مهدی مدیری

The nomadic community, as one of the primary producers of livestock products and key providers of protein, plays a significant role in ensuring and enhancing the country's food security. Given this community's unique environmental and economic conditions, it is essential to strengthen the resilience of its critical infrastructure against both natural and human-made threats. This research aims to identify and prioritize indicators that enhance the resilience of infrastructure within nomadic communities through a passive defense approach, with a particular emphasis on national food security. In this research, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was utilized to gather and analyze the opinions of experts and specialists in relevant fields. This approach aimed to identify and prioritize the key indicators for enhancing resilience. The results of this study indicated that developing sustainable water supply infrastructure, establishing healthcare centers, providing resources and equipment for emergencies to ensure the continuity of essential activities, creating support funds, and empowering the nomadic community through education to address threats are among the fundamental priorities for enhancing the resilience of the nomadic community's infrastructure. The implementation and application of the identified indicators play a crucial role in enhancing infrastructure resilience within nomadic communities and strengthening the country's capacity for food security. The findings of this study can assist policymakers in identifying key indicators necessary for improving national food security and enhancing the sustainability of nomadic communities in addressing critical situations.

The supply chain consists of several links that extend from the point of production to the point of  consumption; The establishment of international sanctions in the provision of equipment and repair of vital and sensitive infrastructure parts of the country may create many challenges, as these non-functional economic defenses play a significant role in economic growth, resilience, job creation, etc.; A flawed supply chain can create a disaster; In such a situation, proper identification of risk factors is critical to achieve a resilient supply chain against the destructive effects of threats and disruptions; Hence, this research by identifying the factors of the supply chain and analyzing their relationship using an integrated approach, including Pareto analysis, fuzzy theory, total interpretative structural modeling and a categorical analysis and determining the level and ranking of risks, this research gap. fills The findings of the research show that insufficient knowledge, environmental changes and the absence of a diagnosis and control system are the most important factors; In addition to that, political and regulatory instability, pollution and contractors' incompetence are some of the critical risks that may hinder resilience and optimal performance in small and medium-sized companies. Research results help managers to successfully identify risk factors to achieve operational and long-term resilience; It can also increase the ability of policy makers to  formulate preventive and efficient mitigation strategies.

This research aimed to develop a regeneration model to enhance the urban resilience of Sanandaj. It is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire, and the analysis involved Friedman’s test, correlation analysis, and the t-test. The findings indicated that the average regeneration index in Sanandaj was 2.99, which was below average. Focal correlation analysis revealed that among the dimensions of urban regeneration, the social dimension (34%), physical dimension (27%), economic dimension (24%), and environmental dimension (15%) have varying impacts on urban resilience. Path analysis further showed that the physical dimension, with a weight of 0.362, exerts the most influence, while the institutional dimension, with a weight of 0.278, has the least impact. The proposed model emphasizes sustainable, community-oriented development, poverty alleviation, empowerment, and strategic and operational planning, incorporating discursive, participatory, and public-private partnerships based on justice, community-oriented institutional capacity building, and internal development.

The expansion of the wear and tear of the physical fabric of cities has led to an increase in its vulnerability. Therefore, considering the importance of the subject, the aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of sustainable regeneration indicators on the resilience of Sanandaj city tissues. According to the nature of the topic and research objectives, the type of research is descriptive-analytical. Data and information were collected in the form of documents and surveys using a researcher-made questionnaire. The findings of the research showed that the correlation analysis confirms the effectiveness of regeneration indicators in urban resilience, so with the correlation intensity of 0.326 and its R-value equal to 0.10, the significance level of the hypothesis is confirmed at 0.000 and the effectiveness The dimensions of regeneration in urban resilience are confirmed. In fact, urban regeneration is directly effective with all dimensions of urban resilience. Vaspas's analysis also shows the effectiveness of physical indicators of regeneration in Sanandaj's urban resilience compared to other dimensions, such that with indicators of building quality and strength with a score of 0.541, access quality with a score of 0.674, urban legibility with a score of 0.472, service per capita with a score of 0.333, access to fire department with a score of 0.311 has a great effect on urban resilience. The results of the t-test analysis show that in terms of the spatial area in Sanandaj city, the most effective regeneration indicators are in the historical and dilapidated areas, so the status of the regeneration indicators in urban resilience in the historical (251.31) and dilapidated areas ( 18/152) has a great effect on resilience compared to marginal and rural areas.

Introduction :

