مهدی قاسمی

The incidence of breast cancer has been increasing steadily over the years due to changes in lifestyle and environment. Currently, breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality among women, making it a critical concern for global public health. Therefore, the development of an automated breast cancer detection system is of great importance in the medical community. This article discusses the general concepts of breast cancer, data mining, and machine learning, and also introduces useful machine learning techniques that can be useful for breast cancer classification and prediction. In the main part of the article, the evaluation and comparison of these techniques were reviewed and performed based on appropriate criteria of accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and F1 score. The results of the evaluation of these classifiers in research whose experiments were conducted on standard datasets showed that among the introduced techniques, support vector machine, random forest, and decision tree, respectively, have stronger prediction than the other classifiers.

Blockchain is based on a decentralized, immutable database that makes it easier to record assets and track transactions across a corporate network. An asset may be tangible or intangible. On a blockchain network, almost anything of value may be stored and exchanged, which reduces risk and improves efficiency for all users. In general, a blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions that are being recorded. It is decentralized and not controlled by any one person, group, or company. As a structured technology, it is very difficult to change the blockchain without the approval of the people who use it. Blockchain stores data as a decentralized ledger. Participants in the network can read, write, and verify transactions. Transactions cannot be changed or deleted. Digital signatures, hash functions, and other cryptographic functions are used to support and secure the blockchain system. Blockchain technology has two main types of tokens, including fungible tokens, where all tokens have equal value, and non-fungible tokens, which have unique characteristics and are not fungible. In essence, non-fungible tokens are digital assets with a unique identifier that are stored on a blockchain. This review article examines the basic concepts of blockchain, the challenges of using it, and the classification of blockchain tokens.

Cloud computing, as a key and frontier area of ​​current domestic and international computer technology, is a computing paradigm that can provide dynamic and scalable virtual resources to on-demand users through Internet service, and also further develop distributed computing, parallel computing, and network computing. Since one of the best features of cloud computing is security, and data is stored in storage devices that cannot be hacked or used by anyone else, and it has a fast and reliable storage service, of course, provided that all security measures are properly provided for this technology from the beginning. In fact, security in this environment is very critical. In addition, due to the unclear level of transparency of cloud security by many cloud service providers, security is a significant concern for organizations. Organizations that are thinking about transferring their IT services to the cloud are not sure about several areas in the cloud, and some of these areas are not expected to be cleared by the provider. In this article, we will discuss cloud computing security, cloud security issues/requirements, cloud computing security challenges, types of cloud computing security, cloud computing security standards, and types of networks and attacks in cloud computing security.

The percentage and rate of seed germination are critical factors leading to high yield in agriculture, but it has a diminishing effect on environmental stress. Seed pretreatment is one of the ways to increase the strength and velocity of seed germination to deal with salt stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of seed pretreatment by peppermint (0.5, 1, and 2%) and seaweed extract (0.5, 1, and 2%) with control on the growth and biochemical traits of Thymus daenensis seedling under salinity stress (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) conditions. This experiment was conducted as a factorial as a completely randomized design in four replications at the seedling growth stage. The results showed that seed pretreatment with peppermint and seaweed extract increased the percentage, velocity, and time of germination as well as the number of germinated seeds, in the absence of salinity stress. In seedling growth characteristics, although they were better in the absence of salinity stress, the pretreatment of the seeds significantly reduced the effects of salinity stress compared to the control conditions. The highest amount of chlorophyll in this condition was obtained in seeds treated with 2% seaweed extract. The highest activity of catalase enzyme and polyphenol oxidase enzyme was obtained in 100 and 150 mM salinity stress conditions and seeds treated with 1 and 2% seaweed extract, respectively. Salinity stress had caused a decrease in growth parameters, but seaweed extract pretreatment had improved the conditions.

