مهدی محمودی

According to United Nations reports, the world population will increase from 7.2 billion people to 9.9 billion people during the years (2016-2050) with 38% growth. With population growth, amount of demand for food consumption (in order to eliminate malnutrition and demand caused by population growth) will increase by 150 to 170 percent by 2050. Today, one of the problems and threats facing the realization of food security in human societies is existence of an unusual amount of agricultural product waste.
Every year, about one third and approximately 1.3 billion tons of total food production consumed by humans with a monetary value of 936 billion dollars, it is lost or wasted, which means that 0.9 million hectares and 306 square kilometers of water required for the production of agricultural products are wasted every year. The presence of this amount of waste in Iran's agricultural products indicates a significant waste of resources in country, and management of the country's resources (especially water) according to Iran's climatic situation and forecasting and drawing the future. It is telling that (resources used in agricultural sector) will soon become an important challenge. Considering that in country, 93.5% of water resources are used in agriculture, other issues such as pollution of water reserves, transfer of agricultural water to other sectors and low efficiency of water consumption in agriculture, increasing demand for water, increasing periods drought, phenomenon of fine dust, human impact on natural resources, etc. affect the amount of agricultural production.
Subgroups of fruits and vegetables have the largest share in the consumption basket of households, but there are no specific statistics for recent years about share of consumption per capita of households (separated by products used) in Iran. It is important to note that the amount of waste generated by consumers varies between 1 kg per household per week and 4.5 kg per person per week, depending on consumer behavior. Given the significance of agricultural inputs, particularly water, in the production of these agricultural products and their substantial share in household consumption, this research focuses on the fruit and vegetable subgroups.
 
The case study of this research acknowledges that, in addition to consumers in Mashhad, there is heterogeneity among retail and wholesale shops, as well as the city's main market squares, each contributing to varying percentages of agricultural product waste. These differences can fluctuate based on urban areas, necessitating a model that accounts for the heterogeneity within the studied population. Therefore, the multilevel Bayesian model was selected as the most appropriate tool, as discussed in the following section on the modeling methodology.
 
Based on the results in Table (7), the gender variable, with a mean value of 0.8285 for its parameter distribution, falls within the estimated confidence interval. It is identified as one of the factors influencing the reduction of waste in fruit and vegetable products. Specifically, being a woman and having women manage household affairs (compared to men) leads to a reduction in waste. Regarding the education level of consumers, waste from fruit and vegetable products is significant only in the group with a diploma to bachelor's degree (compared to the group with education levels below a diploma). The negative sign of the average distribution of its parameter (-1.4599) indicates that this group produces more waste than those with lower education levels. The variable of household size also affects the amount of waste from fruit and vegetable products, with a mean parameter distribution of 0.3151. An increase in household size is associated with a reduction in waste. Additionally, the number of people working in the family (mean parameter distribution = 0.3733) also reduces waste, likely because a higher number of working family members can lead to increased income, allowing for the purchase of higher-quality products. The relative price parameter of agricultural products, with a mean parameter distribution of 0.1475, reduces the waste generated by consumers. As the relative price of agricultural products (e.g., fruits and vegetables) increases—when consumers compare the value of these products to other goods—they realize that consuming these products will result in less waste. Similarly, the parameter related to the distribution location of agricultural products, with a mean parameter distribution of 0.1744, also reduces the waste generated by consumers. This suggests that the more efficiently agricultural products are distributed, the less waste is produced. Suitable places for product distribution can give better access and power of choice to consumer, and based on this, consumer can avoid bulk purchases or worry about running out of products in nearby stores; He avoids and the amount of waste formed by him decreases. Product parameter (goods or services offered to customer) for agricultural products (parameter distribution mean = -0.1902) causes an increase in the waste formed in agricultural products by consumers. In other words, with increase in the supply of products (fruits and vegetables), consumers become more willing to buy and consume (like consuming a specific product during the supply season), and this causes increase in number of purchases to affect the amount of waste generated. Parameter of promoting agricultural products (parameter distribution mean = 0.0683) reduces the waste formed in agricultural products by consumers. With better introduction of product and advertisements related to the production process until its consumption; consumer understands the value of the product and tries to reduce its waste.
 
