مهدی صالحی

This study aimed to examine the organizational image of Kurdistan University from the students’ perspective and to determine its correlation with students’ identity, satisfaction, and loyalty.

A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was employed. The statistical population comprised 12,000 students, from whom 628 were selected via stratified random sampling. Data were collected using four validated questionnaires measuring university image, student identity, satisfaction, and loyalty. The validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis.

Analyses showed that background variables such as gender and place of residence had no significant effect on the results, likely due to a uniform organizational culture and broad managerial policies. Differences in satisfaction and loyalty across faculties were linked to variations in educational standards, faculty culture, and student-instructor relationships. Structural equation modeling revealed that university image had a significant direct effect (0.767) on student satisfaction, identity, and loyalty. The direct relationship between satisfaction and loyalty was not significant. The indirect role of satisfaction in the relationship between university image and loyalty was confirmed; however, the indirect role of satisfaction in the relationship between image and identity, and the indirect role of identity in the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty, were not supported.

Universities that effectively manage their organizational image and fulfill their promises can ensure long-term student satisfaction and loyalty. Continuous evaluation and management of organizational image, identity, and loyalty are essential.

The aim of this review study is to investigate the temporal evolution of internal audit competencies and their role in the relationship among financial variables from the perspective of Islamic governance. The research was conducted qualitatively based on a documentary study, integrating domestic and international sources in the fields of internal auditing, professional competencies, financial controls, and emerging technologies. The findings indicate that over time, internal auditors’ competencies have evolved from traditional skills based on internal controls toward advanced technological and analytical capabilities. Furthermore, integrating the principles of Islamic governance with modern auditing approaches can enhance financial transparency, increase stakeholder trust, and prevent fraud. Accordingly, four main themes were identified: strengthening supervisory structures, enhancing professional competencies, utilizing emerging technologies, and aligning with Islamic governance principles and sustainable development. These results suggest that the future of internal auditing requires a combined approach that leverages both ethical–religious principles and modern technological tools. This study, by providing an integrated conceptual framework of internal audit competencies, Islamic governance, and emerging technologies, contributes to advancing both theoretical and practical knowledge in internal auditing and improving financial reporting quality. The aim of this review study is to investigate the temporal evolution of internal audit competencies and their role in the relationship among financial variables from the perspective of Islamic governance. The research was conducted qualitatively based on a documentary study, integrating domestic and international sources in the fields of internal auditing, professional competencies, financial controls, and emerging technologies. The findings indicate that over time, internal auditors’ competencies have evolved from traditional skills based on internal controls toward advanced technological and analytical capabilities.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate elementary school teachers' narratives of vicarious in-service training courses. Therefore, an interpretive-critical approach and narrative research strategy were used. The research field consisted of elementary school teachers in Kurdistan province who had a history of attending various in-person and virtual in-service training courses and had experienced vicarious participation in the courses. Sampling was done purposefully and based on criteria. The researcher reached theoretical saturation by interviewing 17 teachers. The analysis of the text of the narratives was done using thematic analysis. In response to the research questions, four overarching themes were identified under the titles: teachers as reluctant learners, mismatch between training and teachers' needs and conditions, professional development as a mandatory process, and the ineffectiveness of in-service training, which led teachers to experience vicarious in-service training. Teachers' narratives showed that vicarious in-service training is not only an individual choice but also a collective response to the experience of meaninglessness, formality, and sometimes humiliation of these courses. However, the structural link between in-service training and administrative systems, scoring, and job promotion has created actions that are more focused on obtaining a degree, fulfilling administrative obligations, and minimizing the time and psychological costs of teachers, rather than professional learning. In such a context, vicarious in-service training has emerged as an adaptive strategy in the face of structural pressures and institutional inefficiencies. Elementary school teachers, who often face high workloads, lack of resources, evaluation pressures, and extensive emotional responsibilities, are more likely than other levels to be inclined toward these methods

This study aims to examine the relationship between board social networks and corporate sustainability performance, social responsibility, and board compensation, considering the moderating role of institutional ownership structure in listed companies on the Iranian and Iraqi stock exchanges.

The research methodology was quantitative and descriptive-analytical, and data were collected from companies listed on the Iranian stock exchange (125 companies, period 2013-2023) and the Iraqi stock exchange (21 companies, a similar period). For data analysis, multiple regression models and board network centrality indicators, including degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality, were used.