Plants are one of the important sources of fatty acids. Types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are widely used in food industry, health, plant ecophysiology and chemotaxonomy. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the oil content, fatty acid profile and chemotaxonomic relationships of some plant species of the Apiaceae family in Iran. Oil extraction was done by soxhlet method and compounds were separated by gas chromatography (GC) after derivatization in the form of methyl ester. Species cluster analysis was done with distance algorithm between two data and Euclidean similarity matrix using PAST 3.17 software. Based on the results, the average oil yield of plant species was estimated between 5.1% and 26.18% and there was a high positive correlation between the altitude of the habitats and the oil yield. Petroselinic acid (C18:1(n-6)) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3(n-3)) were the main compositions of fatty acids of all species. Oleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid were detected only in Ferula and Pimpinella species, respectively. The percentage of total omega-3 fatty acids varied from 10.42 to 17.99 among species. Smyrnium cordifolium, Ferulago angulata, Tetrataenium lasiopetalum and Conium maculatum were rich in petroselinic acid (60-78%). Chemical dendrogram based on 18 fatty acids with high similarity coefficient distinguished Ferula species in one group and Conium in a separate group similar to botanical classification. The results show that the fatty acid composition of the seeds of some genera of the Apiaceae family, together with the morphological and molecular characteristics, can be used as a tool to solve the taxonomic complexities between the tribes and genera of the Apiaceae family. to be used in the flora of Iran.

Access to safe drinking water sources is a very important and vital issue that every year 1.1 billion people in the world do not have access to safe drinking water sources. Water softeners play a significant role in providing the water needed by communities, and due to the increase in water consumption and the decrease in natural fresh water resources, this role becomes more prominent day by day. The purpose of this study is to investigate the drinking water quality of Gonabad water desalination devices in 2019 and to compare the quality of its output water with national and WHO drinking water standards.

This study was performed by sampling inlet and outlet water of desalination plants working process in Gonabad during 3 times in 2020. Total hardness, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, pH, fluoride, nitrate, chloride, sulfate, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and microbiological parameter HPC were investigated. Data analysis was performed by Excel version 2016.

Chloride, total hardness, TDS was less than optimal and fluorine was lower than Iranian or WHO guidelines in both centers. And the concentration of other chemical and physical parameters studied was within acceptable limits. In desalinated water, most of the studied quality parameters were reduced by about 65.50, 53.43 and 68.90% compared to the incoming water in the three centers, and the output values were within the standard range.

Desalination plants have a high efficiency in providing safe drinking water based on qualitative standards.

This research was conducted to investigate the energy balance and global warming potential of almond production through by traditional and mechanized cultivation in Lenjan county, Isfahan province. Information related to the consumption of inputs and outputs was collected using 175 and 177 questionnaires in traditional and mechanized cultivation, respectively. Equivalent energy of inputs and outputs, as well as global warming potential, were calculated using coefficients of equivalent inputs. The results showed that the total energy consumption in traditional and mechanized cultivation is 14108.53 and 13767.39 MJ ha -1, energy efficiency is 0.19 and 0.24, and energy efficiency is 0.10 and 0.12 kg/MJ, respectively. Statistically, a significant difference was observed between the energy intensity index and energy consumption in both methods (P≤ 0.05). However no significant difference was observed between the energy intensity index in these two methods. Based on the economic analysis, the profit-to-cost ratio in traditional and mechanized cultivation was 3.27 and 4.2, respectively. The global warming potential from traditional and mechanized cultivation was 533.23 and 672.3 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide per hectare. The highest levels of environmental pollution in traditional and mechanized farming were associated with diesel fuel, accounting for 64.46% and 83.83%, respectively.