The research demonstrates that individual and marketing mix factors can effectively reduce waste. Beyond the importance of each link in the food supply chain, consumer-level interventions using the marketing mix (price, product, promotion, and location) can contribute to reducing agricultural product waste. Therefore, studying consumer behavior, considering individual and social characteristics and the influence of the marketing mix, represents a potentially low-cost solution for minimizing agricultural product waste.

This study aimed to present a model for cultivating children’s thinking based on Islamic epistemology within the Philosophy for Children program. The qualitative method and content analysis were utilized in the research. Data collection instruments included systematic literature reviews and semi-structured interviews. To determine the validity of the questionnaire, content and construct validity were assessed, while Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability were used to measure reliability. The results confirmed the instrument’s validity and reliability. Data analysis was conducted through thematic analysis using MAXQDA software, encompassing basic, organizing, and global themes. Findings showed that cultivating children’s thinking in P4C, grounded in Islamic epistemology, comprises 159 indicators, 32 components, and 7 dimensions including 1. Moral development of the child and understanding value-based issues, 2. Fostering rational, logical, and rational thinking, 3. Intuitive and philosophical perspectives, 4. Enhancing political and economic understanding 5. Advancing epistemological and ontological comprehension 6. Disciplining and educating the child, and 7. Understanding theology. The model also emphasizes creating an open environment for discussion and critique, encouraging questioning and deep thinking, presenting Islamic philosophical issues in simple language, promoting critical thinking and multifaceted understanding, and nurturing abstract thinking abilities.

The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the indicators, components, and dimensions of the epistemology of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) based on the Fundamental Transformation Document. The research method, in terms of its aim, was applied, and in terms of its execution method, was qualitative, descriptive, and thematic analysis. The statistical population consisted of experts and professors proficient in information technology and philosophy of education. Using a purposive sampling method and adhering to the principle of theoretical saturation, 12 individuals were selected for interviews and as the sample. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews. The method of data analysis involved thematic analysis using Maxqda-V18 software. The findings showed that the dimensions of the epistemology of MOOCs include the cultural dimension, technological dimension, philosophical dimension, social dimension, and economic dimension. The cultural dimension includes cultural education, cultural cohesion, training in cultural skills, and the promotion of human values. The technological dimension includes technological infrastructures, research, information technology, and the use of modern technologies. The philosophical dimension includes the philosophy of education, philosophy of learning, philosophy of upbringing, and philosophy of management. The social dimension includes social cooperation, cultural development, social responsibility, and social cohesion. The economic dimension includes financial skills, sustainable development, entrepreneurship, and resource management. These findings can contribute to more effective course design and the enhancement of online education quality, and particularly emphasize the necessity of addressing each of these dimensions in the teaching and learning process.

The development of industrial production processes requires energy, and the use of energy causes carbon emissions. On the other hand, today, due to the development of industrial societies, knowing the environmental consequences of industrial agglomeration is one of the challenges facing most countries. The main goal of this research is to evaluate the effect of industrial agglomeration on carbon dioxide emissions in a panel of Asian countries during the period 1990–2022.

Therefore, first the industrial agglomeration has been calculated based on the location entropy index and then the effect of industrial agglomeration on CO2 emissions per capita has been investigated with the quantile panel approach. 

The results are classified into three groups: low, medium, and high quantiles. In addition, in this study, the Driscoll-Cray fixed effects approach has been used to strengthen the results. The results indicate that increasing industrial agglomeration increases carbon emissions in Asian countries. The results of further analysis in the group of major Asian oil countries also show that there is a positive and significant relationship between industrial density and carbon dioxide emissions in high quantiles. The results of Dumitrescu and Hurlin's panel causality test show a two-way relationship between industrial density and CO2 emissions. 