In Iran, board networks have a significant positive effect on sustainability performance, information transparency, and the productivity of strategic decisions. This positive effect was observed in companies with both high and low levels of sustainability and encompassed various dimensions of sustainability, including environmental issues, products and services, human resources, customers, social responsibilities, and energy consumption; although for some indicators, such as energy and proximity, the effects were mixed or sometimes negative. In Iraq, the effect of board networks on sustainability performance was mainly negative or insignificant, but it had a positive impact on information transparency and board compensation, indicating institutional and cultural differences between the two countries. Additionally, the moderating role of institutional ownership structure differed between the two countries: in Iran, this structure primarily strengthened the relationship between networks and sustainability performance, whereas in Iraq, its role in board compensation was more prominent.

The innovation of this research lies in providing an integrated comparative analysis of the impact of board networks on sustainability performance and information transparency, while considering the moderating role of institutional ownership in two emerging markets: Iran and Iraq. The findings indicate that the integration of network interactions with active institutional ownership can lead to improved strategic decision-making, transparency, social responsibility, and reward systems, thereby laying the groundwork for the development of sustainable management policies and investment practices.

As a new model in the educational system, progressive schools play an important role in improving the quality of education; therefore, this qualitative study aimed to examine the characteristics, obstacles, and consequences of progressive schools from the perspective of Kermanshah school principals.

The research was conducted using an interpretive phenomenological approach and semi-structured interviews with 16 elementary and secondary school principals. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Data analysis was performed using the Brown and Clark (2006) content analysis method and MAXqda software.

The results showed that leading schools prioritize learner-centered education, the use of new technologies, and the development of practical skills by emphasizing characteristics such as fostering self-reflection, self-reliance, social awareness, a commitment to equality, and educating global citizens. However, these schools face obstacles such as traditional thinking governing the educational structure, passive attitudes, a lack of specialized human resources, and the incompatibility of educational programs with local contexts. These obstacles have limited the full realization of the capacities of leading schools. In contrast, the positive outcomes of these schools include the promotion of technical and technological capabilities, improving the quality of life of students, and strengthening social interactions with society. These findings emphasize the need to overcome structural and cultural challenges and provide targeted support for educational innovations.

Conclusions and suggestions: 

Leading schools, by emphasizing self-reflection and utilizing modern technology, have the potential to improve the quality of education, but structural and cultural challenges prevent the full realization of this potential. To overcome these obstacles, it is recommended to localize educational programs, empower teachers, and strengthen educational infrastructure.

Innovation and originality:

This study provides a local perspective on leading schools, focusing on the experiences of Kermanshah principals. Unlike previous quantitative studies, this qualitative research offers in-depth insights and practical solutions within the cultural context of Iran.

Responsible leadership in schools is an ethics-based and human-centered approach to educational management that emphasizes committed, caring, and professionally value-driven decision-making. However, within the context of Iran’s educational system, the realization of such leadership faces numerous obstacles, the identification of which can contribute to the reconsideration of educational policies, structures, and programs. The aim of this study is to identify and explain the barriers and challenges that school principals encounter in fulfilling their roles as responsible leaders. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach, employing Charmaz's constructivist grounded theory methodology. The participants consisted of 12 principals from public schools in Kermanshah at the elementary, lower-secondary, and upper-secondary levels, selected through purposive sampling based on theoretical saturation. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed in three phases of open, axial, and selective coding. The findings revealed that principals face a set of multi-level challenges in the process of realizing responsible leadership, which can be categorized into five main domains: individual challenges (such as the tension between ethical commitments and administrative demands, and role ambiguity), professional challenges (including the dominance of quantitative indicators and role uncertainty), interactional challenges (such as teacher resistance and conflicts with family values), cultural challenges (like authoritarian cultural norms and disregard for care), and structural–organizational challenges (including centralization and the absence of institutional support). These interrelated challenges weaken the space for ethical decision-making and render the path toward responsible leadership a stressful, exhausting, and at times conservative process.