The concept of social resilience in urban areas is a complex and multifaceted one, as highlighted by a range of studies. Boeri (2017) emphasizes the importance of reinforcing local identity and culture to enhance community resilience, while Eakin (2017) underscores the need to consider the influence of social and political forces in urban vulnerability dynamics. Lukas (2018) further explores the role of urban planning in promoting social cohesion and community resilience, particularly in multi-ethnic neighborhoods. Lastly, Östh (2018) provides an operational framework for understanding the mechanisms that drive spatial systems, with a focus on the role of social capital and transport accessibility in shaping the resilience of urban areas. These studies collectively underscore the need for a holistic approach to building social resilience in urban areas, one that considers the interplay of cultural, political, and economic factors. Nowadays, the vulnerability of urban tissues to natural and human hazards has become one of the main concerns of urban planners and managers. Empowering the community living in ineffective contexts improves their resilience against natural and human hazards. This capability can be in different aspects including economic, social, and physical. The purpose of the research is to analyze social resilience and the effect of regeneration in promoting resilience. Environmental hazards in cities affect social life. Environmental risks are very effective in certain urban areas, including worn-out fabric, and with rural cores in cities. The socio-economic conditions and inefficient structures of some neighborhoods of Sanandaj city have made them more vulnerable to human and natural hazards.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The collection of data and information was done by documentary and field methods (researcher-made questionnaire). Determining the sample size using Cochran’s formula in the citizen questionnaire (384 households) was done in a multi-stage cluster at the block level. A multi-stage cluster is such that the clusters were randomly selected at the level of regions, neighborhoods, and blocks. Statistical analysis, one-sample t-test, and linear regression were used to analyze the data. The reliability results with Cronbach’s alpha formula for all constructs were above 0.73. Therefore, it can be concluded that the measurement tool has good internal consistency.

The situation of social resilience in Sanandaj city is different. So in the four historical contexts, worn-out middle, marginal, and rural cores, the indicators of social resilience in general have unfavorable conditions. The average of all indicators except the social capital index is low in all cases. Among the four contexts studied in Sanandaj city, the average social resilience indices in the historical context are more favorable than other contexts, and on the other hand, in the marginal context, the average social resilience indices are at an unfavorable level. Among the indicators, social capital in historical contexts, worn-out middle, and rural cores are in a more favorable condition than other indicators, and in contrast to the social justice index with averages of 2.37 in historical context, 2.31 in middle worn-out context, 2.62 in the marginal tissue and, 2.42 in rural context is in unfavorable conditions. Also, the results of the surveys show that the most effective regeneration projects in promoting social resilience in historical (31/251) and worn-out (18/152) contexts were more effective than in marginal and rural contexts.

Social resilience is the ability of individuals and communities to adapt to social, economic, and environmental challenges and to improve them, which includes different types of resilience, such as physical, mental, emotional, and social. The operationalization of redevelopment measures to improve the resilience of low-income residents is strongly influenced by the dynamics of urban development and civil infrastructure in each neighborhood. Urban regeneration plans with a physical approach in urban contexts are not able to improve the social resilience of inefficient neighborhoods because the results of surveys show that inefficient neighborhoods in Sanandaj, in addition to physical instability and a lack of infrastructure services, have many social, psychological and economic issues and damages. is facing that the mountainous location of Sanandaj, the presence of surrounding faults, the steep slope of the city limits, the presence of a river in the city limits, along unprincipled constructions, have made the city of Sanandaj highly vulnerable. On the other hand, the immigrant population, low level of education, poverty, low level of income and employment also cause economic and social vulnerability in the range of inefficient tissues (worn out, marginal, rural, and historical core) in regions 1, 4 and 5 has increased the city of Sanandaj. Therefore, the mentioned cases have caused the level of participation, economic power, trust, and sense of identity in the society living in dysfunctional contexts to be low. Therefore, the state of regeneration dimensions of Sanandaj city is evaluated as weak. Among the four contexts studied in Sanandaj city, the average social resilience indicators in the historical context are more favorable than other contexts, and on the other hand, in the marginal context, the average social resilience indicators in The level are unfavorable. The world’s experiences in this regard have emphasized investing in education, civic participation, and strengthening the resilience infrastructure of communities and individuals in this field. Also, diversifying the economy and having a multi-dimensional economy instead of a single-dimensional economy in the cities of origin can be an effective measure to reduce risks. Along with this solution, education and awareness should also be effective in local communities and empower the residents. Therefore, in this context, it is necessary to strengthen the information system and to form people’s organizations and local institutions, so that in times of crisis, they can act together and cooperate to bring order in the cities. Also, increasing access to various services in the target communities of this program can be a suitable solution. In the national documents of empowering and organizing the settlements of Iran’s urban regeneration company, parallelism, and fragmentation in the field of policy making and management of the phenomenon of settlement management should be reduced and justified policies and rulings, including policies that support participation and empowerment.

This study aims to assess the performance and efficacy of housing provision strategies, particularly focusing on the Tehran metropolis.

The study, carried out in 2023, is of an applied study in Tehran metropolis. Following the application of Morgan's formula, a sample size comprising 384 individuals was established. Moreover, cluster sampling was utilized to classify the 22 districts within Tehran. Subsequently, the gathered data underwent analysis through structural equation modeling to uncover causal connections among variables.

The variables pertaining to efficacy and efficiency exhibit notable influence on housing provision policies, displaying path coefficients of 0.305 and 0.329, respectively. Furthermore, variables such as housing productivity and accessibility to services demonstrate substantial impacts on efficacy and efficiency, supported by t-values of 2.862 and 2.874, respectively. Nevertheless, the enhancement of efficacy and efficiency in housing provision policies has resulted in the appreciation of housing costs, regulation of rentals, financial support mechanisms, and the advancement of social housing initiatives.

In terms of factors pertaining to efficacy and efficiency, variables like accessibility to amenities and variety in housing options wield a more substantial impact, as opposed to social stability and the quality of housing, which demonstrate a lesser degree of influence on the effectiveness and efficiency of housing allocation strategies. Additionally, sub-indices such as the establishment of appropriate pricing mechanisms aligned with market demands, imposition of caps on rental increments, safeguarding tenants' entitlements, provision of support to housing developers, and enhancement of the construction sector's operational efficacy contributed to the ineffectiveness of housing allocation policies in urban regions.