In this study, the variables of industrial production, globalization, urbanization, and economic complexity are considered control variables.

After establishment of the illegitimate regime of Israel, the security of the western Asia entered a new era in a way that fraternity-enmity patterns of this regime affected regional countries. Historical defeats of Arabs from Israel, the dependence of their security on the West and interaction of regional changes in the last decade propelled the Arabs-Israel’s relations toward a political current called normalization. Ambiguity in perceptions of regional actors, epistemological and methodological deficiencies in studying these relations and lack of literature in some variables of these relations motivated the current research to adopt an innovative approach to study this subject. To this aim, a multi-phase/multi-method approach blending both qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Research findings showed that in the construct of Arab-Israel normalization three economic-technological, ideological-political and military-security factors are involved which entail 24 different variables. It was revealed that many of these variable are the direct effect of the Islamic revolution.

The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize the levels of knowledge commercialization within the Iranian higher education system and to validate these findings.

The research method employed is an exploratory mixed-method approach. To gather information, a combination of library studies and the identification of an expert group was utilized. Sixteen individuals were interviewed using a semi-structured interview tool and the snowball sampling method, ultimately achieving theoretical saturation. After conducting the interviews, examples were identified and categorized using the content analysis method. Subsequently, the identified examples from the research community, specifically professors at the Islamic Azad University of Tehran, were prioritized and validated. The validity and reliability of the qualitative component were established through the triangulation method and the test-retest index. In the quantitative component, these were confirmed by subject matter experts, Cronbach's alpha, and factor loadings.

The findings were derived from both qualitative and quantitative components. In the qualitative segment, the levels of knowledge commercialization within the country's higher education system were assessed through interviews with a group of experts. The collected information was analyzed using content analysis, which identified six comprehensive themes: environmental factors, organizational structure, characteristics of intellectual creators, characteristics of created knowledge, characteristics of knowledge consumers, and types of knowledge. Additionally, the analysis revealed 25 organizing themes and 87 basic themes. Then, in the quantitative phase, data was collected using a questionnaire distributed among the research community, specifically professors at Islamic Azad University in Tehran. The data was prioritized based on factor loadings. The analysis revealed that the theme of intellectual characteristics of intellectual creators had a coefficient of 93.9%, while the theme of specialized knowledge had a coefficient of 94.9%. Both themes were identified as the top priorities within the levels of comprehensive and organizing themes.

The results of the study indicate the identification of the levels of commercialization within the Iranian higher education system. The calculated factor loadings highlight the importance of considering all levels of analysis. The order of prioritization derived from these loadings underscores the need to evaluate the contribution of each instance to the variable under study, particularly in light of limited resources and the necessity for effective management.

Aesthetics is one of the branches of philosophy that has found more use in the field of education. This article is organized to recognize and expand the understanding of the dimensions of aesthetics in the field of educational activities of schools. The basic data of the qualitative research was collected from 28 sources related to the West and 45 sources related to the transformation document in the field of aesthetics. The data were analyzed by analytical inductive method and 66 categories were deduced from their analysis. The obtained categories were compared and the main components of aesthetics were identified in educational activities. Based on the main components, the conceptual model of aesthetics in educational activities and the executive model of its inspiring horizons in activities were presented. Triangulation of the results from the sources with MAXQDA and polling by different researchers showed the convergence and validity of the findings. Therefore, based on the codification model, with the aesthetic approach and contextualization of educational activities, moral, social, and rational education goals can be achieved, relaxing, developed, and dynamic, by the developmental course of students in the three educational courses.

