مهدی مردانی

This study investigated the effects of processing-based instruction (PI) and output-based instruction (OI) on learners’ development in comprehension and production of the English present simple tense. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the effects of PI versus OI. Among 70 EFL learners at a private language center in Iran, 40 pre-intermediate learners were assigned to the PI group, and 20 learners were assigned to the OI group (n=20). The PI group received structured processing input activities, while the OI group engaged in structured output activities. Descriptive and analytical statistics revealed that participants in the PI group significantly outperformed the participants in the OI group in receptive knowledge of the target structure. However, both instructional methods affected the participants’ productive understanding of the present simple tense, and the difference between the efficacy of these two types of instruction on participants’ productive knowledge was not significant.

One of the important issues in ḥadīth (Arabic: حدیث‎, plural: aḥādīth) studies is the measurement and evaluation of the validity of aḥādīth (Arabic: احادیث, singular: ḥadīth), which is considered before the investigations of the jurisprudence of ḥadīth (Arabic: فقه الحدیث, Fiqh al-hadīth: A science which is related to correct understanding of hadīth in addition to explaining of its meaning) and talks about the validity and correctness of the aḥādīth of the innocent. Rain requesting is one of the texts that is of high importance and priority due to the time conditions and the needs of the faith community, and it needs validation, and so far, no such activity has occurred about it. Therefore, the present article has tried to validate these aḥādīth based on the three components of place of sayings [sources], document and text, and measure their authenticity. The result of this study shows that five texts have more authenticity among the large number of supplications quoted in Shīʿa sources and are considered among the authentic and original supplications of Ahl al-Bayt (a) (Arabic: اهل البیت, lit. 'people of the house'). The age and reputation of supplication sources, as well as the authenticity and historical correctness of their text, are among the most important evidences of this evaluation.

Hagiography research is an Islamic study that deals with the innocents’ lifestyle. This study requires some basic knowledge that is included under the principles of science. For this purpose, inspired by logic and using the eight principles, some of the most important preliminary topics such as: definition, position, topics and goals are examined about the study of history and the nature of this new foundational term is explained. The result of this research, which was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method, shows that the hagiography study is an interdisciplinary field that researches the issues of the biography of the innocents with the help of some Islamic knowledge such as history, tradition, jurisprudence and Islamic theology. Biography research with the subject of innocent action has three main topics: biography, validation and meaning-finding, and studied with the three goals of inference, realization, and modeling.

Research about the sira of the Ahl al-Bayt (As) requires knowledge of various approaches to the sira of the Ahl al-Bayt (As). By knowing these approaches, we can compare related opinions and provide the possibility to face the upcoming challenges. One of the prominent approaches regarding the way of Ahl al-Bayt (As) is the model-oriented approach. In this approach, sira is viewed as a way of life and is examined with the aim of discovering the correct way of living. The present article has answered the main question with descriptive-analytical, what is the historical background of the model-oriented approach to the sira of Ahl al-Bayt (As) and what are its theoretical consequences? The results of this research show that the model-oriented approach has three stages of establishment, explanation and development, and it is effective in two parts, the concept of sira and the realm of sira research

Modeling the actions of the holy Prophet (PBUH) is not always possible and sometimes it is difficult to benefit from his actions. The historical distance between the Prophet and the today's people has restricted following some of his actions. Therefore, it is necessary to contemporise his actions in accordance with the culture of the time, while taking into account the requirements and conditions of it. The present article tries to explain the practical steps of contemporising the actions of the Prophet and the method of utilizing the historical actions of the Prophet. The results of this study suggest a five-step process that contemporises the actions of the Prophet in accordance with the cultural and environmental atmosphere of the present era. Feasibility study, establishment of the historical limitations, recognition of the variable doctrine, discovery of the purpose and reconstruction of the Prophet's action, are the five steps that can be taken to contemporise the actions of the Prophet.

Nearly forty Prophet’s (S.A.W.) actions have been introduced as his specific actions. According to popular theory, specific verbs are not patternable. As a result, these numbers of Prophet’s actions (S.A.W.) go beyond the scope of imitable actions. This article, with an analytical approach, presents a different result by criticizing the first two introductions. On the one hand, by determining scientific criteria, the number of Prophet’s specific actions (S.A.W.) is much less than the statistics mentioned so far. On the other hand, by dividing the specific actions into two categories, univocal and equivocal, some specific actions are imitable and not in the specific rank of the Prophet (S.A.W.). In this way, in univocal actions, the limitation of specificity is due to the precept of the action (obligatoriness and prohibition), and in equivocal actions, the constraint of specificity is changed to its extreme degree.

