and geographical boundaries. This articulation, in turn, has led Iran to play a more active role in the targeted region. The findings of the study indicate that the central signifier of this discourse revolves around the cessation of meaning-making with reference to the nodal point of liberating Jerusalem and the anti-Israeli stance, viewing Israel as a usurping regime. The research methodology employed in this study is descriptive-analytical, based on discourse analysis. Data collection has been carried out through documentary and library methods, utilizing both accessible and credible physical resources such as books and electronic resources, including academic books and articles published in scholarly journals.

Today extremism and any type of violent activities based on extremist idea have been become to one of the most controversial Threats to international peace and security. Combating this phenomenon is not properly successful by responsive measure, so its recommended by International intuitions that anti-extremist measures need to utilize a comprehensive policy that encompass all dimension and related matters in addition to suppressive measures, the policy has to consider preventive one. One of the most important function relied on preventive measures is recognition extremism causes and roots and its tendency expansion. Researches show non-development and deprivation of soci-economic rights is one of extremism expansion reasons. Focus on sustainable development may employ as a complementary solution in anti-extremist policies. The article concluded that in order to utilize sustainable development for combat extremism, new approach for prioritizing of its Goals is needed and any sustainable development program have to reorganize under the flag of anti-extremism policies.

The concept of development in the Islamic Republic of Iran is institutionalized based on competition and partnerships, and paying attention to the future of these two factors indicates the strength or weakness of the Islamic Republic system. Increasing participation, as a multidimensional process, affects or is influenced by many components; In such a way that its realization requires teamwork, intellectual-procedural stability of the system's agents, in relation to positive trends and optimal synergy of potential and actual capacities and infrastructures. Therefore, the question of the present article is, what are the future-oriented guidelines for increasing competition and political participation in Iran? The current research is analytical-descriptive with a future research approach, using the scenario method. The findings indicate a scenario development for a favorable future for civil society in relation to political participation; which includes the possible scenario; possible scenario; He pointed out the favorable future scenario.

The purpose of the present study is to review the impact of the European Jewish Congress (EJC) on the Relationship between Iran and the European Union (EU). The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the EJC by its penetration into the European parliament have been influential through abusing disputes between Iran and the EU to achieve its goals and deteriorate bilateral ties between two countries. The EJC as one of the most important institutions of the Israel lobby in Brussel has had the most influence on Iran-EU relations. This congress could fulfill its political and strategic objectives by the strategy of negative propaganda and highlighting Iran’s threat. Moreover, the EJC has been influential on decreasing bilateral ties between Iran and the EU by increasing heavy sanctions, restrictive measures, high-ranking European officials’ avoidance of travelling to Iran, and the critical tone of Europe in its resolution and statement against Iran’s policies.

There is a growing stream of critics who see investment arbitration in favor of foreign investors and as a negative force as opposed to sustainable development. The phenomenon of third-party funding and its use in investment arbitration has increased such concerns. Third-party funding is basically the payment of all or a part of the arbitration costs of one of the parties of dispute by a third party funder which in return, the funder receives a percentage of the output of the award if successful. The purpose of this article is to explain and analyze the theoretical differences between pros and cons of third-party funding regarding the access to justice, screening mechanism for the claims, and the financial consequences on the host state. In this article, the advocates see third-party funding as a means of access to justice for aggrieved investors in investment claims, while the adversaries refering on the profitability of third-party funding, see this method in arbitration a form of wealth transfer from public sector to private corporations and also refer to the asymmetric structure of the investment arbitration regime as well as the risks arising from the transfer of management and control of arbitration process to the third party funders.

extremism is a complex phenomenon that threatens public order and security at both national and international levels. Despite the adoption of tough measures such as resorting to military operations, criminalization, prosecution and punishment of criminals, this phenomenon is expanding as one of the most challenging threats. One of the most important means of spreading extremism is spreading extremist views in various ways, including through educational mechanisms.

In a descriptive-analytical way, this research deals with the issue of governments' commitments regarding education monitoring as a tool to curb the promotion of extremism in children.

In order to prevent extremism, it is necessary to provide measures to dry the roots of extremist thoughts and attract people to extremist ideologies and condemn these thoughts and actions. In this approach, education plays a significant role. For this reason, its prevention requires the adoption of comprehensive policies, consisting of hard and soft measures, of which prevention measures based on education are the most important. Education has a broader role and position than a human right in the framework of human rights obligations of governments. Therefore, considering the ability of education to influence extremism, it is necessary to redefine this institution based on the totality of governments' obligations beyond the obligation to respect the right to education.