Criticism through humor and satire is one of the most significant ways of conveying the message to the addressee, and because it is accompanied by joy and laughter, it can convey the deepest intentions of the addresser in simple terms and easily influence the feelings and emotions of the addressee, in a way that it is not possible in ordinary speech to be realized. This research aims to achieve the Qur’anic principles of social satire based on the comprehensive system of teachings of the Holy Qur’an as the perfect divine undistortionable book. The question of the research is: What are the principles upon which the Holy Qur’an is based in order to introduce acceptable and correct social satire? This research uses qualitative content analysis with inductive approach and descriptive-analytical method in achieving the abovementioned principles. The results of the current research show that, based on Qur’anic teachings, the orientation of the Qur’anic principles of social satire is not one-dimensional and one-sighted, but rather has a purposeful and comprehensive approach, in the dual realm of material and spiritual life, and it is set on the basis of unchangeable human nature (Fitrat) in the context of the divine devotion towards the goal of man’s perfection (closeness to God), and eventually, principles such as "reformation of the individual and society, centrality of dual-dimensional content, preservation of human dignity, and realism" have been deduced from the verses of the Holy Qur'an.

The aim of the research was to identify the dimensions and background components affecting the non-establishment of knowledge management in the oil-rich regions of the south. Education, management, culture, structure and technology used in the organization and the knowledge process are examples of these organizational capabilities in the framework of knowledge management in the Naftkhir region company sector, they should be evaluated and developed.

The qualitative part is to use metacombination method to derive the model. First, the research literature was examined to determine the factors influencing the non-establishment of knowledge management. After that, through the Delphi method, the opinions of specialists and experts were collected regarding the factors affecting the non-establishment of knowledge management.Statistical population: It included studies in the form of articles from 2016 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2024 in the field of effective components on learning culture with keywords determined in reliable domestic scientific databases such as Noor, Mogiran, Civilica, Ganj, Alam Net and Bazat magazines. Foreigners. Eric .Science direct UET .Google scholar searched and compiled. A total of 260 studies were reviewed and after several stages of review and screening, finally 120 articles were selected. The data analysis of the research was also done with the method of inferential analysis in the coding method, and the factor analysis of the questionnaire questions was done in SPSS statistical analysis software.

In the open coding, 128 components of lack of establishment of knowledge management were extracted, which were divided into 5 categories in axial coding, including acquisition, creation, transfer, storage and application of knowledge. As well as the conclusion and finally the results of the selective coding stage, the obtained components were classified in the form of knowledge, individual and organizational barriers.

Based on the characteristics and obstacles of establishing knowledge management, the present research has been classified into three categories, which can be used in the design of obstacles to establishing knowledge management with the aim of nurturing and developing tacit knowledge in the oil-rich regions of the south.

The issue of property rights of capitalists in warring countries from the point of view of human rights based on the principle of innocence, examines the balance between security needs and individual rights. In times of war, governments are often forced to restrict private property rights to ensure national security. According to international law, these restrictions should be temporary and appropriate to the circumstances, and adequate compensation should be provided. The principle of innocence, which is the basis of human rights, requires that no person be found guilty until proven guilty. This principle also applies to property rights, which means that people's property and assets cannot be seized or confiscated without a valid reason. International humanitarian law also tries to establish a balance between military needs and human rights by establishing protective laws and prevent arbitrary infringement of property rights. Finally, national and international judicial authorities, such as the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, play a role They play an important role in ensuring the implementation of laws and compensation for damages caused by the violation of property rights in war conditions. This article examines how these rights are implemented and the challenges associated with them in countries at war.

