فهرست مطالب مهدی نوجوان

Population growth and unplanned urban development has led to increase the risk of disaster in urban areas. Achievement to knowledge and ways to deal with disasters, have attracted attention of residents and researchers to natural disaster management. The number and variety of published scientific papers in the field of natural disasters is one of the reliable proofs for showing the trend of researchers to this field. The objective of this research is meta-analyzing the published papers in Persian scientific journals.

 For meta-analyzing of theoretical approach of Natural Disaster Management in Iran, initially 29 journals are selected. Then 454 papers are selected among these journals. These papers have been published from 2002 to 2016. Finally, for analyzing the papers, the analyzing criteria such as research methodology, sampling method and planning model and approach are determined using the expert’s opinion.

The map of studies distribution showed that Tehran, Khorasan-e-Razavi, and Azerbaijan-e-sharghi provinces have been considered in a lot of papers. Results showed that physical approach is the dominant approach in the studies which is a weakness in papers. Also disregarding the scientific principle of research methodology such as absence of sampling, reliability, and validity is the other weakness of studies.

Considering the dominant approach in the previous studies, studying and using the community-based and organizational approaches in the future researches is proposed. The policies of scientific journals in publishing applied papers is led to aggregation of these papers in the journals. So it is proposed due to importance of theoretical and fundamental studies and identifying indicators in the field of disaster management, scientific journals would have special attention to theoretical papers in this context and providing the condition to presentation of more theoretical and fundamental papers in this subject.

Utilizing the latest available technologies is essential for food preservation and processing. Consumers increasingly prefer products that have undergone the least change during processing and storage. Among them, pulsed electric field (PEF) is one of the non-thermal methods of food processing and storage. In this study, a Pulsed Electric Field system was designed, fabricated and then evaluated. For this purpose, a Schmidt-Trigger-based pulse generating system system and a semiconductor key (IGBT) were designed and tested using a gate driver with DC output. The input parameters for the tests included: voltage, number and frequency of pulses as well as pulse width. In order to adjust the two parameters, pulse number and excitation frequency, a touch panel and autotransformer were utilized to adjust the voltage. A constant pulse width of 2 microseconds was used. The results of the evaluation were reported in two parts. In the first part, the evaluation of the system function was performed using an oscilloscope and high voltage waves were produced. In the second part, the evaluation of the fish samples was performed in terms of the effect on the value of extracting protein. The Response-Surface method and Box-Bhenken scheme were used for data analysis and process optimization. Results of analyses showed that based on regression coefficients, the effect of the voltage factor and the second voltage factor had the highest influence on Protein extraction increase.

Different models have been proposed for disaster management. Considering their weaknesses so far, despite their efficiency in some locations and under certain circumstances, natural disasters are still a fundamental challenge in the way of sustainable development. The purpose of this research is to analyse disaster management models to be used as a theoretical tool in analyzing the current condition and to achieve the desired condition.

Material and Methodogy:

 To achieve the goals, qualitative approach and combinations of the concepts of thematic analysis, classification and typology are used. In this regard, first, the models of disaster management from 1941 to 2016 are collected. In the next stage the themes of each model are extracted and categorized in three phases. In the first phase which is descriptive coding, available elements in each model are extracted as code and the basic themes are recognized. Then, in the phase of interpretive coding, basic themes are classified in three categories which are called organizing themes. The final phase is determination of global or overarching theme which is consisted of all the other mentioned themes.

Basic themes which were obtained during the interpretive coding are the themes of operations management, risk management and hazard assessment. Based on thematic analysis, it can be concluded that disaster management has three main elements. Therefore, comprehensive model of disaster management should include these three elements and their sub basic themes that is called the ideal or criterion type.

Results showed that in some models, one dimension is emphasized. Even in two-dimensional models, one dimension has advantage over the other one. While the proposed typology showed that, considering the ideal type, the comprehensive model should include all the three mentioned elements. According to the ideal type, the strategic plan of disaster management should be performed under a comprehensive management considering all the elements of disasters.

Green roof is one of the new approaches of the architecture and urban planning and derived from the concepts of sustainable development which can be used to increase the green space per capita, environmental quality and urban sustainable development. Applied usage of roofs could be considered as an optimized utilization of urban lands. The main objective of this paper is to study the role of green roofs as a strategy to improve urban environmental quality from the sustainable architecture perspective.
Initially, a questionnaire was designed on the base of experts’ opinions, including 22 questions. Then 30 experts in the field of urban planning and architecture were selected as the study sample. Considering architectural issues and urban sustainable development, questions were categorized according to three main scopes: 1. The effects of green roofs on the ecological, continental, environmental, and economic-cultural aspects, 2. The differences between intensive and extensive green roofs, and 3. The differences between the green roofs and common roofs. The Alpha method was used for the evaluation of the reliability, and 3 hypotheses were presented for analyzing the questionnaire.
The alpha factor was gained to be 0.727, showing that the questionnaire had a proper reliability. After analyzing the hypotheses, they were confirmed. This implied the great effect of green roofs on improvement of urban environmental quality from the sustainable architecture perspective. The results showed that totally 70-80% of experts declared that the green roofs had high importance in the improving the environmental quality and sustainable urban development. Indeed, green roofs are our connector with nature in designing and planning and can reduce the negative effects of buildings in local ecosystem and consequently reduce the energy consumption. Moreover, green roofs can have a determinative role in fluctuation of energy circulation in buildings and may play an aesthetical role for the residents of cities.