Bone micromilling is widely used in orthopedic, spine, skull, knee joint replacement, and orthopedic surgeries to cut bone and make holes in tissue. The application of tools with a smaller diameter in the bone micromilling compared to conventional milling causes a significant reduction in force and also the length of the treatment period. In this article, in the form of an experimental study, an intelligent model for predicting bone micromilling force has been obtained based on the fuzzy inference system. For this purpose, first, an experiment design method has been used to extract a group of practical experiments. Then, based on the obtained results and approximation capability of fuzzy systems, an accurate model for predicting the cutting force has been established founded on the input values of tool rotation speed, feed rate, tool diameter, cutting depth and cutting direction. By examining the obtained results, it can be seen that the fuzzy model has been able to accurately approximate the resulting force of the bone micromilling process based on the considered inputs; The mean absolute percentage error and coefficient of determination for the data of the test section were calculated as 11.22% and 0.93%, respectively. Using the data of this research, surgeons with full knowledge can set the best values of the input variables of the micromilling process without worrying about causing damage and cracks in the bone tissue with the maximum possible operating speed.

One of the most important issues related to the agricultural sector is the lake of farmer’s capital which has always been one of the factors limiting the growth of this sector. The proper management of credits can play an important role in the growth of the agricultural sector and contribute to national development. This study has been conducted to investigate the role of facilities and credits of Bank Keshavarzi (agriculture bank) on agronomy development in Kangavar Township. The study population consisted of all villagers that used facilities and credits of Bank Keshavarzi (in years 2011-2017; N=1000) which by using multi-stage sampling 213 of them were selected. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaire had been confirmed by a panel of experts and key informants before the pre-test stage. The reliability of the instrument was assessed by conducting a pilot study among 30 samples out of the original sample. The reliability of instrument for the all sections based on Cronbach's alpha coefficients value (0.65- 0.87) shows an acceptable level of internal consistency. The SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between annual income and annual agricultural income with agronomy sector development and there was a positive and significant correlation between facilities and credits of |Bank Keshavarzi with agronomy sector development. However, the results of the correlation analysis showed that there wasn’t a significant correlation between facilities and credits of Bank  Keshavarzi with livestock and horticulture development.

Cyber attacks have been increasing rapidly over the years, sometimes resulting in large financial losses for businesses, recoveries, regulatory sanctions, as well as collateral damage, such as reputation and trust. In this regard, the maritime sector, which until now was considered safe due to the lack of internet connectivity and the isolated nature of ships at sea, is witnessing a 900% increase in cyber security breaches in operational technology as we enter the digital age. Although some research is being done in this area, maritime cyber security has not been explored in depth. Hence, this research scrutinizes the cyber security landscape in the maritime sector with the aim of highlighting security problems and challenges. Then, it describes and analyzes possible mitigation measures that can be used in advance to prevent such attacks. Finally, several challenges and open problems for future research are discussed.

The research aims to investigate and analyze the challenges of cyber security in the marine and commercial ships in a descriptive-analytical way.

IT and OT systems in modern ships should be prepared with more advanced security measures due to their high vulnerability to cyber threats. In this article, we discuss some possible countermeasures that could reduce potential cyberattacks and make the transportation industry a tough target, such as implementing a new security standard that would reduce the number and scope of cyberattacks. put. However, many security challenges remain unsolved, especially with the increasing use of autonomous and semi-autonomous vessels.

Formaldehyde is one of the chemical compounds found in the indoor air of beauty salons, which the workers and even the salon's customers are exposed to. Since formaldehyde is known as a human carcinogen according to the report of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, therefore, this research was conducted to estimate the human health risk of formaldehyde in the indoor air of women's beauty salons in Gonabad city.

In this analytical cross-sectional study, ten women's beauty salons were selected, and sampling was done under NIOSH standard 3500 at the same time as the providing services. The samples were transferred to the intended laboratory for analysis and statistical analysis, and a health risk assessment of formaldehyde was done using the data. Also, the information recorded in the checklist was used to determine the environmental parameters affecting formaldehyde concentration.

The statistical analysis of the samples showed that the concentration of formaldehyde in the indoor air of beauty salons was within the standard limit. Among the different sections of beauty salons, the highest amount of formaldehyde is released from cosmetics. The non-carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde in all beauty salons was less than one, which is in the acceptable range. According to the U.S. EPA standard, the carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde was within the scope of probable carcinogenic risk.