The results of the United Kingdom referendum to leave the European Union on Thursday June 23, 2016 was a big shock not for the UK but for the Europe and the rest of the world. In the plebiscite, 52 percent of the eligible voters chose leave, better known as Brexiteers, to take the rest of the 48 percent out of the Union. Due to type, form and the nature of the UK relations with the countries, the effects of the vote is quite understandable. Moreover, the leave vote put a huge question mark on the on-going efforts of European integrations.Changing world conditions, emerging China as an effective power, along with Russian moves especially after annexation of Crimea, jeopardizes EU’s firm stance against international developments. On the other side of the Atlantic, occurring Trump phenomenon in 2016 in the United States changed deep-rooted “Special Relations” with the two Anglo-Saxon countries and the Europe, as well. In the aftermath of the Brexit, “Global Britain” strategy focuses more than ever on Britain’s role in the world. In this strategy, Britain away from EU can be an active player in the world arena.This paper based on integration theory will quest the answer to the question of do we face close UK-US relations in the post-Brexit? The findings show that the two countries will be closer and the UK needs the US to gain its goals in the Global Britain policy.

The current research tries to answer the question that based on the Crisis Cube Model, what was Saudi Arabia's perception of Yemen crisis and what mechanisms did it use to manage the developments? The findings of the research indicate that according to the perception of the Saudi leaders, the crisis in Yemen is at the "A" level of the cube. This country aims to conquer some strategic areas such as Bab al-Mandab, Hadaralmut province and Bandar Makla, Al-Mahrah province and Bandar Nishtun, Bandar Hodeidah and get out of the geographical monopoly in the south and some southwestern areas, control the flow of the Houthis and effectively prevent them from the Shiite System and the federalization of Yemen into a system of regions, has created a crisis, and thirdly, under such conditions, the intelligent management of the crisis and the simultaneous use of aggressive and hard levers (military-security and alliance building) are semi-hard. (siege and economic and livelihood pressure) and soft (political-diplomatic and media) have been put on the agenda to both eliminate the threat of the Houthis and to achieve the geopolitical intentions. The research method is qualitative and the method of data collection is documentary analysis.

Security challenges in West Asia have been defined by the significant deterioration of the security structure since 2003. Political and security developments following a political and security vacuum, along with a shift in the balance of power in the region, h. In many cases, security challenges have been maintained by trans-regional powers. The biggest and longest recent intervention in the Bishkek region has been the US intervention in Iraq since the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, and most recently the presence of the US coalition in Syria. In both cases, the security regime did not guarantee the security of the region and the security dilemma became more complicated ... Also, the realistic approach and the military view have not been able to provide an answer to the security crisis. The best and clearest explanation of this can be seen in the military interventions in Iraq and Syria, which not only did not lead to long-term stability, but also opened up new tensions and practically turned them into fragmented countries. On the other hand, supra-regional powers in the field of military affairs have tried to secure their arms market among the Taliban, which has always been in the region. In realist discourse, the hypothesis that a state's security problem will be solved by maximizing military power is faced with the problem that not all countries can grow equally, and if one country's security is provided to the detriment of another, the result is It will have no security except crisis.

After the fall of Saddam, the seminary of Najaf Ashraf, was able to start a new life. In the meantime, the role of Ayatollah Sistani, in this period has been very prominent. The most important components of his personality based on the principle of Islam are: paying attention to the facts and striving to ensure the peace, security and interests of Iraq. Now, considering his prominent religious figure in the Islamic world and the Shiite authority of Ayatollah Sistani, the question in this study is how to analysis his strategic successes by avoiding politics in the equations of power inside Iraq? To answer this question, scholars have used the theory of Islamic realism and have come to the conclusion that: Ayatollah Sistani had achieved an effective and purposeful combination of Islamic principles and international norms that allowed him to establish and strengthen peace in Iraq, through limited and definite cooperation with foreign forces.