The current research seeks to investigate the impact of blockchain on auditing, identifying the possibility of occurrence and preventing fraud. In other words, the current research seeks to find an answer to the question of whether blockchain can affect auditing, identify the possibility of fraud, and prevent fraud by audit institutions or not For this purpose, the research method is applied based on the goal and descriptive-survey based on the method. The statistical population of the research includes all auditors who are members of the Certified Public Accountants Society of Iran, 436 of whom were selected as the sample size by Cochran sampling method. In this research, PLS tests were used to investigate the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. The results of the research indicate the positive and significant impact of blockchain on auditing, fraud detection, probability of occurrence and prevention of fraud. Since so far no research has been done to investigate the impact of blockchain on auditing, identifying the possibility of fraud and preventing fraud in Iran, therefore, the results of this research can provide useful information to everyone and help the development of science and knowledge in this field. Also, the current research will lead to a better clarification of the impact of blockchain on the auditing profession in Iran by examining the various aspects of identifying the possibility of fraud and distinguishing the effect of blockchain on auditing and then examining its effect on auditing institutions.

This paper aims to assess money laundering in the free-trade zones of Iran. In other words, this paper seeks to answer “whether the placement, layering, and unification can lead to money-laundering in free-trade zones of Iran or not”.

The study method is a practical objective and descriptive survey based on the method. The study's statistical population comprises all employees and experts of the customs office and Tax Affairs Administration of the free-trade zones, including 480 employees of the tax administration and 400 employees of the customs office using the Cochran Sampling method as the sample of the study. In this paper, the PLS tests are used to assess the effect of independent variables on the dependent ones.

the results of the study show that placement, layering, and unification in trade zones lead to money laundering in these areas. That means the results of hypothesis testing indicate a positive and significant relationship exists between placement, layering, and unification and money-laundering in the free-trade zones of Iran.

since this paper was carried out in Iran with peculiar political-economic conditions (severe economic sanctions and highly intensive inflation, and eight years of imposed war), it can provide helpful information for practitioners in this field and contribute to the development of money-laundering-related regulation in free-trade zones.

The main purpose of the research is the spatial analysis and Locating temporary accommodation site for crisis management after the earthquake in Salmas township. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in nature. Data collection in this research has been done in library and field. In this research, to evaluate the level of vulnerability from two indicators of the number of earthquakes and active faults and for optimal location from 4 main criteria (natural, accessibility, functional and population) have been used. Ordinal Priority Approach, Spline, Line Density, Weighted Sum and Arc GIS software were used for data analysis. By examining the map of active faults and earthquakes that occurred in the study area, it can be said that Salmas township has a high potential in terms of the occurrence of strong earthquakes. So this city has two active faults and according to the vulnerability results, about 32% of the land area of this Township is in the medium and high vulnerable cluster, which shows the importance of investigating the locating temporary accommodation. According to the results of locating for the construction of temporary accommodation, it has been identified in about 33% of the most suitable area of the central lands of Salmas township, which includes 829 square kilometers of the surface of this city. The central part of Salmas township, due to its proximity to military centers, health-treatment centers, and also due to geographical security, has the least vulnerability during an earthquake compared to other areas.

Spiritual health, as a foundational dimension of holistic human well-being, has been conceptualized within two primary paradigms: the Qur’anic and the secular. Faith-based approaches, rooted in revelatory and spiritual traditions, define spiritual health in connection with faith, rituals, and a relationship with a transcendent reality. In contrast, secular discourses, particularly within psychology and philosophy, explicate this concept through notions such as self-actualization, personal meaning-making, and psychological well-being. This study aims to elucidate the points of convergence and divergence between these two paradigms by conducting a comparative analysis of the concept of spiritual health. It specifically examines the framework provided by the teachings of the Holy Qur’an, as a prominent representative of the religious perspective, and non-religious (secular) approaches. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology based on a systematic review of literature, this research extracts, categorizes, and compares the key components of spiritual health in both frameworks. The analysis reveals that both perspectives emphasize the importance of concepts such as ethical living, the search for meaning, and healthy relationships. However, fundamental points of divergence are observable in the source of authority (revelation-based vs. human-centered), teleology (eschatological salvation vs. inner flourishing), and the mechanisms for attainment (faith and piety vs. self-awareness and mindfulness). Understanding these commonalities and distinctions not only contributes to enriching the theoretical literature on spiritual health but can also pave the way for developing integrative clinical and cultural interventions that are congruent with the belief systems of individuals in the contemporary