In the past decades, due to the rapid increase in urbanization, special attention has been paid to urban land use changes so that human activities strongly influence the ecosystem in urban areas, and the life of half of the world's population is closely dependent on human activities in urban areas. Urban land use planning in Iran is done through Master and Detailed plans. The experience of more than half a century of land use planning in this country, which has been evaluated in numerous studies, shows its failure and what we are witnessing today is the crisis caused by the lack of implementation and realization of land use planning in the master and detailed projects. The proposed uses of future urban plans are not implemented in Iran for various reasons or they are changed. In the planning and management of cities, the plans that are prepared must be in line with the approved plans and have the least differences, with their proposals, criteria and zoning, unless with the agreement of the employer and decision-making bodies، the said plans do not comply with the above plans
 

In terms of type, this research is part of applied research and in terms of method, it is part of descriptive-analytical research. In this research، the amount and manner of non-compliance of the detailed plan with the third master plan were extracted. Then the impact of the non-compliance of the detailed plan with the master plan in each of the sub-areas will be investigated and then by considering the criteria of each of the sub-areas of the master and detailed plan and the changes that have occurred، the increase in population capacity (residential and not service provision) has been investigated.
 

Region 4 has the highest discrepancy with 2052 hectares، followed by Tehran's 22nd region with 1277 hectares, while Region 13 has the lowest amount of discrepancies with 159.8 hectares and Region 9 with 208.9 hectares. In total, about 33% of the areas defined in the master plan have been changed in the detailed plan. In total, out of 2052 hectares changed, the mixed zone had the largest share and about 996 hectares of it were changed to green zone (80 hectares), residential zone (713 hectares) and activity zone (202 hectares). Among the transformed (changed from the comprehensive zone), the residential zone had the largest share with 842 hectares so that 58.97 hectares of it were changed from the green zone, 713.25 hectares from the mixed zone and 70.4 hectares from the activity zone. The average growth of the population of the district 4 of Tehran is nearly 4 times the average (3.78 times) of the growth of the population in the city of Tehran. This can be due to various factors. Naturally there must be residential capacity in this area for the population to settle in this area. However part of the current residential capacity of the district 4 of Tehran where the population currently resides and has been approved as residential in the detailed plan. has been in the form of a mixed zone, green zone or activity zone in the master plan. In the changed mixed zone in the district 4 of Tehran according to the considered population loading criteria, about 133 thousand people could live. However, with the implementation of these changes in the detailed plan. the population load of these zones has greatly increased and increased to about 430 thousand people, which is more than 3 times the loading capacity determined in the master plan (without considering sub-zone R231). The highest amount of changes in the green zone is related to the R122 subzone. where 51.24 hectares have been converted from the green zone to a residential zone. About 35438 people have been added to the population of district 4.
 

Among the regions of Tehran the most significant amount of changes with a volume of 2052 hectares has been related to the District 4 of Tehran. In other words about 33% of the zoning of the master plan has changed in this region. Investigations have shown that the largest volume of changes was related to the mixed zone which has changed nearly 996 hectares of which 713 hectares have been changed to a residential zone. But the important issue in this change of zones is changing the criteria and increasing the living capacity in the region and finally the increase in population and the need of this population for services per capita. Surveys have shown that with the change of zones nearly 430 thousand people have been added to the population capacity of the city (only the residential capacity and not the provision of services).

Unfortunately, seismic data recorded globally during the last fifty years does not include every type of wave propagation conditions in the environment, types of construction, the rupture process on the fault, and the geometrical relationship between the construction and the fault. This is especially seen in near-field regions. Before the 1999 Chi-chi earthquake in Taiwan and the 1999 Izmit earthquake in Turkey, there were only about 20 records of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 7 at a distance of less than 20 kilometers from the fault.The Turkish earthquake added 5 records and the Thai earthquake added 65 records to this collection, but only two fault rupture scenarios were added to our knowledge, while thousands of other possible scenarios may occur. Thus, seismologists and earthquake engineers have tried to estimate parameters related to strong near-field motions of the earth with an acceptable confidence using various experimental and theoretical simulation methods.           

In earthquake engineering and seismology, earthquake phenomenon and the resulting movements are generally investigated and analyzed using dynamic and kinematic methods. Seismological models and problems are thus divided into two categories: Kinematic models which are based on slip distribution and do not take the state of stress on the fault into account. Dynamic models deal with the physics of fault rupture and its causes. Simulation methods are also divided into three main categories: deterministic (low frequencies), stochastic (high frequencies) and hybrid (broad band) methods.Generally speaking, simulating strong ground motion plays an important role in the estimation of related parameters especially in regions lacking such data. Accelerographs are used to simulate strong ground motions. The present study has introduced, investigated and validated two methods decisive simulation models (Discrete-Wave Number and Finite Fault) and Finite Fault models. It also explains how the simulated recording are produced for near-field (less than 20 km to a seismogenic fault) and far-field events, presents attenuation relationships for the Zagros seismotectonics region, and predicts parameters of strong ground motions.

