فهرست مطالب مهدی کرمانی

In the present study, identity has been examined in two Arabic and Persian young adult novels based on Erik Erikson''s theory of psychosocial development. According to this theory, adolescence is the fifth stage of development, and the primary challenge of this stage is the identity crisis, although not in its critical sense. The two novels studied are "Faten" by Lebanese writer Fatima Sharafeddin and "Hasti" by Iranian writer Farhad Hassanzadeh. "Faten" is set during the Lebanese civil war, while "Hasti" takes place at the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war, with young girls as the main characters in both stories. Sharafeddin''s young adult novels primarily focus on analyzing and critiquing the social situation in Lebanon, while Hassanzadeh''s approach in young adult novels is to empower and inform girls. This study highlights the significance of the adolescent stage and stresses the importance of establishing a successful identity during this period, pointing out literary researchers'' neglect of this stage. Therefore, this study aims to explore these two literary works using Erikson''s theory, a descriptive-analytical method, and a comparative literature approach.The research findings indicate that characteristics of adolescence in both novels can be categorized into three groups based on Erikson''s theory: Identity crisis; Identity-seeking, which includes identification, societal support, adolescents'' resistance to adult value systems, and love during adolescence; and Fidelity. By examining the role of identity and challenges faced by adolescents in these novels, it can be concluded that their main objective is to encourage young readers to develop a successful identity through education, learning, and interacting with knowledgeable individuals.

Recent research has confirmed the crucial role of social security in promoting social justice. However, despite its significance, these services are sometimes deemed unnecessary by both employers and workers. This can lead to insurance evasion.

The study was conducted using a qualitative research method based on grounded theory, during which 14 experts of the Social Security Organization were selected using a purposive sampling technique. These people responded to the main question of the research (identification of the factors affecting insurance evasion) during structured and issue-oriented interviews.

After analyzing the data, the core category was identified as “insurance evasion, short-term profit-making of stakeholders, and long-term instability in the production of collective good social welfare.” This central phenomenon is influenced by several causal conditions, including “lack of awareness among actors about the benefits of insurance,” “successive waves of economic crises,” “complexity and ambiguity in laws and regulations,” and “the lack of an effective monitoring and evaluation system.”  Additionally, the findings revealed that social actors encountering this issue have implemented strategies such as “prioritizing income for the labor force”, “associating labor based on bribery/threats”, and “neglect of insurance benefits”. These strategies have resulted in consequences such as “the challenge of financing the uninsured workforce” and “the gradual and increasing collapse of income/cost of insurance companies”.

The insurance evasion occurs under the influence of economic and structural factors. The inflation economic crises, and deficiencies in the social security laws regarding the determination of insurance payment and insurance styles affect the performance of capital and labor owners more than any other factor.

Employment is a key area for growth and self-fulfillment. Women have always faced many challenges since long ago, especially in developing countries, to achieve this goal under the influence of various historical, social and cultural contexts. Employment of women in Iran has an unequal position compared to men. These gender differences in the labor market can be identified both through the statistics and figures published about the level of economic participation of women in the Iranian society and through the discriminations in the work environment, such as taking low and less advantageous organizational positions by women compared to men. Despite the national development programs as well as the development of women's skills, abilities and education in recent years, the challenges facing them in the labor market still remain. Therefore, the present research aims to identify and achieve a coherent understanding of women's strategies to achieve employment with a qualitative and in-depth approach. In this regard, the conditions governing the adoption of any strategy by working women in medium job positions should be determined in terms of income and status.

Literature review:

Recent studies have confirmed the fact that the process of finding employment for women is influenced by some macro-demographic, cultural-social, individual, psychological and economic factors. In general, the findings of these studies, which are often carried out with a quantitative approach, indicate that women based on several variables such as age, education, capabilities, self-confidence, self-belief, having family support and access to financial resources, have different experiences in the job search process. The results of some other sociological researches show that a major part of women's bad luck in obtaining favorable job opportunities is due to the lack of attention of government and public institutions and inappropriate policies in order to ensure women have balanced privileges in the workplace. It should be noted that the findings of some other studies show that the media and social networks facilitate the job search process, especially in the field of controlling and adjusting traditional structures.