In recent decades, cancer has become the second leading cause of death worldwide, with its resistance to conventional treatments such as chemotherapy posing significant challenges. One of the key therapeutic targets in cancer treatment is the BCL-2(4LXD) protein, which plays a crucial role in inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cancer cell survival. Meanwhile, the coronavirus has emerged as a major global crisis in the 21st century. In this context, the design of Schiff base compounds, which can coordinate with transition metals and inhibit target proteins, has gained considerable importance in pharmaceutical and biotechnological research. In this study, a novel Schiff base ligand derived from 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-aminobenzyl alcohol, along with its Nickel(II) complex, was synthesized and characterized. Molecular docking analysis revealed that these compounds exhibit significant inhibitory potential against the coronavirus main protease (PDB ID: 6Y2F) and the cancer-related BCL-2 protein (PDB ID: 4LXD). The negative binding energies indicate favorable and stable interactions between the compounds and the target proteins. To evaluate the binding potential of the synthesized Schiff base compounds, their total energy values were compared with those of two reference drugs: Crizotinib (an anticancer agent) and Chloroquine (an antiviral agent). These results suggest that both the free ligand and its Nickel(II) complex may serve as promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of cancer and COVID-19.

Studies examining scientific output provide valuable insights into the development and growth of research activities. The primary objective of this article is to evaluate graduate theses in the field of the history of medicine in Iran from 2001 to 2021, with a particular focus on research trends, the contributions of universities and academic institutions, and patterns of scholarly activity.

This research is of an applied type and was conducted using the quantitative content analysis method. The statistical population of the research consisted of 558 theses published in universities and scientific centers of the country. Data were collected using a structured content analysis checklist and subsequently analyzed employing descriptive statistical methods.

The research findings indicate that Tehran University produced the highest number of theses with 66, followed by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with 49, and Payame Noor University with 36. The highest number of theses were written in 2017 (9.67%), and the lowest number was in 2003. Moreover, the history, professional doctorate, and Persian language and literature departments published the highest number of theses, with 160, 78, and 46, respectively.

The results of this research show that the history of medicine in Iran has experienced significant growth in the past two decades. This growth is evident in the increasing number of theses and the increased participation of universities and scientific centers.

Scientometrics is a branch of library studies that plays an important role in managing research resources, improving productivity, and improving the quality of research. With the aim of measuring and analyzing scientific research activities, this science provides the possibility of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of scientific productions, identification of research trends, determination of research priorities, and evaluation of the effectiveness of scientific policies. This study has been carried out with the aim of investigating and evaluating the scientific productions of the Islamic history of medicine from 1972 to 2020. This study is applied research conducted using quantitative content analysis. The statistical population of the study consists of 807 book titles indexed in the National Library and Archives of Iran in the subject area of medical history from 1972 to 2020. The research findings indicate that 807 books were authored by 1512 authors. Gender distribution shows 23.8% female and 76.2% male authors. Nationality-wise, 86.24% were Iranian and 13.76% were foreign. Yusuf Beig Babapoor, Mohammad Mahdi Isfahani, and Farid Ghasmelou were the most prolific Iranian authors, while Hakim Mohammad Said, Max Meyerhof, Ahmed Issa Bek, and Roy Porter were the most active foreign authors. Mohammad Ibrahim Zakir, Ali Akbar Velayati, and Ehsan Moghaddas were the most active translators, contributing to 31, 23, and 12 translated books, respectively. Ehsan Moghaddas and Mohammad Mahdi Isfahani were the most prolific editors, with 42 and 41 edited books, respectively. The Institute for the Study of the History of Medicine, Islamic Medicine, and Complementary Medicine (149 books, 18.46%) and Choogan Publications (66 books, 17.8%) led domestic publishers. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Brill, and Parthenon were the most prolific foreign publishers. The most researched topic was the correction of ancient and old medical texts, accounting for 33.45% (270 books). Tehran, with 489 titles (approximately 61%), Qom with 25 titles (3.09%), and Tabriz with 17 titles (2.10%), were the most productive cities. Among foreign cities, New York, London, Damascus, Frankfurt, and Paris had the highest share of publications. Persian with 472 titles (58.48%), Arabic with 217 titles (26.88%), and English with 58 titles (7.18%) were the most used languages in the compilation of books. Persian and Arabic were used in more than 85% of the books. Based on the content analysis of scientific publications in the Medical History of the Islamic Period, this research field has a significant history in Iran, primarily focusing on the correction of ancient medical texts. To enhance the global impact of these studies, expanding publications in international languages and exploring novel topics, such as the history of women's medicine and traditional medicine, is essential.