Due to the special geological conditions and the existence of many active faults in Iran, our country is considered to be located in an earthquake-prone region. Zagros region is considered to be the most earthquake-prone region of Iran. Finite fault modeling combines various aspects of plate source with the ground motion model based on point source. Since previously mentioned limitations are not naturally present in finite fault modelling, the method takes geometry of the fault and the directivity effect into account. Time delay method and the sum of accelerations recorded in maps of a two-dimensional network are used for simulation in finite fault model. The fault plate is divided into various elements and a minor event is simulated for each one. The overall seismic acceleration equals the sum of the effects of these minor events. The strong ground motions in each micro-fault are calculated using the random point source method and then summed up at the desired point with an appropriate time delay to obtain the ground motion of the entire fault.Previous geological and seismic studies of each seismic region are used to determine the key parameters of the simulation input. To produce a comprehensive database, a significant number of stations are taken into account around the fault based on different hypothesesand artificial accelerograms are produced in accordance with the seismological parameters of the region. A suitable function is then selected and an attenuation relationship is fitted. The simulation results and the resulting attenuation relationship are then compared with valid global attenuation relationships and their consistency (compliance percentage) is investigated.

The present study has produced a wide range of simulated records (about 20 thousand records) for Zagros seismotectonics region. Thus, the resulting relationships will hopefully have sufficient accuracy and efficiency to be used in structure designing and urban development. It worth noting that the regression correlation coefficient (R-Square) was above 0.95 in all fits.These attenuation relationships can provide a new perspective on site selection, and help us in understanding the dynamic behavior of structures, and the development of various infrastructure. They also help urban managers to predict and reduce earthquake damages.

The results of pathological evaluation of seismic zones in the terrestrial space indicate a significant concentration of residential spaces, especially cities. It has been economic and human. Therefore, one of the desirable models in identifying, analyzing and reducing damage in urban spaces is to use the structural and functional framework of passive defense. In many recent studies, the subject of reducing earthquake damage in the territory of the physical-spatial field has been to increase the building's resistance to earthquakes. While this study by recognizing environmental components, physical-spatial, social, economic and effective indicators in each component (45 indicators) to determine the pathology and risk areas of earthquakes in a comprehensive and desirable and based on that reduction strategies Redefines risk. In other words, by recognizing and analyzing the basic concept of threat network and risk ring with passive defense approach in earthquake assessment and vulnerability in Kermanshah metropolis to form the required database structure in appropriate software environment, appropriate policy and urban crisis management measures It is designed in proportion to the earthquake risk.

From the past until now, the occurrence of earthquakes has always been a widespread threat, and the need to reduce the vulnerability of cities to earthquakes is considered one of the main concerns of urban planning. In this regard, the pathological zoning of the amount and type of response to the earthquake with the help of effective methods can significantly increase the resilience of the city in the face of the earthquake. In the present study, the physical-social pathology of Urmia city against the earthquake crisis was investigated. The type of this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. 15 indicators were used to measure the physical and social vulnerability of Urmia city. The required data are also extracted from comprehensive plans and statistics of 2015. Spatial statistics and spatial autocorrelation models have been used in GIS software for data analysis. The results obtained to answer the research question indicate that the central parts of Urmia city are more vulnerable than the peripheral parts in terms of physical index. The state of social indicators at the level of Urmia city shows moderate vulnerability. This vulnerability was estimated at 58% in the physical dimension and 41% in the social dimension. The results of the RDJ model also show that the distribution of physical and social vulnerability is clustered in the regions of Urmia. Considering the degree of vulnerability of the city of Urmia, in order to reduce the loss of life and money caused by the earthquake, it needs to reduce the consequences of this crisis with efficient planning and effective measures.

Every year, many irreparable accidents occur in process systems such as oil, gas and petrochemicals due to their acute operating conditions and the large volume of flammable and explosive materials they contain. Process industries often deal with hazardous chemicals and operating units under high temperature and pressure conditions such as transmission lines, condensing facilities and reactors. One of the most important units of these industries are storage tanks, which are located in all stages of process industries. According to studies and studies in this field, there are several solutions for the privacy of tanks, but they have not been studied from the perspective of passive defense. Therefore, we considered it necessary to conduct a special study on creating a relatively safe space for these storage tanks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the components of passive defense in the design of storage tanks for hazardous chemical industries. The method of this research is developmental-applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical-survey in terms of research method, in which it answers through questions, interviews and data collection and factor analysis (PCA). In terms of how to collect data, it is a field method that includes collecting initial data by methods such as observation, questionnaire, interview and review of documents of constructed projects. Factor analysis with SPSS with high degree of certainty is a way to reduce the dimensions of a problem with many variables in statistical modeling, thus 4 areas of 40 main components, which show the highest variability in the model (without using the main variables) Give, was determined. According to experts, these four areas were named "passive defense area", "crisis management area", "process area" and "health, safety and environmental safety area". These factors can be introduced as hidden variables. In the next step to identify and rank the key factors of success (CSF), variables were ranked in each area. Dangerous chemical industries have been stored in storage tanks.