Layered and multidimensional threats that threaten the lives of political units in sensitive geographical areas have persuaded them to form a network-centric alliance to protect their own land and the interests of themselves and their allies. Lay a layer of actors on the agenda not only at the state level but also on a transnational scale. One of the basic pillars of Iran's defense strategy is the design and application of a fundamental and security-building approach called foreign defense with the ultimate goal of protecting the country's national security in West Asia. The pursuit of this strategy at the beginning of the formation of the revolution was mainly defined as the observance of the mission and the religious and revolutionary motivation to support the liberating currents, but in recent decades, and especially after the wave of awakening. Islam, the scope and activity of takfiri groups, the growing threat to the United States and its allies, and the coalition system of rival countries, including the Saudi and UAE regimes, often serve as a prudent and necessary approach to consolidation. Partitioning and directing has led to a network of powerful indigenous forces that are at the same time in line with the goals, security and interests of the regions of Iran and the Islamic world as a whole. Yemen's Ansar al-Islam, which plays a key and decisive role in the developments in Yemen today, is one of the prominent forces during the operation of this network.

The Security Council, as the principal body of the United Nations for retaining international peace and security, played its role by intervening in conflicts between governments during the cold war era. In the new post-cold war paradigm, besides the previous role, the Council was tasked with making norms of international concepts especially on peace. The Security Council through normative resolutions by emphasizing “sexual considerations” in its international peace and security task from the year 2000 has affected the concept of peace. Such an approach, which has led to an important development in the Council’s activities, as well as women’s rights, came to be known as “Women, Peace, and Security”. Ten resolutions have been ratified by the Security Council on the issue of “women, peace and security” in less than two decades, from 2000 to 2019. It shows the high importance of the connection between the issue of women and international peace and security, and reiterates the significant role of the Security Council in the development of the peace norm.

Israel lobby in European Union is different from United States and has developed during twenty recent years by granting powers from institutions of European Union. The relations between Iran and European Union has been faced with political challenges such as Iran Nuclear Programs. Israel lobby’ influence on foreign policy behavior of Euroepan Union on relations with Iran especially Iran nuclear programs would be essential according the importance of  European Union as an International actor .

The methodology of this paper is based on descriptive-analytical and discourse analysis methods seek to study the main question that is Lobby Israel’s Influence on relations among Iran and European Union by emphasizing on Iran nuclear programs

Findings of this study are discussed under the following themes:1- institutions of Israel lobby through influencing in European Parliament have attempted to benefit the maximum efficiency via Iran nuclear programs by organizing the sessions, conference, meeting with European authorities, interview, publication article and statement against Iran in order to decresa the relations among Iran and Euroepan Union as well as advancement of Isreal’s interest.2-European Jewish Congress and European Friends of Israel as the most important lobby institutions in Brussles affected on the relations among Iran and Euroepan Union in the fields such as the lack of formatting the relations in framework of comprehensive cooperation agreement, avoiding European authorities for trip to Iran and countinuity of critical tone of Europe to Iran nuclear programs.

Analysis:

Israel by using strategic instrument of negative propaganda agagint Iran as Iranophobia and highliting Iran nuclear programs as destructive threat in the regional and International level has attempted to influence the institutions of Lobby in European Parliament in order to effect and actualize political and strategic purposes.

The main hypothesis emphasize main question that Israel lobby’s influence in European Union has been affected the highlighting the Iran’s nuclear programs threat  in reducing political relations among Iran and European Union by applying economic-commercial sanctions and restrictive measures on Iran as well as continuity of critical tone of Europe to Iran nuclear programs.

In one of the bloodiest events in the Middle East, Syria and the region have been embroiled in a severe crisis since 2011.In the meantime, each of the regional actors or supra-regional powers in accordance with their weight and position, as well as in proportion to their interests and considerations In this crisis, they have intervened, created a role, or at least declared a position, But Israel, as a regional actor and an occupying neighbor for Syria, has not reacted clearly in a dusty atmosphere And it has refused to play a direct role in this crisis. This article seeks to examine Israel's political and security strategy in the face of the Syrian crisis, Identify the reasons and factors influencing this policy and study the strategies and tactics adopted by this regime. To examine this issue, the theory of defensive realism has been considered as a theoretical framework And used explanatory-analytical method to test the hypothesis And Taking notes, library and Internet documents and resources, and existing correspondence, this hypothesis has been proven that By employing strategic rationality, Israel's strategy is a Expectations, good neighborly policies, changing land occupation tactics to expand buffer zones, Unwritten coalition against Iran, And a limited and local response to the violation of its red lines in order to maintain the security of its citizens and its national interests.