Due to the high concentration of formaldehyde in the parts where cosmetics are used and the probable risk of carcinogenicity, it is necessary to investigate and monitor the content of formaldehyde in cosmetic and health products. Also, serious monitoring and control of air ventilation can effectively improve the indoor air quality of beauty salons.

Arbitration is one of the most important dispute resolution methods that has become increasingly important. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to examine the economic reasons for the effectiveness of arbitration in Iran's legal system and the challenges facing it.

This paper is descriptive and analytical and library method was used to collect data.

Ethical considerations:

 In this paper, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.

The findings indicate that reducing litigation costs and the role of arbitration in resolving commercial disputes is the most important reason for the efficiency of arbitration in Iran's legal system. But the effectiveness of arbitration in Iranian law faces challenges. The legal structure of the arbitration institution in Iran faces a lot of ambiguities and gaps due to the dual structure of the laws, and this has caused inadequacies and challenges regarding the arbitration institution, and as a result, it has reduced the public desire to refer a dispute to arbitration. One of the most important legal weaknesses in arbitration is the lack of clear determination of independence and impartiality in the case of a special arbitrator, conflict in jurisdiction and arbitration, as well as legal gaps in the expert opinion issued by the arbitrator and legal ambiguity regarding the issuance of a temporary order and fulfillment of demand.

In the findings, gaps and legal weaknesses were mentioned and as a conclusion It is necessary to resolve the legal challenges and weaknesses, and most importantly, to change the public attitude towards arbitration and to improve the status of arbitration.

Today, bone machining is known as one of the most important steps in orthopedic surgery. With accurate and effective simulation of machining process can achieve faster patient recovery and high efficiency in surgery. Accordingly, estimating and controlling the production temperature in machining is necessary to prevent excessive heat generation and thermal damage to the bone. The study of the orthogonal cutting process is important because of the basis of other machining processes. Therefore, an experimental and numerical study was performed for orthogonal machining. An elastic-plastic model was used as the material model to predict cortical bone behavior in finite element simulation. The damage model was used for complete material failure, tool penetration and chip formation. The simulation was done for the first time with the damage model and its results were analyzed for the first time with the response surface method and sensitivity analysis using the Sobel method for each parameter separately and the interaction of the parameters. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results. According to the optimization, the minimum temperature is about 26ºC when the cutting depth is 0.1 mm, the cutting speed is about 192 mm/s and the rake angle is 12º. This study can be effective in further advancing the bone machining process and lead to progress in orthopedic surgery, optimization of machining parameters and tool design.

Security is the bedrock of the growth of any society and people have always used all their material and spiritual tools and facilities throughout history to realize it and formed the government for this reason. One of the disturbing factors of security in Economic dimensions, smuggling of goods into the country without any rules. From the political point of view, goods smuggling is considered a negative point in countries; From the social aspect, smuggling of goods causes disruption of the social and income balance among the layers of the society and creates a rich and at the same time hated class in the society. From the economic point of view, the smuggling of goods also inflicts fatal blows on the economy of the society. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of smuggling of goods on the economic security of the country. 

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of research design and method, and the statistical population includes the collective employees of the military-mission units of the police command headquarters of Bushehr province, which is 120 people using Cochran's table. They were chosen as a sample and in a simple random way. The tool for collecting information was a questionnaire made by the researcher, and content validity was used to check the validity of the questionnaire, and the reliability of the tool was checked by Cronbach's alpha test and calculated as 0.92.

The results showed that goods smuggling has an impact on the dimensions of economic security in such a way that with the increase in goods smuggling, the level of public participation, political stability, health of the legal system, health of the administrative system, quick access of countries to essential and strategic goods of the country and the rate of economic growth The country is declining. On the other hand, with the increase in the smuggling of goods, the level of political violence in the country increases.