Nowadays, the concept of sustainable development includes a process that promotes various economic, social, physical-environmental and technological indicators with an emphasis on the future research approach. On the other hand, the prerequisite for achieving sustainable development of a region and the comfort of citizens is the realization of security indicators, in this regard, passive defense approach is one of the most important models of achieving security and, consequently, the realization of sustainable development. Given the importance of security and its role in sustainable development, the purpose of this study is to assess the capacity of sustainable development in Lavasanat region based on passive defense criteria. The research method of the present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature, which in order to analyze the data, Q factor analysis model and one-sample t-test were used. The statistical population of the study also includes officials, managers and experts in the field of passive defense of Lavasanat region and its residents. The sample size of the first group of 100 people was determined based on the Delphi method and the sample size of 384 residents was determined based on the Cochran method. Findings show that the study area from the perspective of sustainable development based on the passive defense approach has major shortcomings in various environmental, social-caltural, economic, physical, access and management dimensions. In this regard, based on the Q model, has been proposed three patterns of systematic and integrated management, environmental protection and emphasis on indigenous-traditional pattern and economic and social planning in order to achieve sustainable development of the region based on passive defense approach, which their specific values are 3.714, 2.285 and 1.649, respectively.

Nowadays, sustainable development is a conceptual region that is affected by the promotion of various economic, social, environmental and managerial indicators, and in order to achieve this concept, the first step is to identify the limitations and challenges facing the region. Security is also considered as the most important prerequisite for achieving sustainable development indicators. Given the importance of the role of security in sustainable regional development, the purpose of this study is to identify the challenges facing sustainable development in Lavasanat region by emphasizing passive defense criteria. In this regard, the method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of analytical-exploratory nature that in order to analyze the information, has been used the technique of structural equation modeling in Amos software. The statistical population of the study also includes officials, managers and experts in the field of passive defense of Lavasanat region and the sample size is determined based on the targeted Delphi method of 100 people. Findings show that the most important challenges facing sustainable regional development with emphasis on passive defense criteria in Lavasanat region are managerial, environmental, development and socio-cultural variables, respectively, whose coefficient value based on the structural model is 0.81, 0.75, 0.68 and 0.52. Also, among the sub-variables, the most important challenges are related to the variables of lack of integrated management and planning system in the regional management process and failure in inter-organizational communication in order to maximize the participation of related organizations, excessive environmental degradation for profitability, belief and use of traditional models. Acceptance of culture is a new model of management for which the structural model coefficient has been calculated 0.91, 0.89 and 0.83, respectively.

The problem currently facing the management of metropolises' peri -urban areas is the existence of urban management fragmentations and lack of coordination among service organizations regarding planning, policy making, supervision, implementation, etc. Solving this problem requires integrated urban management as an all -encompassing management institution involved with very broad and diverse urban and urbanization issues and phenomena to ensure achieving sustainable development in the peri -urban areas of Mashhad metropolis, thereby minimizing the fragmentations in various dimensions including the political, spatial, functional and socio - economic dimensions. Considering the importance of the topic, this study was conducted using the descriptive -analytical method and based on desk -based and documentary studies to analyze the different types of fragmentation and its effect on the integrated management of the peri -urban areas of Mashhad metropolis. The study population consisted of 35 specialists, experts and university professors. The DEMATEL and VICOR fuzzy method was used for data analysis. The results of multi -criteria decision -making show that the criterion of "fragmentations in urban management platforms and facilities" attained a score of 0.491 and was identified as the most influential criterion for integrated management. On the other hand, territorial fragmentation was identified as the most influenced criterion for the integrated management of the peri -urban areas of Mashhad metropolis.

Large-scale natural disasters have occurred many times and led to social, economic and environmental consequences. In other words, natural disasters are a serious threat to sustainable development. Recently, sustainable modeling of disaster relief logistics has increasingly attracted attention. It is vital to take the economic, social, and environmental aspects into account in the disaster relief logistic problem to reduce the harmful effects of a disaster. The present study aims to develop a multi-objective mathematical programming model for designing a sustainable distribution network of emergency goods in disaster relief logistics. The key feature of this formulation being the fact that it explicitly considers the economic, social (deprivation cost) and environmental aspects of sustainability in the objective function. Considering the inherent uncertainty in this issue a robust fuzzy optimization approach is utilized to deal with the uncertainty. Further, multi-choice goal programming is used to solve the multi-objective model. Finally, a case study was conducted on Sari city, Mazandaran Province, to verify the model performance. In this investigation, the optimal number and location of distribution centers are determined such that the economic, social costs and the environmental pollution level are minimized, and each distribution center provides services concerning its particular capacity to a set of demand points with different types of commodities. Using the proposed model, decision-makers and managers are able to make strategic and tactical decisions with the least cost and time, and in relief planning can enhance the structure of distribution networks and inventory and reduce victims’ dissatisfaction.

Earth's subsidence is one of environmental hazards that humankind faces in recent decades due to the extraction of groundwater resources in the plains. Over the past years, the desertification of plains in Iran has caused a great deal of economic and social damages to the country due to the decline in groundwater levels. Marvdasht Plain Aquifer has been significantly affected by this phenomenon in recent years. On the other hand, considering the location of historical monuments like Persepolis in this village, the issue of subsidence checking is important. Therefore, the present study investigates the relationship between the amount of groundwater extraction and subsidence situation in this region. In this study, Kriging statistical method was used to study the changes in groundwater level, and radar differential interferometry and COSMO-SkyMed radar images were used to estimate the rate of subsidence. Results showed that the average annual groundwater loss is 45 centimeters. On the other hand, the highest rate of subsidence in the oblast area is between 2.5 centimeters and about 15% of the area has a subsidence of less than one cm in the period from 2013/10/01 to 2014/02/01. Comparing the map of the groundwater level and the map of the earth's surface displacement, showed that the areas with the highest groundwater abundance have the highest displacement and ground falls about one cm for every 45 cm of groundwater level drop. Comparison between amplitude and subsidence pattern obtained from the results of radar interferometry technique with location, the density of wells and groundwater abstraction in this plain shows that subsidence has occurred in the same areas where the density of these wells and extraction of groundwater resources is high.