Understanding the text of Nahj al-Balaghah is not always easy, rather it may be associated with difficulties. To overwhelm them one is required to employ an academic method, would be specified in accordance with what Nahj al-Balaghah requires and would vary according to its characteristics. Such characteristics as style, structure and content are among the components that affect the understanding of Nahj al-Balaghah, and cause a different perception of it. What has been discussed in this article is a methodological theory that aims at suggesting a new approach to the understanding of Nahj al-Balaghah by means of a comparative study between the two branches of knowledge: hadith comprehension (fiqh al-hadīth) and linguistics. The findings of this research indicate that attention to the structure of hadith as one of the linguistic elements has a remarkable part in understanding Nahj al-Balaghah, and causes the formation of an approach termed structuralism. It is an approach that puts emphasis on the constituents and words of the text and detects the semantic relationship between them in the realm of the context of the text, and this way it attains what the speaker has intended.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of transformational leadership on organizational innovation considering the mediating role of organizational learning among Qazvin municipality staff.This study is an applied one. The research method in this study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population in this research is Qazvin municipality staff. Due to the random targeting of the questionnaire, 420 people with 10 years experience and high level of sample were selected. Was obtained. The research data were collected by a standard questionnaire with validity and reliability and SPSS and Smart PLS software were used for data analysis. The results of data analysis showed that transformational leadership has an impact on organizational effectiveness and organizational learning as well as organizational learning has an impact on organizational effectiveness. In this regard, it can be said that transformational leadership influences organizational effectiveness with regard to the mediating role of organizational learning.

To model oneself on the Prophet (s.a.w.) is not always an easy task; at times due to historical limitations it becomes difficult to follow in his footsteps. In such conditions one should consider what the modern age requires and should modernize the Prophet’s behaviors according to the present culture; a case that will not occur by reliance upon the appearance of the texts dealing with the Prophet’s conduct and life story (sīrah), and is in need of defining the fundamentals and basic beliefs. The present article attempts to explain the fundamentals and the effective presumptions for modernization of the Prophet’s acts, and this way it paves the way for benefiting from this sort of the Prophet’s acts and to makes it possible to broaden the scope of the instances of the Prophetic conduct (sīrah nabawiyyah). The results gained from this study show that by accepting the five basic fundamentals that have been achieved through an analytical-exploratory method, it becomes possible to analyze the Prophet’s acts in a modern way, and that his behavior and conducts can be updated according to the modern cultural and environmental atmosphere.

The lack of faith attributed to women in the eightieth sermon of Nahj al-Balagheh, seems to indicate the lack of talent of women in achieving perfection. Especially since their lack of faith has been documented in abstaining from prayer during menstruation. Since the most important perfection in religious thought is approaching God and attaining complete faith, the lack of faith of women will mean the denial of equality between men and women in value, and the text indicates the lack of ability of women to reach the truth of faith. Therefore, it is very important to study this question, what is the meaning of this narration? What does faith mean and what is the role of fulfilling the obligations in faith? This research has This research has commented on this narration in a descriptive-analytical method based on the hypothesis of issuing a narration, paying attention to its appearance and paying attention to other verses and narrations stating that there is no difference between men and women in accepting worships. Women suffer from a lack of faith due to abstaining from prayer and fasting on some days. On the other hand, it is possible for women to compensate for this defect. Therefore, it does not conflict with the Qur'an or other narrations.

The actions of the Prophet are shaped by the atmosphere of his existence period and must be realized based on the culture of that period. Therefore, given the conditions and requirements of the time change and the general culture and beliefs change, the prophet's behaviors should be modernized based on the features of the time and the custom of the audience. Modernization is not realized by having a glimpse on the texts and behavior of the Prophet. The problem to be investigated in this study is how to analyze the actions and behaviors of the Prophet so that given the situation changes, such a behavior is traceable. By analyzing some behavioral instance of the Prophet and carrying out an analytical-exploratory research, this article showed that by following a five-step process as follows, one may analyze the Prophet's modernized actions: the feasibility for relying on Prophet's act, assuring historical limitations in the Prophet's actions, recognizing the variable teaching in the Prophet's actions, discovering The purpose behind the Prophet's action, and finally reconstructing the Prophet's action. Thus his actions are modernized according to day's cultural conditions.

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of company life cycle in optimization of accrual quality prediction models. The statistical population of the study is 2008-2019, which includes a random sample of 180 company observations that were divided into three stages of life cycle using Dickinson's (2011) model variables. Multivariate regression technique with cross-sectional data was used to test the hypotheses. Then, using the original accrual quality measurement models, the error values of each model were compared with the error values obtained from the life cycle adjusted models. The results show that the coefficients of determination in the modified Casink model are not significantly increased compared to the original model, but in the other models, the coefficient of determination increases significantly compared to the original model, indicating that the values estimated by the modified models are approx. It is appropriate to real values and predicts and identifies up to a few percent of accruals quality or cash flow difference and net profit compared to the original and prior models, so that in addition to the Casink model, in addition to the life cycle, it increases the predictive power models have been made.