In this study, the effect of penetration and temperature changes on the performance specifications of bitumen was investigated experimentally. In this regard, it was ensured that the bitumens were obtained from a constant raw material and oxidation process at different times from the reactor. Experiments were carried out on bitumen with different penetration grades of 35, 40, 50, 55 and 60 (1⁄10 mm ). The effect of changes in the penetration grades and temperature were investigated on various quality parameters of bitumen, including bitumen specifications at high and medium temperatures, after initial and long-term aging, using rheological behavior tests by dynamic shear rheometer, thin film oven and pressurized aging vessel and the corresponding comparison diagrams were drawn. The results show that the rutting resistance or permanent deformation of bitumen in both binder and residual bitumen of thin film oven test was decreased with increasing temperature in a bitumen with a constant penetration grade and also increasing the penetration grade at a constant temperature. The Fatigue cracking index in the residual bitumen of the thin film oven and pressurized aging vessel, was decreased with increasing temperature in a bitumen with a constant penetration grade and also increasing the penetration grade at a constant temperature.

Psychological variables in women due to their closer proximity to the environment have a greater role in their cooperation with the environment. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the role of psychological variables on the rural women empowerment in environmental conservation. In order to accomplish the objectives of this study, data were collected from a sample of 384 rural women in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province in Iran. A questionnaire was used as the research instrument. Reliability and validity of the survey instrument were further evaluated. Face and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by panel of experts and key informant before the pre-test stage. The reliability of instrument was assessed by conducting a pilot study among 30 samples out of the original sample. The reliability of instrument for the all sections based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient value (more than .80) revealed acceptable level of internal consistency. Data analysis was performed by SPSS24 and AMOS22 software. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive significant relationship between psychological variables such as autonomy, self-esteem and self-efficacy with the dependent variable of environmental conservation. Also, based on the mediation structural model, it was found that rural women empowerment variable had a mediating role in the relationship between psychological variables and environmental conservation. Therefore, considering the impact of rural women's empowerment on environmental protection, it is suggested that courses and workshops be held to increase the empowerment of rural women by promoting psychological variables.

The use of the philosophical method and its effectiveness in theology has always been the subject of debate among Muslim and Christian theologians. Thomas Aquinas and Khājah Ṭūsī are contemporary theologians who, influenced by Avicenna’s philosophy, have found a similar doctrine and method by using proof in the explanation and theological defenses of religion, which can be called rational-narrative theology. This comparative research refers to their didactic methodology. Thomas Aquinas, believing in two knowledge systems based on revelation and reason, proposed two types of theology called revealed theology and natural theology. In his Summa Theologica, unlike the books of his predecessors, which only had a monastic and intra-textual aspect, in addition to referring to the Holy Texts and the works of the Church Fathers, he devoted himself to philosophical analysis in theological topics. Khājah Ṭūsī also discussed the integration of intellectual and narrative methods in his book Tajrīd al-I‘tiqād. This essay, while referring to the theological method of these two thinkers, with a descriptive-analytical view, shows the similarities and differences in the method of Thomas and Khājah. Adopting a moderate method is one of their common features. Aquinas is somewhere in between the Tertullian’s negligent opinion and that of the extremist Latin advocates of Averroes; and Khājah, by passing beyond such textualists as Shaykh Ṣadūq, is far away from the extreme harms of some Mu’tazila and exaggerated impressions of the like of Shaykhiyya sect. The result of the moderate method of both is the maximum use of rational arguments and passing through “sufficing texts” to “favoring texts”. The method of theology knowledge is basically not exclusive; but the author, through this comparison and paying attention to the criteria of method similarities, believes that the moderate method of the two of them is more efficient, useful and responsive than the textualist methods.