In the present age, according to the new approach of the axial influence of the hostile countries that have moved the battlefield to urban areas, the enemy seeks to disrupt the functioning of the critical inftastructures of the target country. One of the critical infrastructure is the transportation system, which consists of various parts, including the fuel supply network and fuel supply stations. Fuel supply stations in urban areas, in addition to the serious role of refueling vehicles, have a high potential for major accidents due to the presence of flammable fuel storage tanks. These events can include process events and intentional and hostile events. However, by applying the principles of land use planning correctly, the risk of such events can be greatly reduced. Therefore, this research intends to use PHAST software and create a spatial information system. It also attempts to discover and apply indicators to extract the vulnerability of each of the neighboring uses of these sites; integrate the consequences of an accident at a fuel supply point and facilitate land use planning by providing application maps.

As mutual heritage of citizens and country, urban historical textures are at the heart of modern cities. They are considered to be the main cause of many urban problems, and they have been severely damaged in the last 5 decades. Unfortunately despite all interventions, these textures have lost their dignity, distanced from their identity, and worn-out in every possible way. Urban historical textures contain remnants of the past and are thus irreplaceable. They can play a role in increasing social awareness regarding cultural values of the past. Their maintenance not only encourages national pride and develops sense of identity, but also increases life quality. The present study sought to analyze pattern of improving historical urban textures and deal with human-caused hazards. Due to multiple valuable historical buildings, Tehran 12th municipal district, which is one of old districts in downtown is selected for the case study.

According to the main resources in methodology, this is an exploratory research which investigates collected data with an applied goal. Based on specified goals and questions, this mainly documentary and secondary research reviews articles, books, theses, and dissertations. Interview and questionnaire were applied to understand ideas, attitudes, and opinions of target groups. Collected data were classified using usual methods and techniques in geographic studies.

Topographic maps show natural and artificial features. natural features such as rivers, lakes, mountains, etc., Man-made features such as cities, roads and bridges. Using the satellite images is a way to extract digital elevation models. In general, there are two types of resolution in digital ground elevation models.üArea resolution: The dimensions of the length and width of each cell in the pixel grid is a digital elevation model that shows the minimum dimensions of the topographic features taken on the ground.
ü Height resolution: represents the minimum elevation dimensions that the digital elevation model is able to display. For example, in the digital model of ground elevation with a resolution of 30 meters, elevation features less than 30 meters are not visible.
The digital elevation model can be prepared for a region with different accuracy. The high accuracy of the digital elevation map provides more accurate estimates of the physiographic characteristics of the basin, but the preparation of such maps is very costly. PRISM sensor from ALOS satellite with three cameras: 1- Forward 2- Vertical 3- Forward, which is captured earth surface with the characteristics of the earth (low and high). Therefore, an object that is high above the ground is shown with other points on a flat surface. As a result, by imaging points from different angles, the elevation of those points can be obtained through adaptive mathematical calculations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the digital elevation model generated by the PRISM sensor of ALOS satellite in comparison with the digital elevation model of ASTER and SRTM for Sarakhs border region (between Iran and Turkmenistan).

The study area is located in north-eastern Iran in the range of 35 to 38 degrees north latitude and 56 to 60 degrees east longitude and on the border between Iran and Turkmenistan in the border region of Sarakhs. The research method in this research has an exploratory aspect that the production and extraction of digital elevation model from PRISM sensor stereo images from Alves satellite and its evaluation is with digital model extracted from ASTER image. The digital SRTM model has a spatial resolution of 90meters, the digital ASTER model has a spatial resolution of 15 meters and the digital elevation model obtained from the PRISM sensor from the ALOS satellite is 5 meters. In this study, elevation control points using Google Earth and GPS have been examined. The algorithms used in this method to extract elevation information are the same as the algorithms used in the photogrammetric method. Elevation digital models are made from satellite images taken in pairs. The accuracy of digital elevation models of this method is perfectly proportional to the scale or resolution of satellite images.