The main goal of this research is to extract the most important factors affecting the quality of financial reporting by accountants and auditors in Iran by using the expert consensus approaches proposed by Lawshe , Waltz and Bussell, and then to determine the most important factors using DEMATEL's approach. First, the completion of open questionnaires by 14 experts and then ensuring its content validity with the approaches of Lawshe Waltz and Bussell, were considered. In the following, with the participation of 10 experts and using DEMATEL's approach, the cause and effect relationship between the factors has been identified. According to this study, the most important variables affecting the quality of reporting are: disclosure of information, management ability, corporate governance, audit committee, audit quality, information asymmetry, internal control system, rules and requirements of the stock exchange and conflict of interest. The three variables of management ability, corporate governance and audit quality have a significant role and importance in the quality of financial reporting. Analyzing the network of identified connections between these variables, it is possible to identify the most important variables more precisely and to set strategies and policies related to improving the quality of financial reporting based on them.

The aim of this research is to sociologically explain the bottlenecks and challenges affecting the economic development of small and medium-sized enterprises with a data-based approach. The research method is applicable developmental in terms of purpose, descriptive exploratory in terms of strategy, and qualitative in terms of implementation method, with a grounded theory approach. The statistical population of the research includes 14 experts and academic scholars in the economic-sociological field. The sample size was selected using the snowball sampling method. A semi-structured interview was used to collect information. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data. The validity of the interview questions was confirmed by the content method; and its reliability by implementing the test-retest method (0.897). Based on data-based theorizing; causal conditions (including interactional/identity conditions and generational gap conditions), the central category (the process of lack of economic development and growth), the context makers (including weak cultural capital and lack of competitiveness), contextual factors (including lack of development thinking and low investment rates), strategies (including lack of purpose-centeredness and lack of value-centeredness), and consequences (including continued underdevelopment and business collapse) were explained in the paradigmatic model, and finally the relationships between them were identified in the selected model.

God Almighty has given each organ of the body a temperament that is best for performing its duties. Understanding the temperament of the uterus is crucial in Iranian medicine for preventing diseases, diagnosing, and treating uterine disorders. Many uterine disorders, including infertility, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and hypermenorrhea, are related to uterine dysfunctions, and the correct treatment of these disorders depends on diagnosing the temperament of the uterus. The present study aimed to understand the symptoms of uterine dysfunctions and the disorders caused by them in the context of Avicenna's view.

The present work is a review conducted using a library research method. The keywords uterine dysfunction, menstruation, Avicenna, etc., were searched in reputable scientific databases, Noor software, and Al-Qunun fi l-tibb book. Finally, the data was collected and analyzed.

When the uterus has a predominance of one of the phlegms and deviates from its original temperament, its function is affected, and various uterine dysfunctions are developed. The uterus is one of the important organs of the body, and its dysfunctions can be the foundation of various uterine diseases and, consequently, other diseases in the entire body. Various dietary measures, drug treatments, and medicinal practices are part of the treatments for these dysfunctions.

Any dysfunction developed in the uterus can cause disorders in menstruation, fertility, and miscarriage, and have a significant impact on women's quality of life. The measures suggested by Iranian medicine men, including Abu Ali Sina, can be effective in the rapid and inexpensive diagnosis and treatment of many of these disorders.