In this article, we seek to define the relationship between human rights and security and national sovereignty by defining the two concepts, and in fact to criticize the approach that human rights undermine the sovereignty and national security of states. In this regard, the authors assume that human rights can be a factor in strengthening national unity and thus strengthening sovereignty and national security. Human rights should be considered as a general and universal norm, not a regional or specific norm, and this depends on the interpersonal relations that make and pay for it.First, with a look at human rights and then with a view to international politics, we have explained the concepts of human rights and national sovereignty and the evolution of these concepts through the observance and guarantee of human rights. Finally, the constructivist approach and boomerang theory are designed and concluded on this basis.

The theory of public choice has a major role the literature review of public policy. This theory, based on the three main assumptions and main concepts of "methodological individualism", "economic man and his rational choice" and "politics as a subject of exchange", emphasizes the centrality of "self-interest" in politics and government. This theory introduces the active motivation of policymakers in the process of public policy in terms of the motivation of citizens and group representatives in the field of economics and markets, namely "self-interest". This paper, in the form of qualitative and developmental articles, aims to "research the motivation of the "self-interest" of public policy actors" in the context of public choice theory and With the "deductive reasoning method", introduces "the interest that public policy makers conceive for themselves, Affected by their own values, needs, and sentiments of doing or not doing something" as the motivation of their activity. This study, despite accepting many assumptions of the public choice theory, considers the "one-dimensional view" of man and "assumption of his rational choice" as the weaknesses of this theory and relates the rationality of choice to correctness of choice and correctness of choice to the interest of one's soul (not his physical dimension).

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation, as its successor, gradually began to redefine and reinterpret its identity, national interests and threats to its national security. Meanwhile, relations with the West have always been important to Russia and considered as a challenge in its foreign policy. For nearly three decades, the leaders of the Russian Federation have published a number of strategic documents to represent their identity in the post-Soviet space and to define the roadmap for the country's domestic, foreign, security and military policies. The main question of the article is "What is the position of identity in shaping the security view of the Russian Federation towards the West in post-Cold War era?"In order to find the answer to this question, by using the concept of identity in constructivism theory as well as analyzing the strategic documents published in this country, an attempt has been made to identify and highlight salient and sediment roles –identity of the Russian Federation and determine their role and position in shaping the Russian security view. The main hypothesis of this article is that " role - identities such as being considered as a great world power, a benign hegemon for near abroad countries of Russia (republics segregated from the Soviet Union) and a supporter of Russian-speaking people have had a significant impact on the nature of Russia's security view toward the West and has led to the formation of a threat-oriented view of the West. The present article is based on descriptive-explanatory methodology, and documents and cyberspace resources have been used for the research.

During the last decade, we have witnessed the emergence of a procedural framework that is based on the rules of citizenship rights. The process of legislative formation and monitoring the implementation of the rights of disabled people is considered an obligation and is one of the supportive requirements. The provisions of the Comprehensive Laws about the Disabled People’s Rights was reviewed in the framework of the International Convention. This is a prelude to the social integration of the disabled based on the agent's explanations. This action is considered in the framework of the concept of effective citizenship and is taking advantage of the idea of the standardization of cyberspace for the disabled. Adoption of these laws has happened after the drafting of the Comprehensive Protection of Disabled People’s Acts on February 16, 2004, in the form of international laws such as the Universal Declaration of the Disables in 1975, and the International Convention of the Disable people’s Rights adopted on December 13, 2006, and is a turning point in Streaming Disabilities.

The nuclear program of the Islamic Republic of Iran and North Korea is one of the most challenging issues facing the international community so far. The two countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and North Korea, which are located in two sensitive and strategic regions of the Middle East and the Far East, are countries whose nuclearization process has been accompanied by a strong reaction from the international community from the very beginning.Therefore, the nuclear program of the Islamic Republic of Iran and North Korea is being followed with special sensitivity by major and rival powers such as the United States, Russia and China, organizations, media and news agencies. This can be attributed to the conflicting interests and policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and North Korea with Western countries. In view of the above, the authors of this article have tried to describe and explain that a comparative study of this trend shows the application of discriminatory treatment and the use of double standards by major powers such as the United States, Russia and China, as well as the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Atomic Energy and the Security Council. This indicates that this approach is influenced by the economic and strategic interests of the great world powers.