The book "'Irshᾱd al-Quloub ilᾱ al-Sawᾱb," by the great Shiite scholar Hassan bin Abi al-Hassan Muhammad Daylamῑ on ethics, contains sermons and advices from the Qur'an, Hadith and early scholars, which has been praised and concerned by Shiite scholars. Since the most important feature of the book is its warm, eloquent and effective expression in preaching and teaching, it seems that it can be a valuable source in the field of education. Accordingly, this paper mainly aims to evaluate its validity, based on the question: "What is the level of validity of its hadiths?" This research analyzes the book 'Irshᾱd al-Quloub based on the descriptive-analytical method. Findings reveal that, in addition to the author's pleasant talking method, hadiths of the book have been collected through the criterion of narrative fame. Also, due to some narrative weaknesses within the book, it ranks in the third place among Shiite books.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group logotherapy on the spiritual health and social adjustment of female students with physical and motor disabilities. This study in terms of purpose was practical and in terms of execution method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design along with a control group. The research population was all female students with physical and motor disabilities of Tehran city in the 20219-20 academic years. The sample of the current study was 40 people who were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced into two equal groups. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of 40 minutes group logotherapy and the control group did not receive any treatment. The data were collected with spiritual health questionnaire (Paloutzian & Ellison, 1982) and social adjustment subscale in adjustment inventory (Sinha & Singh, 1993) and were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance method in SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of both variables of spiritual health and social adjustment. In the other words, the group logotherapy method led to improve the spiritual health and social adjustment of female students with physical and motor disabilities (P<0.001). According to the results of this study, health professionals and therapists can benefit from the group logotherapy method along with other effective treatment methods to improve spiritual health and social adjustment.

The aim of this study was to identify, analyze and rank the special qualifications of exceptional school teachers in order to provide a basis for its improvement. The research method is descriptive survey. The statistical population of this study is all teachers of exceptional education in Tehran in the academic year 1400-1399 who are teaching. The size of the statistical population, accordin The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (exploratory factor analysis) were used for analysis. Using exploratory factor analysis, the professional competencies of exceptional education teachers were identified and analyzed. Based on the results of the qualitative part, the elements of competencies of teachers of exceptional schools in four components of educational-behavioral, planning and preparation, management and organization, and professional-general competencies were identified. Strategies for improving the qualifications of exceptional school teachers were also identified in this section and presented as a model for evaluation and promotion. The findings of the quantitative section also showed the value of the elements of professional competence of teachers in exceptional schools from the teachers' point of view. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between teachers in terms of demographic variables of gender and level of education.

The designers of philosophy for children and many other thinkers in this field are of the opinion that philosophy for children is a program to increase critical and creative thinking skills in understanding philosophical issues among children. This program aims to teach children how to ask and philosophize. Using the descriptive and analytical method, this research analyzes and criticizes philosophy for children and examines why and how it is used in Iran's educational system. To reach the answer of each of the research questions, a method should be used according to the requirements of each question and answer. The method used in this research to answer the first question (investigating the basics of philosophy education for children) and the second question (investigating the criticisms of philosophy education for children) is a descriptive method. In fact, we have described philosophy education for children first. Then, in response to the third question, why and how to use philosophy education for children in Iran's educational system, we have used the analytical method. In this way, we have analyzed the implications of philosophy education for children in Iran's educational system. The sources that are used in this research are the works of Lippman, which are considered as primary sources, and the works and researches of others, more than 20 articles in this field, which are considered as secondary sources.

In addition to domestic law considerations and various national security concerns, the issue of drones raises various legal issues internationally and is subject to various branches of international law, including international aviation law, human rights and human rights. International is humanitarian. The exercise of the sovereignty of the states as a supreme and superior power in establishing internal laws is one of the features that has affected air rights, which is in conflict with the international aspect of aviation, that is, the states by exercising their sovereignty, They establish the relevant regulations within the framework of domestic law, while the plane crosses the borders and enters the territory of other countries due to its high speed. For this reason, the issues related to it naturally have international dimensions. In the upcoming research, we intend to examine the responsibility of governments towards drones in the international criminal law system, and the current research method is a descriptive-analytical method, using a library method and a survey of the field. It has been written.

In the current era, not only in Islamic societies, but also in many human societies, the ground has been provided for the revival of Islamic thought and the revival of Islamic educational lines and system. Based on this, the aim of the present research is to represent Islamic education in the analysis of the content of Sahifa Sajjadiyeh.