In recent years, due to destruction and depletion of the special natural resources and for the prevention of excessive depletions and conservation of the present resources, most of the communities are tended to the training methods which are necessary for sustainable conservation. So, the objective of this study is evaluating environmental considerations in the informal trainings which are provided for eco-tour leaders of Guilan and assessing their conformity with the environmental standards and finally measuring the effectiveness of trainings and their effect on eco-tour leaders. The target population was the eco-tour leaders of Guilan which were 50 people. Initially, a questionnaire was prepared on the base of environmental content of training courses for data collection. The prepared questionnaire was included 30 questions which were related to before and after training courses. Then data were analyzed using the statistical methods. Results showed that the content of training, regarding to the existence of environmental knowledge, is acceptable to some extent, but the most weaknesses of the eco-tour leaders were the less information about the environmental regulations and laws after training courses. Finally, according to the education and age level of eco-tour leaders and prospering presence and participation of women in the field of tourism and training contents, it become possible that more specialized concepts and laws would be presented in the training courses which led the increase of the courses feedback and improving the tourism and ecotourism industry in the short term.

The objective of this research is to assess the contamination of Eshtehard aquifer using the concepts of carrying capacity and threshold. For this purpose, on the basis of continuous measurement of groundwater level of 16 wells in the study area, the isolevel map of groundwater was prepared, then 14 resources including 9 wells and 5 aqueducts were selected and two sampling were carried out in 2010- 2011. After chemical analysis of samples, the maps of EC and NO3 were drawn in GIS. The average annual drawdown of water table was calculated to be 0.69 meter using the annual hydrograph, which was indicative of the over exploitation of the aquifer. Moreover, the results showed that the EC and Nitrate concentration was high, for they passed the thresholds in most parts. Thus, it would be a serious threat to the aquifer. According to the concepts of threshold and carrying capacity, groundwater has been exploited over the carrying capacity of aquifer in most parts and since the exploitation and use of water in agriculture is the major consumption in the study area, the residual of chemical fertilizers has been kept in the soil and permeated to the aquifer by the agricultural water which leads to the increase in Nitrate.

Eshtehard plain has been subjected to over exploitation of ground water in recent years and disregarding to the quality of ground water was led to pollution and salinity of aquifer. In this research the spatial distribution of some of the qualitative properties of ground water such as Electrical Conductivity, the concentration of sulfate and chloride and finally the drawdown of water table are studied. For this purpose, initially on the base of existing data in the field of water table during 1376-90 years, the graph of long-term changes in water levels in the aquifer is plotted and the average annual drawdown is calculated 0.69 meter. Also on the base of continuous measurement of groundwater level of the 16 wells in the study area, the map of iso-level groundwater is produced for the year of 1389-90. Then, 14 resources including 9 wells and 5 aqueducts are selected and two sampling is done in the 1389-90. After chemical analysis of samples, the concentrations of cations and anions suchas sulfate and chloride are determined and the maps of EC, SO4 and Cl are drawn. Also annual comograph of aquifer is produced using arithmetic average for 8 years period between 1382-90. Results showed that owing to limited recharges of the study area, unbalanced exploitation is led to drawdown of water table and changing the flow path in the aquifer. On the base of annual hydrograph, the average annual recharge is 29.7 m cubic meter and average annual drawdown of water table is 0.69 meter which shows the over exploitation of aquifer. The maps of EC, SO4 and Cl indicated that brackish waters has been spread from the north of plain to the southern parts of plain so the EC is increased from 4258.1 micromoss in the 1382-83 to the 6733.9 between 1389-90. Given that in the northern part of plain, the concentration of chloride is high, the infiltration of brackish waters with high chloride has had greater increase than sulfate. So the gradual salitinization of groundwater and the spreading of saltwater front into the fresh water front can be seen in this area as one of the consequences of continuous drawdown of water table or over exploitation. Therefore continuation of the current trend does not draw a clear vision for the plain.