Learning disabilities are diagnosed when an individual has specific deficiencies in the ability to understand or process information appropriately and correctly. One of the learning disabilities is writing disorder. The ability to correctly write sequences of letters, or in other words, the correct spelling of words in a language, is one of the important aspects of written language, particularly significant in the early stages of learning the writing system of a language (Vary & Modul, 1995).The causes of learning disabilities include biological disorders, perceptual-motor disorders, visual and auditory processing disorders, and memory and attention disorders, which primarily occur during the preschool period (Feola, Marino, Masulo Trabocco & Marcella, 2015). Developmental disabilities are precursors to future academic learning disabilities. Preschool children who are developmentally normal easily acquire pre-academic skills before they officially enter school, but any developmental deviation may be a precursor to learning disabilities. Children with learning disabilities are disorganized in their movements and have difficulties with fine motor skills and motor control (Giri, 2010). Researchers indicate that there is a positive correlation between perceptual-motor development and academic performance in children, and students who perform better in perceptual-motor and cognitive development show better academic progress (Norbash, 2006).The main objectives in writing skills focus on the ability to write the letters of the alphabet, correctly combine letters, form words, and construct sentences. For spelling, the student must have the ability to remember the shapes of the learned letters and write them together, first forming words and then sentences. Therefore, we try to perform subtle movements with the fingers during the teaching of each lesson (Dardashti, 2017). Essentially, writing is a complex mental activity that is far more advanced than reading. The language skill of "spelling" refers to the accurate transfer of phonetic symbols to written letters. Due to incomplete writing and incorrect spelling, it is not possible to convey complete and precise meaning to the reader. It seems that if this error did not exist.The main objectives in writing skills focus on the ability to write the alphabet, correctly combine letters, form words, and construct sentences. For spelling, students must have the ability to remember the shapes of the learned letters and write them together, first writing words and then sentences.The different sensory perceptions of individuals with specific learning disabilities lead to a decrease in attention when faced with stimuli such as letters. The logical conclusion is that these individuals need assistance in three areas: improving sensory perceptions, increasing attention during the interval between reading and spelling, and finally practicing reading and spelling.Various therapeutic methods, including the Montessori method and the Fernald multisensory approach, are used to improve visual memory and auditory sensitivity. The Fernald method is based on the Gestalt psychology principle that the whole is different from the sum of its parts, and the visual area of the brain does not respond to discrete visual input elements (Schultz & Schultz, 2011). Words are represented in the brain as a unified whole rather than as discrete components. The Montessori method is an educational approach that provides opportunities for self-directed learning, individual study freedom, cognitive development, and adaptation to the social environment's needs for children, utilizing educational tools to develop their self-sufficiency skills (Darleiman et al., 2019).The sensory integration therapeutic model engages the child's senses through playful tasks, creating a practice-like aspect in sensory coordination, ultimately leading to improved coordination and accuracy of sensory performance. Since focused attention plays a crucial role in maintaining integrity and enhancing performance in learning, it seems that it could be effective in writing disorders. Given the aforementioned points, the present research aims to answer the question of whether the Montessori method and the Fernald multisensory approach have an impact on visual memory and auditory sensitivity in specific learning disabilities (writing).This study was conducted in a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test format, involving two experimental groups and one control group among 60 first-grade students in Tabriz with specific learning disabilities, specifically dysgraphia, who were selected through convenience sampling. The selected students had normal intelligence and healthy vision and hearing based on standardized assessments, and they were only two standard deviations below the class average in spelling scores. The tests used in this research included the following.1- Weschler Memory Test: The Weschler Clinical Memory Test was used to measure memory. This test was employed to assess the auditory and visual sensitivity of children in their ability to store and recall previously heard and seen words or objects, as well as short-term memory.2- Montessori Method During 10 sessions, various exercises were provided to the participants to enhance different senses and perceptions, such as sorting pictures to strengthen visual memory and working with nuts and bolts using a wrench to enhance tactile memory. Ultimately, feedback was gathered from the children to summarize the educational content.3- Fernald Method In the first session, the multi-sensory Fernald method for learning spelling was explained, and words were written in a raised format on educational cards so that the shape of the word could be felt. In the following 7 sessions, the children's senses were utilized to recall the correct spelling of words, including visual, tactile, and auditory senses.The results of the above study indicate that visual memory and auditory sensitivity increased more significantly in the Montessori and Fernald methods compared to the control group, and this difference is statistically significant (p < 0.01). It can be said that the Montessori method has an impact on visual memory and auditory sensitivity in first-grade students with dysgraphia in Tabriz. In explaining the relevant findings, it can be noted that in the Montessori method, the teacher works individually with the children. Individualized educational programs have a positive effect on children's cognitive development (Kaili, 2018).The multi-sensory Fernald method also affects visual memory and auditory sensitivity in first-grade students with dysgraphia in Tabriz. The most important technique in this method is the tracing approach, where during the educational program, students learn the entire word as a simple unit and strengthen their memory by tracing it. Therefore, it can be said that the multi-sensory Fernald method is effective in characteristics such as reading errors due to omission, addition, and correction of words, difficulty in recognizing the shape and size of letters, poor spelling, and inability to remember names.