The research is in the form of qualitative research in humanities. Therefore, in order to represent the Islamic education from the book of Sajjadiyeh, a qualitative method with "text analysis" has been used. According to the nature of the research, the statistical population includes the entire book of Sahifah Sajjadieh, which was analyzed using the total number method. To collect information and data in this research, a suitable checklist was designed. In order to check the validity, the findings of the research were presented to the participants and the text of the theory was studied by them and their points of view were applied. To calculate the reliability, the percentage of intra-subject agreement was calculated, and the agreement coefficient was estimated at 0.82. Finally, the data was analyzed by the Strauss-Corbin method and through three stages of open, central and selective coding.

From the integrated and final form of the basic themes extracted from the analysis, the number of 54 sub-categories in the form of 5 components of the paradigm model (main component) was determined. Based on this, the 5 main components include; The meaning component of education has 8 indicators, the factors influencing Islamic education have 7 indicators, the underlying factors of Islamic education have 16 indicators, the dimensions of Islamic education have 9 indicators, and the factors inhibiting Islamic education have 14 indicators.

In order to represent Islamic education, by examining and analyzing the statements of Imam Sajjad (a. s.) in the book of Sajjadiyah, an attempt was made to discover and select the content categories and the characteristics of the elements of a model to represent Islamic education, so that a suitable model for Islamic education can be developed.

Validation of hadiths is one of the fields of hadith science that examines the status of hadiths in terms of the chain of transmission and the indication. One of the hadiths that has been narrated in reliable Shiite sources and some Sunni sources and there have always been debates about its validity, especially in terms of indication, is the hadith "having less family is one of the two comforts". The importance of examining this hadith is highlighted if we consider that incomplete understandings of this hadith have caused it to seem as if it conflicts with some other religious teachings and supports the view of controlling population in today's society. The main purpose of this article is to examine the authenticity of the chain of transmission and the indication of this hadith, and the question is that how valid it is and how relevant it is to the doubts which are raised. In order to answer this question, we will analyze this hadith with a descriptive analytical method. Despite the reliability of the sources of the hadith transmission, in terms of indication, it does not imply controlling population and is not inconsistent with other narrations and verses, rather, it simply expresses a kind of comfort in human life.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the difficulties of the virtual education system based on the happy educational system for students with special needs.

This research is qualitative in terms of research approach, in terms of purpose, applied; In terms of data collection method, descriptive-survey and in terms of time, cross-sectional. The statistical population of the present study includes experts and experts in the field of distance education and officials and experts of exceptional education as well as managers and teachers of exceptional education schools in the country in the academic year of 1401-1400. 30 qualified people were selected by purposive sampling method and 530 people answered the semi-structured questionnaire in writing. Summarizing and analyzing the text of the interviews was done according to thematic analysis method.

The analysis of the data obtained from the interview with the research participants shows that the appropriate dimensions and components for virtual education policies for students with special needs follow a special conceptual model that is similar to the Crick pathology model. Patrick includes four levels of adaptation: reaction, learning, behavior and results. Also, the difficulties of virtual education based on Shaad separately for teachers as one group and for school administrators and experts of special education departments as another group And also the difficulties of virtual education based on Shaad for students according to the spectrum of students' disabilities, including multiple disabilities, autism spectrum, vision impairment, hearing impairment, mental retardation, physical motor impairment, and learning disorders along with the frequency of participation responses. It is presented in statistics and research.

The review of the findings indicates that the Shad educational system needs many changes in order to provide suitable virtual education for students with special needs.

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors affecting the promotion of curriculum planning culture in Iranian higher education.

The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study was the formal and informal faculty members of the universities of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in the fields of planning, management, educational sciences, psychology and social sciences, whose number was over 78, and among them, using Cochran's formula, 65 Subjects were selected as a sample and selected by stratified random sampling method. The instrument used in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire that was developed based on interviews with relevant experts and a review of theoretical foundations. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained using the Delphi method and the reliability coefficient was estimated to be 0.949 using the Cronbach's alpha formula. For data analysis, SPSS.v16 software was used for descriptive and inferential analysis.