The end of the Cold War was a turning point in international politics. The collapse of the Soviet Union shattered the bipolar structure of the international system and paved the way for the United States to remain the only superpower left in the world. Meanwhile, the relationship between the People's Republic of China as the world's second largest economic power and the Russian Federation the heir to the Eastern superpower is of particular importance. China and Russia have gone through ups and downs in their history. For example, the Soviet Union's support for the communist government of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s, the darkening of relations in the late 1960s and 1960s, and the coldness of relations in the two decades that followed. Although Gorbachev took steps to get closer to China in 1989, it was the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War that marked a turning point in the two countries' interactions and cooperation. After the early Westernization of Russian foreign policy in 1993 and the rise of the Eurasianist approach to Russian foreign policy, Russia gradually expanded its cooperation with its old neighbor, China. For nearly three decades, we have seen the strengthening of cooperation between the two countries and the expansion of areas of cooperation to the geopolitical and geoeconomic sectors. First, ending the border disputes was on the agenda of the two countries, and then political, economic, and ultimately security and military partners were put in place.

Secrecy in diplomatic relations can be both necessary and dangerous at the same time. In the Westphalian system, the concept of secrecy has become a standard and largely legitimate form of diplomatic action by reference to national security needs. On the other hand, with the recent developments in the concept of sovereignty in the domestic and international arenas, the development of such communications, the concept of transparency has been taken into consideration as one of the main elements of national security and has given rise to a concept called the transparency-Secrecy paradox. The basis of this paradox is that secrecy in diplomatic negotiations, justified by national security, could ultimately, and simultaneously, seriously undermine the credibility of governments, and therefore undermine national security. This paper reaches to the most important variables that influence the optimal level of secrecy using multi-criteria decision-making and network analysis modeling. This level of secrecy must at the same time ensure the effectiveness of diplomatic relations, while minimizing the risk to the credibility of the governments applying these methods. In the end, it is shown what pattern of diplomatic negotiations can provide this optimal level of secrecy when some of these variables are prioritized.

In the last two decades, Iran and North Korea’s nuclear program has Become one of the most important global issues.The two countries Nuclear case has been one of the biggest security challenges the International community has ever faced.The common goal of the major Powers against Iran and North Korea is to dismantle the nuclear Approach.But the strategies to achieve this goal are selective and Contradictory.At the same time,the role of the International Atomic Energy Agency is very crucial and complex.Given this,the main Question of this study is what is the IAEA’s performance is light of the Provisions of the NPT’s security regime vis-à-vis Iran and North Korea’s nuclear program? In seeking to find an appropriate answer to this question,the authors of This article,using “International Security Regime Theory”,have attempted to describe and explain the IAEA,s performance in relation to Its nuclear program despite Iranian cooperation and compliance.The NPT,s security regime and North Korea’s non cooperation with and exit From the regime have not been in line with the IAEA’s and NPT’s Statutes,and are highly discriminatory,with complexity influenced by the Economic and strategic influence and interests of major powers such as The us,china and Russia.

Today, one of the obvious instances of human rights is the right to health and public health, whose existence and deployment are a prerequisite for social life. Since the separation concept of health that refers to the physical and mental illness in human societies and public health, which embodies the obligations of states in the field of health and sanitation for human societies, is particularly important.Among international document that the a health was investigated, the UNESCO Sustainable Development 2030 document is of particular importance, because it has created a fundamental Variation in the approach of states to this issue as a fundamental human right. The object of this right and the lack of detailed resources, this review is going to illustrate the concept and dimension of the document.
Our detecting suggest that this rights are considered to be human rights. So states should, through international cooperation, increase their executive capacities to benefit communities from such rights.

In addition to the human rights and fundamental freedoms¡ the right to social security that covers the kind of economic and social rights is included. Rights such as education¡ health care¡ employment and adequate level of prosperity in the lives makes such rights are indispensable. The issue of «the right to social security» in the context of the second generation of human rights is emphasized. Unlike the first generation to publicly freedom and civil rights¡ lack of government intervention and a lack of focus hinder the right of second generation focuses on government intervention to achieve right of public welfare. As a result¡ governments are responsible to the citizens for guarantying the so-called right to have suggestion. Therefore¡ this article is trying to show the social security right in international documents. The key question of this article is that what is the status of Social Security expressed in international documents? What is the position of the governments in relation to the right of social security? proposed hypothesis in this paper is that is that the Social Security in international documents (such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights¡ the UN Charter¡ international conventions¡ Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination¡ the Convention on the Rights of the Child¡ Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Declaration of Philadelphia) as a human right known as the international Bill of social justice as a prerequisite for lasting peace in international community and within individual nation-states.