One of the most effective ways to measure the value of a scientific work is to examine the impact of its late effects. This impact can be traced both to the author's character and to the content of the compilation. Mukhaj al-Baraa Phay Description of Nahj al-Balaghah The work of Qutb al-Din Rawandi is an old and systematic description of the Nahj al-Balaghah. The study of the aftermath of this narrative makes it clear that the author's and author's scientific position has had a great influence on the late writers of Nahj al-Balaghah. One of the reasons that this influence has been high is the description of Nahj al-Balaghah Ibn Abi al-Haid Mu'tazilian, influenced by the scientific character of Qutbuddin Ravandi, also influenced his narrative methodology and content. This influence has been reflected in two types of confirmation of Ravandi's opinions and critique of his views in the description of Ibn Abi al-Haidat, and appeared more in the field of literary, historical and analytical subjects. The main areas of Sharif Motazali's critical approach were the morality of critique in his age, his religion and his verbal beliefs, as well as his scientific expertise and abilities.

In this paper a dynamic and discrete berth allocation problem with objective of minimizing total departure delay in Shahid-Rajaee container port is studied. The matter in Shahid-Rajaee container port is low depth of its access channel. When low-depth tide occurs, vessels with deep-draft are not able to pass the channel. Thus they have to wait until high-depth tide occurs and the draft of access channel reach to a passable depth for the vessels. The proposed model is a mix integer linear programming model that is able to consider the effect of tidal phenomenon with each accuracy degree. For evaluating validation of the proposed model first the proposed model is compared to existing operations of Shahid-Rajaee container port. The results show that applying the proposed berth allocation model can improve operations and significantly decrease vessel delayed departures. Next sensitivity analysis for depth of the access channel is proposed. The results have shown dredging of the access channel could have significant influence in reducing departure delays and improving the operation quality of Shahid-Rajaee container port.

Bahj al-Sabbagh Safi Description Nahj al-Balaghah Allameh Mohammad Taghi Shooshtari is one of the important narrations of Nahj-ol-Balagheh which was written with the aim of eliminating the shortcomings of the preceding ones and with a critical approach to Nahj al-Balaghah's commentators. This book is a rare example for Allameh Shushtari's critique of the critique of the critique. Therefore, the present article attempts to analyze and analyze the critique of Allameh Shushtari against Nahjolbalaghe's commentators, explaining and explaining his method in criticizing the commentators' votes. To this end, in a case study, Allameh Shushtari's critique was selected by Ibn Abi al-Hadid and analyzed in a series of axes. The results of this research show that the three components of documentary, conceptualization and reason are the most important methodological components that Allameh Shooshtari has considered in criticizing the votes of previous commentators.

" Sociological analysis " is an observer of the content of hadith and expresses its dignity and superiority to other hadiths. They picked up some ambiguities and differences of definition and meaning of this term tradition, led to the so as to be, not known for its efficiency and to understand and critique the traditions of enjoying not complete. This article tries to explain the function and nature-themed science, examine how performance and identify the common tradition, and it will explain the importance of the study of hadith. The results of this study were obtained from the analysis – exploration method, shows ten of the original themed most efficient eminence, is known for its traditions and validation is based on signs such as literary excellence, monotheistic content, methods of prayer and meditation, and some imams authorities.

Based on Shi'a thought, the practical tradition is one of the sources of inference that has not been considered by scholars due to the lack of explanation of the foundations and methods of its use. One way to increase the use of the practical tradition of inference is to explain the beliefs that their acceptance brings more effective practice. The present research has attempted to explain a fundamental belief based on the implications of the practical tradition based on an analytical-exploratory method and, by explaining the consequences of its adoption, to develop methods of deduction from the current tradition. Believing in the independent signification of the practical tradition is one of the effective presuppositions in the development of an inference from the practical tradition, the result of which is the extension of the methods of deduction from the practical tradition in two ways: one: the extraction of the dominant principle and the two: revitalization

The Holy Qur'an, as the main source in Islam, is the origin of the Islamic thought, which the most important one is the issue of "defense and security". This view relies on theoretical foundations and principles that deserve to be discovered and explained on the basis of religious doctrines. Using descriptive-exploratory method, this paper seeks to study the principles of defense thought in Islam based on the Quranic teachings. Negation of domination, adhering to the duties, independence and self-sufficiency, maintaining unity and solidarity and peaceful coexistence are among the main important foundations of defense thought in Islam, and obeying the commander, recognition of the enemy, cutting off the roots of corruption, defense preparation and cross-border defense are among the main important principles of defense thought in Islam.

According to Shia thought, the innocent verb is one of the sources of an understanding of religious teaching that hasnt been considered because of its lack of effective dimensions and the maximum tendency to promise tradition. One of the developments of the use of current tradition in inference is the explanation of the assumption that their adoption will increase the activity of the innocent verb in the interpretation of religious teachings. The present research attempts to determine the analytical method of a fundamental belief based on the territory of the innocent verb, and recognizes it. The result of the research suggests that it is believed to be believed to be the faith of all innocent verbs from the effective foundations of the development of the verb, which will lead to the development often realm of acts of innocence in the teachings of : economic, educational, and military. The current tradition, the innocent verb, the foundations of understanding, religious teachings .