Research findings showed. Findings showed that the factors affecting the promotion of curriculum culture in higher education can be summarized in five factors, the most important of which are the political factor with an impact of 34.93% and the economic factor with an impact of 11.062%. In total, the five factors explain 63.6% of the promotion of curriculum planning culture in higher education.

Paying attention to these factors can make it possible to better identify strengths and weaknesses, as well as threats and opportunities in realizing the culture of curriculum planning in higher education.

The aim of the research was to evaluate the electronic learning of schools based on the SHAD program and based on the ADDIE model. The method of descriptive-survey research and the statistical population of the research were all elementary school teachers of Folad city, Isfahan city, whose number was more than 430 people. Using Cochran's formula, 220 people were determined as a sample and selected by stratified random method. The tool used was the researcher's questionnaire based on the ADDIE education design model. After confirming the validity of the questionnaire, the reliability coefficient was estimated to be 0.813 using Cronbach's alpha formula for the elements of analysis, design, compilation, implementation and evaluation. Descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, independent t-test, analysis of variance and Tukey's test) were used to analyze the data.The findings of the research have shown that the degree of usefulness of e-learning using the happy program based on the ADDIE model was lower than the average (2.66 out of 5). Regarding Shad program's attention to the elements of educational design: the attention to the element of analysis is below the average (2.59 out of 5), the attention to the element of design is below the average (2.55 out of 5), the attention to the element of editing is above average Average (2.97 out of 5), the amount of attention to the implementation element was below the average (2.61 out of 5) and the amount of attention to the evaluation element was average (2.99 out of 5). However, no significant difference has been observed between the level of attention to educational design elements according to the level of familiarity with information technology.

This study aimed to examine the effect of educational software on 3rd-grade elementary-school students’ mathematical problem-solving skill. This was a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest, controlled study. The statistical population comprised all 3rd-grade elementary-school male students in District 4 of Karaj (Iran) in the academic year 2018-2019. A sample was selected via convenience sampling, and the participants were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (20 each). On pretest, two tests of “numerical analysis” and “attention and concentration” (Wechsler test) and a researcher-made problem-solving skill test were administered. Then, the experimental group received eight 40-minute sessions of software training, while the control group received the class’s routine education. Finally, both groups took the posttest. The data were analyzed via univariate analysis of covariance and independent samples t-test. After the experimental intervention, the two groups demonstrated a significant difference (p < 0.001) at three levels of “problem-solving speed”, “attention and concentration”, and “numerical analysis”. The two groups also showed a significant difference at the level of “problem-solving strategy identification” (p < 0.05). Accordingly, the role of educational media, and especially educational software, can be highlighted in promoting students’ learning and mathematical problem-solving skill.

One of the most important novel solutions in managing the health system is implemention of an e-prescription system. Implementing a comprehensive e-prescription system faces technical, executive, policy, and governance challenges. The aim of this manuscript is introducing tailored solutions for each challenge.

This research was carried out by purposeful and rapid review of valid and scientific articles.

Challenges and potential solutions were reviewed: standardization, enabling digital identity and signatures, networking infrastructure, a national insurance rules engine, integration with electronic health records, training, and governance structures.

Despite the efforts made, there are still many questions regarding cost-benefit and public satisfaction of the current system, requiring further national research.

The negative economic consequences resulting from the uncertainty of economic policies have led to the formation of concerns between regulatory bodies, government, and companies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between economic uncertainty in Iran and the Synchronization of stock returns. To achieve the purpose of the study, the financial information of 135 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 1390 to 1399 was examined and the hypotheses were tested using a multivariate regression model. in order to measure economic uncertainty (indicators of economic growth rate, exchange rate, inflation rate and interest rate) and the synchronization of stock returns, the Garch model and the market model determination coefficient have been used, respectively. The results of testing the hypotheses show that there is a negative and significant relationship between uncertainty in economic growth rate and interest rate with the Synchronization of stock returns and a positive and significant relationship between uncertainty in exchange rates and Synchronization of stock returns