In this study, we evaluated the digital elevation model from stereo satellite images of ALOS/PRISM satellite and compared it with the digital model of ASTER elevation and ground observations in the Sarakhs border region located on the border between Iran and Turkmenistan. In this study, the ability to generate a digital elevation model prepared from stereo images extracted from a PRISM sensor with a file of rational polynomial coefficients has been investigated, and we compared it with digital models extracted from stereo ASTER satellite and digital models extracted from SRTM. The results obtained from the digital elevation model are the accuracy of the digital elevation model produced by the pair of ASTER satellite images using a correlation between the two images of 0.47 pixels. Due to the spatial accuracy of the image pixels, which is about 15 meters, the accuracy of the digital model is less than the size of pixels, i.e. less than 15 meters, 6 meters horizontally and 7 meters vertically, which is a total of 13 meters. The results show that RMSE as error index for digital model of elevation extracted from ASTER and PRISM and ground observations are 7.46, 8.77, 3.66 and 6.8 meters, respectively. The results obtained from the stereo images of the PRISM sensor are the standard deviation of the pixels in the longitudinal direction of 1.9 meters and in the transverse direction of 2.3 meters and the distance between the pixels of the digital model is 3 meters high. Therefore, the accuracy of the digital model extracted from PRISM sensor images is higher than SRTM and ASTER. It is recommended to use a high-precision digital elevation model in all borders of the country, which uses a digital elevation model produced from stereo PRISM images from ALOS satellite, which is accompanied by polynomial logical coefficient (RPC) files for geometric correction of images.

The higher the accuracy of the DEM, the more efficient it will be and give border commanders the ability to make better decisions in different situations. The elevation accuracy obtained from the stereo images of the PRISM sensor is 3 meters. The accuracy of the digital model of SRTM elevation in the plains is about 30 meters, which can be used for studies of phase zero and one of the projects, as well as reducing the huge costs of studies. The results of this paper, shows that the accuracy of the digital elevation model produced from the stereo images of the PRISM sensor is higher than the digital elevation and SRTM digital models, i.e. the RMSE error and standard deviation are relatively lower. As a result, it is recommended for border studies that require higher accuracy, and the entire borders of the country, to use the digital elevation model with accuracy.

Regional development is a prominent goal in environmental and spatial planning in recent decades, which includes various programs aimed at facilitating the promotion of economic and social components, reducing environmental damage and increasing the safety and security of the region in the face of various disasters and crises. Therefore, security components are the main pillars of achieving regional development and the purpose of this study is to identify the key drivers affecting the realization of sustainable security in Lavasanat region based on passive defense criteria. The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Also, the statistical population of the research includes officials, managers and experts in the field of passive defense in Lavasanat region which the sample size is determined based on the Delphi method of 100 people. In order to analyze the research information, the partial least squares method has been used in Smart-pls software. Findings indicate that the most important drivers for achieving sustainable security in Lavasanat region based on passive defense are related to prevention-based management, readiness-based management and proper physical-environmental planning for which the structural model score is 0.823, 0.753 and 0.677, respectively. Also, among the sub-drivers, the most effective is related to the inter-organizational communication drivers in order to maximize the participation of related organizations in the phase of preventing the effects and results of crises, forming decision-making and guiding support systems and databases based on statistics and geo-geographical information to identify and prioritize accident hotspots.

The metropolis of Mashhad and their territory has experienced unbalanced physical growth in recent years and is currently associated with many problems in various dimensions of management, economic, physical, social, environmental and so on. In this metropolis, increasing population and migration and integration of rural areas in the body of Mashhad metropolis on the one hand and management distortion on the other hand has increased the grounds for increasing these challenges. The type of research in this research is descriptive-analytical and in collecting information, field and library studies have been used. Cocoso method was used to analyze the findings. The results of this study show that in the social sector, the index of non-participation of the people as a missing link in organizing around the metropolis of Mashhad; In the economic sector, the index of increasing violations in construction to earn more profit in the suburbs of Mashhad; In the physical part, there was no indicator of unit management in the study area for issuing permits and supervising construction; In the management section, the management of the suburbs around the metropolis of Mashhad and finally the environmental section, the index of increasing environmental problems following changes in land uses in and around the city of Mashhad, pointed out that the perimeter and privacy of the metropolis of Mashhad is facing them in the current situation.

The city as an integrated entity requires a strong organization with integrated management.The development and expansion of urban centers around the Tehran metropolitan area has caused some problems within the metropolis. The purpose of this study is to identify the effective factors in the failure to realize the integrity of Tehran metropolis management. The current research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection is done using library and field studies (distribution of questionnaires), and methodological techniques are used for analysis. The statistical population of this study is 30 experts from Tehran University of Technology. The results of this study indicate that, using factor analysis method, 5 factors out of 52 indicators and 66.5% of variance are explained. Also, the results indicate that the first component of the municipality's revenue earned through massive conglomerates and massive construction of 0.749 component second-hand industrial over-expansion in the immediate urban area and a violation of the 0.909 rules, the third component of the decision-making centers Urban problems and their interactions 0.829, the fourth component of the lack of cultural and social per capita in most urban areas (number of cinemas, library) 0.970 and The fifth component of the traditional approach to addressing the infrastructure and physical problems of the city, including highway construction and construction of bridge bridges of 0.854, has been identified as the most effective factors in realizing the integrity of the minds of urban managers and experts.

The most important part of the software infrastructure in a smart city is its software platform. The software platform for smart cities includes a centralized middleware environment that defines application developers in the design, implementation, deployment and management of applications for smart cities. The study seeks to explore the requirements of a comprehensive software platform for the city to study and find the main challenges and open source problems in developing the generation of such operating systems. The results of this study showed that the platforms in smart cities in the cities have disadvantages and lead us to develop a new reference platform. The four main components of this reference platform are CPS, IoT, BD, and cloud computing. This new pattern can be designed and localized as a reference platform by engineering companies. According to experts, there is no comprehensive software platform for intelligent Kerman city management that should be based on the intelligent city management system. The lack of a comprehensive architecture platform in the city has prevented the data produced by a few sensors being used virtually. Ten factors of rapid development of such platforms prevent smart cities that should be considered by their designing companies. These problems include privacy, data management, heterogeneity, energy management, communications, scalability, security, laboratory deficiencies, urban models, and platform maintenance.