Health and spirituality have always been regarded as two fundamental dimensions of human existence, attracting significant attention and research. Physical health, as the primary level of health, has long been a focus of human concern, with extensive efforts made to combat diseases and physical injuries. On the other hand, spirituality, as a deeper dimension of human existence, has manifested through religious and philosophical traditions, playing a pivotal role in the spiritual and psychological development of individuals. Among various religions, Islam, as a comprehensive faith, offers a unique approach to spirituality, presenting it through mystical, ethical, and philosophical frameworks. These three intellectual currents, rooted in the history of Islam, converge on a common feature termed "spirituality," all asserting that through their teachings, humans can transcend the superficial to reach the profound, attaining a deeper understanding of monotheism (Tawhid) and the essence of existence. Religious beliefs and practices, rituals, ethics, and spiritual experiences, particularly prayer and supplication, play a significant role in inducing states of spiritual ecstasy and tranquility in individuals. Within this context, spiritual health, as the fourth dimension of human health, is the primary focus of this study. Spiritual health, defined here as wholesome and desirable spirituality, constitutes the central theme of this article. The aim of this research is to explore the nature and essence of spiritual health based on Quranic and traditional (Hadith) foundations. To achieve this, qualitative content analysis methods have been employed, including the examination of textual sources, lexicography,

The aim of the present study was to explain the pattern of application of the theory of constraints in Iranian commercial banks. The present study was conducted with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative). Also, in terms of data certainty, it is an exploratory research and in terms of purpose, it is in the field of applied research. In the qualitative part, the multifaceted grounded theory approach was used to explain the pattern of application of the theory of constraints in Iranian commercial banks. In this combined method, in addition to paying attention to the research background and theoretical foundations, theoretical data is collected and empirical data is collected through interviews with experts. The above combined method enriches the research and its results. With the purposeful snowball sampling method and until theoretical saturation is reached, 8 university professors, managers and bank accountants were interviewed and data were collected. In the quantitative part, the model was validated by distributing a questionnaire to 34 experts. According to the experts, four dimensions of banking performance, banking operations management, resource management, and loan management, fourteen components, and sixteen indicators were identified. This study shows that using theoretical and empirical data and adapting them to valid theoretical frameworks can provide valuable insights for operational and strategic decision-making in the banking industry. Given the increasing importance of data and advanced analytics, banks can benefit from this approach to stay at the forefront of innovation and provide better services to their customers

Scientific journals play a crucial role in the dissemination of scientific and technical information. Given the key role of the Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine as a specialized publication in the field of history of medicine in Iran, and the lack of a comprehensive study analyzing its content, this research aims to examine articles in the field of history of medicine in this journal.

This research was conducted based on survey method and content analysis (quantitative approach). The statistical population of this study includes all indexed articles in the Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine in the field of the history of medicine between 2008 and 2022.

The research findings indicate that out of 751 published articles, 134 were related to the history of medicine, authored by 307 writers. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan University, and Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were the most productive academic centers. In terms of article type, review articles (61.94%), research articles (29.85%), and viewpoints (4.47%) had the highest representation, respectively. The most frequently recurring keywords were 'medical ethics, medicine, traditional medicine, Islam, and history of medicine'. A review of the thematic orientation of the articles showed that the largest number of articles were related to the topics of "medical ethics", "medicine in religions", and "biographies of doctors and scientists".

Considering the aim of the present study, the results showed that this journal plays a significant role in the publication and promotion of research in this field. However, in order to improve the quality of medical history research, more attention should be paid to thematic diversity and the strengthening of international collaborations.

Today, identifying the factors affecting the resilience of companies is particularly important in terms of comparing an economic enterprise with other economic enterprises and in terms of the competitiveness of an economic enterprise. This research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of business strategy on the relationship between environmental, social and corporate governance stressors with the company's resilience. The statistical population of the current research is all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2012 and 2014. In order to test the hypotheses of the research, the combined data model was used. The software used for data analysis is Stata version 14. The results of the research hypotheses test show that the stress-causing factors around the company have a negative effect on corporate resilience. In addition, the research results show that business strategy has a positive effect on the relationship between the stress-causing factors around the company and corporate resilience. Today, identifying the factors affecting the resilience of companies is particularly important in terms of comparing an economic enterprise with other economic enterprises and in terms of the competitiveness of an economic enterprise. This research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of business strategy on the relationship between environmental, social and corporate governance stressors with the company's resilience. The statistical population of the current research is all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2012 and 2014.