One of the most important problems that always have been considered by the authorities in the crisis management is the selection of site for emergency and temporary sheltering. It is obvious that inappropriate site selection may lead to another disaster that is more complex than the main one. So, the necessity of planning, managing and offering appropriate options for temporary sheltering of affected people before the occurrence of earthquake is vital. The objective of this research is the presentation of the appropriate and efficient method for the selection of site for temporary sheltering using Fuzzy algorithms. For illustrating the efficiency of proposed algorithm, the municipality district no.1 of Tehran is selected as the case study. Using the results of damage assessment of the study area, the number of homeless people was evaluated 136786 people and the required shelter was evaluated 410-615 hectares. For the selection of site, initially necessary criteria are determined. After studying the past research and receiving the expert’s viewpoints, 13 criteria were selected. These criteria include criteria such as vicinity to water resources, distance from faults and rivers, vicinity to hospitals and other therapeutic centers, and security. In this research, Fuzzy and Boolean logics have been used for the combination of the criteria (layers). IDRISI is used for the implementation of fuzzy operations and the selection of site for temporary sheltering due to its high capability in the multi criteria decision making analysis problems. Then using WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) method, the produced fuzzy layers (maps) were combined and the map of eligibility was produced. Using this map and Fuzzy logic, 17 zones with total area of 649.1 hectares were selected for temporary sheltering. The results indicated that due to applied decisive limitations in Boolean method (classic method), the number of selected sites are more than Fuzzy method. Boolean logic is not appropriate for the areas that land use has some limitations. Assessment of applied fuzzy method in this research (WLC) showed that despite the simplicity of WLC method, it has high efficiency and makes possibility of allocating different weights to various criteria due to the importance of criteria. Considering this predominance; the outcomes of the selection of site using WLC fuzzy method have better resolution power. However results showed that the selection of site depends on the experience and personal judgment of the corresponding manager, therefore fuzzy logic has high efficiency.

Erosion is a process in which soil particles separate from their main bed and move to the other place with the help of a transferor operator where based on the type of transferor operator there will be water, wind and glacier erosion (Refahi, 2000, p.3). Nowadays we rarely can find a region in the ground that is not subjected to the erosion and destruction which the main reason is the population growth and the excessive use of land (Ahmadi, 1999, p.195). Also it is considerable that erosion has two important aspects which include the reduction of the land productivity power and the disturbance of eroded materials (Ghadiri, 1993, p: 3-6). Therefore, the compensation of eroded soil for the nature, especially in the arid regions that the condition is so inadequate for formation of soil, is so hard and long process. So, the residents of these regions must be so careful in the preservation and prevention of erosion, because erosion is naturally so intense in these regions and the possibility of soil forming is so low (Kardovani, 1998, p.7). Thus the recognition of the sensitive regions to the erosion and sedimentation in the various parts of a drainage basin is one of the most critical issues in the prioritizing of the regions for executive works of soil preservation and watershed management.

As regards training is one of the most effective components in development of every country, applying comprehensive and continuos proceedings in order to increase the public awareness about environmental issues is necessary. So, encouragement of schools HM teachers to learning environmental knowledge and instruct the knowledge to the students in every grade would be a very effective way to raise the awareness of the students in every age. So in this research, it’s tried to be taken an effective step towards relizing the objectives of environmental education by presenting some training in the field of optimal energy-consumption to 28 HM school teacher. This research is an Applied and semi empirical research which is done by questionnaire and distributing training packs on the base of environmental training variables and the knowledge of HM school teachers using Pre-test and Post-test with an one week gap between them on the control and test groups. The gathered information is analysed by SPSS software and using statistical tests such as Covariant processing, LeVin and Toki tests, Variance processing and Pierson Correlations. The results showed that the average amount of correct answers is sequencely 25.36 and 19.29 in the test and control groups, which this issue after controlling the Pre-Test manifested that environmental training led to an increase of awareness of HM school teachers in terms of optimal energy consumption.

Decision making is one of the most important duties of management. Appropriate decision making is one of the reasons of success of people and organizations. So, the necessity of existing of the scientific methods that can help man in this subject is obvious. This subject led to attention of researchers to the multiple criteria models (MCDM) for complicated decision makings in the recent decades. These methods have been used for decision making in the condition that the selection of the options are difficult due to the antonym criteria and have various applications in the different sciences. The objective of this paper is exploring of the specific application of these methods in the urban and regional planning, i.e. in the selection of the proper site for the residence. For the selection of the site, initially necessary criteria are determined. Then using the expert’s viewpoints the weights of criteria are calculated. The results showed that using these methods the analyzing and doing priority processing for problems that deal with several options would be possible. Also the results showed that the multiple criteria decision making can have proper application in the analysis of subjects related to the urban and regional planning due to simplicity, flexibility, and use of the quantitative and qualitative criteria simultaneously and several criteria instead of one criterion.

One of the most important steps in analysis of hydrology and produce design hydrographs is Unit Hydrograph. Unit hydrograph is used for determination of flood in storms with different duration and intensity. This paper presents an optimization model of producing unit hydrograph using SA (Simulated Annealing) Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm. Gamma, Log-normal and First passage time probability distributions are used in this study. In this model, the objective function is to minimize the sum of squares of the deviation between predicted and actual direct runoff hydrographs per unit area of the watershed. The predicted direct runoff hydrograph per unit watershed area is estimated using unit hydrograph and probability distribution function. Also there are no constrains in the optimization model using SA and Genetic algorithms and probability distribution functions, and the number of variable to be estimated by optimization is equal to probability distribution parameters. So, the proposed method is a simple method. Results show that Log-normal and First passage time distributions can be used to predict the peak discharge more or less correctly. Also comparison of obtained results from SA Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm show that SA Algorithm has better results in predicting optimal solution. Therefore, this model may be applied for quick and approximate estimation of unit hydrograph and simulation of runoff hydrograph.