The present research, with a qualitative approach and based on interpretive methodology (grounded theory), has investigated the experiences and identification of women's strategies in obtaining job opportunities. The statistical population of this research consists of working women with average job positions in terms of income and status in Mashhad. In order to determine the sample size, two methods of targeted sampling and snowball were used, thus 19 working women were interviewed. In order to achieve theoretical saturation, the researchers implemented and analyzed the data after conducting each interview in order to identify the hidden aspects of the data and non-transparent data. In the continuation, the existing findings were completed by taking new interviews until reaching a clear picture of the phenomenon under study. Based on this, the data collection process continued until reaching the saturation stage.
Validity and reliability in the present research were measured using Guba and Lincoln's four-step approach. Based on this, numerous referrals and long-term presence in job search centers and continuous observation of the behavior of the main actors of the labor market on both sides of job seekers and suppliers were made. Also, the diversity of the respondents in terms of having multiple career records and experiences and different socio-economic bases was emphasized during sampling and data collection. Finally, the use of open-ended questions during interviews and the systematic coding of interviews at an open, axial and selective level during data analysis was one of the other strategies of researchers to fulfill the criteria of validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability in this research.

The analysis of the data of the present research led to the formulation of the central phenomenon under the title "Women's job search: balance between identity search, security seeking and independence seeking". This phenomenon has been affected by a set of causal conditions such as "unmet economic needs", "concentration of working women in peripheral social networks" and "role-identity challenges". Also, the background conditions include "increasing expansion of unstable job opportunities in the labor market" and "evolution in the criteria for validating women in Iranian society" and intervening conditions such as "education", "marriage and economic experiences related to it" and "lived experience of women in Father's house" have had an effect on the identified central phenomenon. To face the central phenomenon, the studied women use strategies such as "wandering in the labor market", "entrepreneurial experiences", "job search based on previous experiences", and "relying on peripheral social networks "," utilizing sexual capital and appeal to official organizations. Also, they have reported consequences such as "prioritization of income over job security", "redefinition of women's identity based on employment", "relative economic independence of women" and "gradual feminization of the labor market".

The results of the research show that women, under the influence of positive or motivational factors, tend to get a job outside their place of residence. It can be said that women who have pursued the job search process at least once in a serious and goal-oriented manner have been affected by factors such as unmet economic needs, the density of working women in social networks, role and identity challenges, as well as having professional skills and qualifications.
 Finally, the results of this research confirm the findings of some previous studies that women's individual characteristics are more effective than social, cultural and structural factors in their job search process. In this effort to enter the labor market by women, two main elements under the title of job security and identification are given priority over economic independence. An important part of middle-class women's efforts for employment can be seen in the light of this prioritization. In fact, being in job positions attracts women's interest more than to achieve economic benefits, because of its identity and dignity creation. Finally, in the shadow of employment and in the process of searching for desirable job opportunities, women learn about independent and effective lifestyles in society.
Therefore, in the policy making of the employment field, emphasis should be placed on creating a platform for flexible career experiences for women, taking into account the requirements of their personal and family life. Also, the optimization of the legal protection system for women in the workplace should be considered.

Today, the consumption of goods and services has undergone extensive changes and in addition to meeting essential needs, has become an area for "redefining the identity" of individuals; of course, this phenomenon occurs in urban areas where the social relations of individuals are often based on anonymity and take the form of acquired template and have many cultural and social implications. The purpose of this study is to express the reasons given by the residents of Birjand for their dramatic consumption of clothing and how they understand and interpret this phenomenon. This research has been done in an interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach using the grounded theory method and with a theoretical and purposeful sampling method, with a total of 30 residents of this city who were in the age group of 15-55 years This research was carried out in a interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach using the grounded theory method and by theoretical and purposeful sampling method, with a total of 30 residents of this city who were in the age group of 15-55 years and with experience in dramatic consumption of clothing, Having the necessary preparation to express personal experiences, in-depth interviews have been conducted. Data are analyzed based on the three stages of Strauss and Corbin by open, axial and selective coding methods; conformity, differentiation and show-off are the three main categories of research and the central category is: "Dramatic consumption as redefining identity in urban society through conformity, differentiation and show-off."