Oral and dental health is one of the most important health indicators in the society. Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and Community Periodontal) Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) are the most important indicators used in oral health evaluation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health status of 12-years-old students of Gonabad and Bejestan and its relationship with their drinking water and some related factors. This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on 760, 12 years old students of Gonabad and Bejestan in during the educational years of 2018- 2019. Demographic information, eating and drinking and health habits were collected by a questionnaire and oral health status was recorded in a checklist by a clinical examination. Fluoride and calcium parameters of drinking water were measured 2351 and 8652, according to the standard of Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research.Data were analyzed by SPSS softwareV.20. The mean DMFT index of students in Gonabad and Bejestan were 0.89±1/26 and 0.86±1/12.The mean drinking water fluoride of Gonabad and Bejestan were 0.39±0/298 mg/L and 0.21±0/042 mg/L. The mean calcium of drinking water in Gonabad and Bejestan were 12.86±9/42 mg/L and 10.26±1/07 mg/L. According to the statistical tests, there was a significant relationship between DMFT index and amount of drinking water per day, drinking water fluoride and dental floss usage (P-value <0/05(.There was also a significant relationship between CPITN with toothbrush (P-value <0/05). As drinking water fluoride and dental floss that among the day are associated DMFT index, drinking water fluoride should be kept within the standard range and oral health care techniques such as using toothbrush and dental floss must be taught to students.

The health of a bank helps to maintain the trust and confidence of the bank and also the interests of the beneficiaries. But balancing the interests of all stakeholders requires improving corporate governance in banks. Given the importance of the issue, this paper examines the effect of corporate governance on bankschr('39') regulatory rankings. For this purpose, the required criteria have been measured using the financial statements of the Iranianchr('39')s private banks in the period of 2006-2018 and the principles of the Basel Committee in the field of corporate governance. Then, the panel data method and Kaplan Meier were used to measure the effect of corporate governance on the regulatory rank.The results indicate good transparency and disclosure have positive and significant effect and board of directors has negative and significant effect on improving bankschr('39') regulatory rating. But good accountability has not effect on bankschr('39') regulatory rating. The degree of effectiveness of the board of directors is more important than other criteria of good transparency and disclosure, good accountability and transparency. Comparing with a good measure of accountability has a greater impact than others on improving bankschr('39') regulatory rating. Also, the more banks comply with corporate governance principles, the less time they will have to improve their regulatory rank. This is a shorter time for the board to be effective.

Project financing means financing the construction and operation of a project or refinancing a large industrial unit. One of the methods of financing is the issuance of securities. There are various types of securities that represent securities and are transferable, and each of these types is used in a special way in the financing process. Among the bonds that can be issued in the project financing process, we can mention bonds, stocks, securities backed by assets and sukuk. Today, due to the limitations of governments and banks in financing the project, the issuance of securities is recognized as an alternative method. The accumulation of micro- capital of individuals, the anonymity of buyers of securities, non-interference in project management, flexibility in financing terms and access to an endless source of liquidity are among the undeniable benefits of securities and the use of this tool in financing Has gradually expanded the project. The issuance of these bonds in the project financing process is different from the corporate financing and the method of risk allocation, repayment of principal and interest of the bonds, the responsibility of the publishers, the duties of the intermediary and the method of issuance are unique in some cases. Is.

Today, environmental degradation and the lack of awareness of the farmers about its issues is one of the major challenges in rural areas .Therefore, sustainable environmental behavior in these areas is very important to achieve national development goals. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the mediation role of intention in analysis of the factors influencing sustainable environmental behavior among farmers. The study population was consisted of farmers in Zanjan township that according to Cochran’s formula, 300 of them were selected by multistage sampling method. A questionnaire was used as research tools. Face and content validity of the questionnaire had been confirmed by panel of experts and key informant before the pre-test stage. The reliability of instrument was assessed by conducting a pilot study among 30 samples out of the original sample. The reliability of instrument for the all sections based on Cronbach's alpha coefficients value (in the range of 0.72 to 0.88) shows acceptable level of internal consistency. Data analysis was performed by SPSS24 and AMOS22 software. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive and significant effect between variables such as subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and environmental attitudes with the dependent variable of sustainable environmental behavior in agriculture. Also, based on the mediation structural model specified that intention variable had a mediation role on the relationship between independent variable with sustainable environmental behavior in agriculture and these variables explained 39% of variances of dependent variable.