Evaluating and analyzing scientific productions play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of research and effectively managing research resources. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the content of theses in the field of the history of medical sciences in Iranian universities from 2013 to 2022. This applied study was conducted using the quantitative content analysis method. The findings revealed that the highest number of theses were completed in 2022 (19.2%), with topics related to traditional medicine and traditional pharmacy being the most prevalent. Descriptive and descriptive-analytical studies were the most common research methods. Moreover, the most frequent keywords included “Medical History”, “Traditional Medicine”, and “Iranian Medicine” and their Persian equivalents. Regarding historical periods, the Islamic period (from the emergence of Islam to the early Safavid era) accounted for the highest number of theses, while the contemporary period had the lowest. The results indicated a research focus on traditional medicine and the Islamic period, highlighting the need for further exploration of other historical periods and the use of qualitative methods to deepen understanding of historical complexities.

This article explores the status of the organizational image of the University of Kurdistan from the perspective of stakeholders, and its relationship with the variables of identity, reputation, and organizational commitment. Various factors, such as employee behavior, services, and the organization's name, contribute to shaping organizational identity and creating a general image of the institution in people's minds. The research is descriptive and correlational, with a statistical population of 400 faculty members and 500 employees from Kurdistan University. A total of 289 individuals were selected as the sample. The data collection instruments included four questionnaires with appropriate validity and reliability. The results from the structural equation model indicate that the university's image has a direct and significant effect on reputation (β = 0.623), organizational commitment (β = 0.411), and a sense of identity (β = 0.220). Moreover, the effect of reputation on organizational commitment and sense of identity is also significant. The indirect role of reputation in the relationship between organizational image and sense of identity, as well as between organizational image and organizational commitment, has been confirmed. The findings highlight the importance of evaluating and cultivating organizational image within universities, emphasizing that the variables of reputation and perceived organizational identity can serve as mediators to enhance the organizational commitment of employees and faculty members, even in the presence of an unfavorable organizational image.The indirect role of organizational reputation in the relationship between university organizational image and sense of identity, the indirect role of organizational reputation in the relationship between university organizational image and organizational commitment, and the indirect role of organizational commitment in the relationship between university reputation and sense of identity were confirmed. The research highlights the necessity of evaluating the consequences and creating organizational image in universities.

The objective of this study is to examine the moderating role of underlying factors of lack of growth and development in the relationship between interactional/identity conditions, generational gap, and the consequences of business collapse in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).This applied and descriptive–survey research was conducted based on a deductive approach within the positivist paradigm. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire administered to 144 managers and experts of SMEs in Arak with more than 42 months of activity. Content validity was assessed using the Lawshe index and reliability with Cronbach’s alpha. Structural equation modeling was performed using Smart PLS software to analyze the hypotheses. The results demonstrated that interactional/identity conditions and generational gap significantly influenced cultural capital weakness and lack of competitiveness. Furthermore, these two deficiencies had positive effects on strategies of lack of growth and development, which in turn increased the persistence of underdevelopment and the likelihood of business collapse. Out of 15 tested hypotheses, 12 were supported, while the moderating role of contextual factors was not significant in some pathways. The findings highlight that contextual factors of lack of growth and development amplify the impact of interactional/identity conditions and generational gap on business collapse outcomes. Thus, strengthening cultural capital, fostering competitiveness, and reducing generational conflicts in SMEs are essential to mitigate the adverse consequences of underdevelopment and prevent business collapse.

This study examines the difference between the expectations and perception key stakeholders of the internal audit process of the role and responsibility that the internal audit activity should play in the processes of control, risk management and governance. In this research, firstly, by using various scientific and professional sources, the responsibility of internal audit was determined in the form of three main areas of internal controls (65 types of responsibilities), risk management area (46 types of responsibilities) and corporate governance area (36 types of responsibilities) and through The questionnaire was asked by different groups to collect data. The studied population includes members of the audit committee, senior managers and managers of the internal audit unit of stock companies, and the sample members were selected randomly during the year 2023. Also, research hypotheses have been analyzed by comparing the averages in two actual and expected levels of performance by Stata 15 software. The results show that Iranian internal auditors (managers) are fully aware of what they should do. In addition, the findings of comparing the average of each group with the internal audit base group indicate that senior managers and the audit committee have high expectations and are largely unaware of the purpose and responsibilities of the internal audit activity. In addition, the results of applying Porter's model (1993) show that the performance expectation gap is greater than the reasonable expectation gap. Also, the ineffective performance gap plays a more important role in the performance gap than the ineffective standard gap. The current literature understanding of the expectation gap is very limited and focuses exclusively on financial auditing. By measuring the gap of expectations between internal auditors and its main clients, this study expands the phenomenon of gap of expectations beyond the field of financial auditors.