The purpose of this study was to investigate the conditions governing individuals' supportive actions and strategies. Based on the conceptual framework, supportive action has been studied from different perspectives and based on the method of contextual theory, in-depth interviews have been conducted with 22 residents of Mashhad regarding different experiences of supportive action and their reasons for taking supportive action. Since in the present study, achieving more in the perspective of actors has been considered, targeted sampling has been used. The main criterion for selecting participants is the experience of the studied phenomenon. For this purpose, first, indicators such as religious views, age group, education, income and economic background were identified so that completely different examples could be considered based on them. The interviews were coded at three levels: open, central, and selective, and finally identified 35 main categories that fall into four categories: conditions (causal, interventional, and contextual), action strategies, consequences, and main categories. Based on the analysis of the findings of this study, the core category is "Combining pre-modern semantic perception and modern tools in advancing Supportive action", which includes another core category is entitled "Transition from a family-oriented and religious duty to community-oriented and social responsibility based Supportive action".

In the current period, rural handicrafts are related to the concepts of economic development due to their economic nature, which can convey the identity of villagers more and better to customers through social, cultural and ethnic messages. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the capacities of handicrafts in rural settlements of Torbat-e Jam-Taybad cities. According to the research topic, the type of research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population includes two groups of experts (15 people) and handicraft producers in 15 villages studied in Torbat-e-Jam-Taybad counties, among which 1380 active handicrafts were identified, of which 239 as a sample population by They were questioned by simple coincidence. Data collection methods include library and field methods with questionnaire tools. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test in SPSS software and AHP. Findings showed that four economic, social, tourism and environmental factors are the most important capacities of handicrafts in the study area and in all research variables (economic, 3.40, social, 3.37, tourism, 3.26, environmental, 07 / 3) The average of the identified capacities is higher than the theoretical average, therefore, they play an effective and useful role in the rural development of the region (in relation to its economic situation, etc.). Also, the results of (AHP) among the studied variables, economic and social components with weights of 0.574, 0.167%, respectively, were recognized as the most important factors due to the prosperity of handicrafts, which tourism and environmental components, respectively, by weight 150.159 and 0.098 are less important than other factors. Therefore, identifying the potential of handicraft prosperity as a creative and innovative approach in rural development for other rural settlements is proposed.

Despite dramatic increases of women in higher education, a significant gap remains in women's socio-economic activities, a manifestation of success in life today. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of success for women. We used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured interviews to conduct a qualitative study with women between 30 and 40 years. Using theoretical and purposive sampling, we continued the interviews until achieving theoretical saturation, and finally, 25 people were interviewed. After transposing data into MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software, they were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory coding methods. The findings emerged in eight categories: (1) one-dimensional socialization and external limitations, (2) restrictions on career prospects, (3) lack of financial and family support, (4) lack of skill-based training, (5) role pressure of housekeeping (6) access to university education (7) focus on personal empowerment and (8) cyberspace opportunities. “Constraints and role duality” was considered the core category. The findings suggest that the intersectional socio-cultural systems that shape individuals' identities involve women in a cycle of learning about systemic influences so that participants develop the semantic structures needed to filter out discriminatory effects. It should be noted that the social system has been able to provide new opportunities for women; however, the weight of gender social components is still high, and these opportunities have not been realized

The present study investigates the life experience of students in cultural and extra-curricular activities in a university based on the granded theory method with the aim of examining the relationship between organizational culture and the formation of social entrepreneurial inclinations. The data analysis, which was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 22 students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, led to the formation of a central phenomenon called "extra-curricular in the University: the field of innovation and altruism integration ". This phenomenon has occurred on the basis of a set of contextual conditions such as " the focus of the teacher in the organizational culture of the university", "the overcoming of training and research affairs on educational affairs at the university" and "student subculture dynamics in the university's corporate domain". The most important causative conditions affecting this phenomenon are "the variety and breadth of extra-curricular programs," the "executive model governing the extra-curricular activities" and "the accessibility of extra-curricular in financial and temporal formats." There were also some interventional  conditions, such as family life experiences, school backgrounds, and “the prevailing conditions in a certain field of study and department at the university”. The strategies adopted by students against the phenomenon, Including "prioritizing", "balancing", and "neglecting" to the extra-curricular, lead to Consequential conditions such as “increasing the willingness of the team working”, "the personal and collective alignment in the interest", "the transformation in benevolent emotions", "tendency to Innovation" and "one-dimensional growth in neglect of extracurricular activities".