Nosocomial infections are one of the most important problems in hospitals and medical centers which cause loss of economic resources increased length of stay in hospitals and mortality. Correct and appropriate use of antiseptic and disinfectants play an important role in reducing infections. In this study the efficacy of the Current Disinfectants on Bacteria Isolated from Different Wards of an Educational Hospital has been studied.

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 245 samples were taken from different wards of Allameh Behlul Hospital in Gonabad. Samples were taken before and after disinfection with disinfectants of Deconnex AF50, Peranacide M1, microzed GPH and Sarphosepte Quicks. Samples were cultured on special culture media and identified by biochemical tests and the number of colonies was determined. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon statistical test.

In the present study, microbial contamination of different sections showed that the most gram -positive bacteria were isolated included Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the most Gram -negative bacteria were isolated included, Escherichia coli. Mean before and after disinfection in deconox and microzed disinfection was significantly different in all parts (P <0.05). For peranaside disinfection in Internal and NICU sections, and in ICU and Maternity before and after There was no significant difference in disinfection (P> 0/05).

The results of this study showed that Deconex and Microzed were among the most effective disinfectants. Peranaside disinfectant in the maternity and NICU sections, and the Sarphosepte Quicks were also less effective in the Internal and ICU sections, but had good efficacy in other sections.

In most cases before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the respondents in accordance with the Rules of Court, raise a preliminary objection to the jurisdiction of the Court, the admissibility of the application or other objections. Upholding a preliminary objection in a particular field prevents the Court from exercising its jurisdiction in that field.“Non-existence of dispute” has been one of the most important grounds for preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice from the past to the present. Accordingly, the respondent claims that, essentially, there is no dispute between parties in the case at hand. This article examines definition, importance, nature, and requirements of “dispute”. Then the basics of the existence of dispute will be discussed, such as the subject-matter of the dispute (real dispute), its relevance with parties, its determination and objectivity, concurrence and awareness requirements, prohibition of increasing and changing the dispute, threshold of existence of dispute and the burden of proof, in the light of Articles (79), (79bis) and (79ter) of the Rules of Court, its Statute and judicial procedure.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Psychodrama and Group Therapy Based on Acceptance and Commitment on Students' Depression with Social Anxiety Disorder.

Among students referred to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences counselling center. 60 students were selected through purposeful sampling in this quasi-experimental study and randomly divided into three groups of Psychodrama (N=20), Group Therapy Based on Acceptance and Commitment (N=20) and control group (N=20). All participants were evaluated before and after the intervention and three months after the end of intervention. Beck Depression Inventory (1996) (BDI-II) were used for data collection. Data analyzed by SPSS-21 software using Mixed Variance analysis.

The results showed that both theatrical and group therapy approaches based on acceptance and commitment had a significant difference in reducing depression compared to the control group. (% 5) P

According to the research findings, it can be concluded that theater therapy and group therapy based on acceptance and commitment have a significant effect on depression in people with social anxiety disorder.

In recent years, continuous awareness has increased on the need to empower rural women to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the role of rural women empowerment in analysis of the social and economic factors and cultural obstacles influencing local communities’ development. The study population was consist of rural women in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province that according to Krejcie and Morgan sample determination table, 384 of them were selected by stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was used as research tools. Data analysis was performed by SPSS24 and AMOS22 software. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive significant relationship between variables such as social participation, social protection and economic factors with the dependent variable of local communities’ development and there is a negative significant relationship between cultural obstacles with the dependent variable of local communities’ development. Also, based on the mediation structural model specified that rural women’s empowerment variable had a mediation role on the relationship between social and economic factors and cultural obstacles with local communities’ development