Water vapor is the dominant greenhouse gas in the Earth’s atmosphere and, at the same time, highly variable in the atmosphere. Observations of its spatial and temporal variations is a major objective of climate. It is important in several major areas in the atmospheric sciences, on scales from turbulence to synoptic-scale systems, and including cloud formation and maintenance, radiation and climate. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the ability of MODIS PWV products for use in monthly and daily variability of climatological scales over Iran. Therefore, the results are presented in two sections. The first section compares the long term (2003-2015) Monthly mean MODIS Level 3 and ERA-Interim PWV data sets. The second section validates the level 2 MODIS PWV products by Radiosonde daily data. For a better comparison of MODIS level 2 PWV products with Radiosonde data, we used data from 10 Radiosonde stations over Iran. We consider the sky conditions (cloudiness and visibility) in our comparison. There are no microwave radiometers (MWR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) sites in Iran hence, in the absence of these data, we used the measurements of Radiosonde and ERA-Interim as reference data for the comparison of the MODIS PWV estimates. These data were obtained at monthly and daily scales. In the first section, long-term (2003- 2015) spatial and temporal characteristics of monthly mean PWV are investigated over Iran. For this, Level-3 MODIS terra (MOD08_M3) products and ERA-Interim data were obtained with the 1-degree resolution for Iran. In the second section, January (as a month with low values of PWV and unstable atmosphere) of 2004 and July (as a month with high values of PWV and Stable atmosphere) of 2008 were selected for comparison of MODIS daily (MOD05-L2) PWV product with Radiosonde data for 10 Radiosonde stations in Iran. The average annual MODIS and ERA-Interim PWV data are 12.248 and 12.243 mm, respectively.These values are very close to each other. These values are also close to those derived by Asakereh et al. (2015) from NCEP data reanalysis (about 14.3 mm). Also, Ferencz and Pongra (2008) concluded that the ERA-Interim and the MODIS PWV fields are very similar.The maximum and minimum values of PWV for both data sets is observed during July and January, respectively. Tuller (1968) indicated that February and July are the months of highest and lowest precipitable water at most stations. At some, August replaces July, and at a smaller number, January replaces February. Also, our result is the same with the study of Maghrabi & Dajani, (2014) over Saudi Arabia. They reported that the lowest PWV values were in December and January, whereas the highest values were in June and July. They pointed that during warm periods, increases in the temperature and height of constant pressure levels result in an increased capacity for water vapor of the air mass, keeping it away from the saturation point and consequently preserving high PWV values. In contrast, in cold periods, the decrease in the height of constant- pressure levels, reduce the capacity for water vapor of the air mass and facilitates the condensation process, resulting in a decrease in the amount of PWV. The topography is a key factor in the spatial distribution of PWV. PWV from both data sets has a significant negative relationship with the distribution of topography in all months. This means that the concentration of PWV is high in the highland regions and vice versa. During January 2004, the ranges of errors are in the best case 5.53 mm (Tabriz) and in the worst case (Ahwaz) 16.02 mm. In all stations, the coefficient of determinations are negligible. While in the suitable weather condition, RMSE is decreased in all stations. During July of 2008 at many stations such as Zahedan, Kerman and Esfahan cloud cover and visibility condition have been appropriate, while in Bandar Abbas in all days the visibility was poor (less than 5 KM). It seems that the cloud cover and visibility conditions result in the high coefficient of determinations in Esfahan, Kerman and Zahedan (77, 80 and 66%, respectively) and with high error in Bandar Abbas station. Annual average MODIS PWV and ERA-Interim are close to each other (12.24), in addition, MODIS has a higher negative correlation coefficient with topography compared to ERA-Interim PWV data. This suggests that MODIS level-3 monthly PWV data are valuable for the monthly long-term climatology of PWV over Iran. In daily scale, a comparison of MODIS and radiosonde PWV data in different atmospheric conditions are significantly different. During clear days with appropriate visibility (despite the time lag between two data sets) values of R2 is higher compared to cloudy days with poor visibility. Hence, accuracy of the MODIS PWV data over Iran is strongly dependent on weather conditions.

The Islamic Republic of Iran has always faced a variety of natural and man-made hazards, which requires vigilance and careful planning to reduce the consequences. Due to its light weight, high transport and loading capacity, attention to portable shelters has increased in recent years. On the other hand, studying the types of these shelters for use in crises and different climates has a great impact on ease of crisis management, increasing the quality of housing and reducing casualties. In this research, the aim is to study on different types of folding shelters in order to improve the quality of existing shelters and also to improve the transportation and loading capacity. This research is applied in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and library, field and objective studies have been used to collect information. After reviewing the existing shelters using the Colonial Competition Algorithm (ICA) and implementing this algorithm in MATLAB software, one of the types of shelters studied as a model for producing and changing shelters used in time The crisis was introduced. As a result, by producing better shelters, it is possible to accommodate more people in times of crisis, which makes it easier to provide relief and crisis management, as well as improve the living conditions of the victims.