After the 2008 crisis, the concept of resilience was introduced as one of the most important key factors in reducing vulnerability to crises. After this period, studies were more intensively done around this concept, to which special attention was paid in social sciences and sociology. Yet, studying the concept of resilience and paying attention to it in different dimensions is more important to countries with a high risk. One of the most risky countries with both natural and unnatural causes is Iran, a country that frequently faces various economic shocks and crises in terms of both its geographical location and type of connection to the outside world. Each type of crisis can threaten livelihoods of families and reduce welfare in the society. Lack of attention to the concept of resilience has caused the Iranian society to undergo a crisis period in recent years. It no longer has its normal function. In such an event, people's participations in the overcoming process of crisis have decreased and the negative effects of risks have increased. Due to the high impact of resilience on enhancing social resistance and the declining trend of social harms, as well as the need for the further study of the Iranian society in this area, the present research focused on the concept of resilience despite providing its accurate description. Also, it tried to identify the extent of its impact on the economic actions of households in adverse economic conditions with regard to its current situation in various dimensions.  

The current investigation was of a survey type, besides being of an applied type due to the possibility of using its results by the authorities. The statistical population of this study included all the household heads in Mashhad City in 2022. According to the statistical yearbook of 2016, this city had a population of 3001184 people and consisted of 817250 families. It should be noted that the sample individuals had the necessary dispersion to obtain valid and generalizable information and data. In other words, different social classes were sufficiently present in the sample. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated to include 399 people, which increased to 450 people so as to better allocate the sample to the subgroups of the statistical population and prevent error reduction. Finally, by removing the unusable items, the sample size was determined to consist of 427 people. Also, a proportionally allocated stratified sampling method was applied. In this way, an attempt was made to equally examine the different social classes of the households. 

In summary, it should be noted that the subjects’ economic actions were analyzed in the 3 areas of resistance, recovery, and creative economic actions, the application of each of which was affected by different variables. The important point to be mentioned in this section was the household heads’ tendencies to use resistance and then recovery actions. In other words, in the current situation, the heads of the households first tried to use resistance economic actions to earn a living and lead their daily lives. The majority of people sought to provide subsistence for themselves and their families on a daily basis and was less inclined to take long-term economic actions. This was understandable in our society, where most people had an income of less than 5 million tomans. By increasing the cost of living in the society, only the extended use of resistance actions could sustain household economy. The results also showed that the households tended to use economic recovery actions. This tendency, however, was more prevalent in the middle-class households. In other words, the households that were relatively better off financially tried to return to their pre-crisis conditions (recent economic turmoil and Corona epidemic) by using actions based on ​recovery strategies. Regarding creative actions, the results revealed that the use of these actions was increasing with the increase of the households’ social class.Creative economic activities had the highest average level in the upper classes and the lowest average level in the lower classes. This result is in line with those obtained by Royla et al. (2017). The researchers also found that by changing the social classes of the households and individuals, their types of action and economic action strategies altered. Finally, according to the results of the present study, it should be noted that paying attention to the concept of resilience can be very effective in overcoming the difficult and critical situations in societies. In addition to reducing the destructive effects of various economic shocks, resilience of any societies and their individuals provides the conditions for their growth and progress.

Nowadays, experts challenge the negative attitude toward immigration and take a more positive stance towards it. In their opinion, migration can bring benefits to both countries of origin and destination. One of the advantages mentioned is their economic interactions with the country of origin, leading to economic and cultural development in the country of origin. Regarding the lack of comprehensive research in this field, the present study aims at identifying the types of economic interactions of immigrants residing in Germany with Iran and their reasons for it.

The statistical population of the present study includes all legal immigrants aged above 18 residing in Germany with more than 2 years of residence in this country. Since there was no prior framework for investigating this issue, a qualitative method and a semi-structured interview were used. Based on theoretical sampling, 30 immigrants were interviewed.

The findings of the present study indicate that transferring goods and funds from Germany falls into five main categories, namely, sending gifts, investments, charitable actions, sending rare goods and purchasing incorporated services,

This five main categories are subject to cultural integration, economic integration, attitude to Iran and Germany and the number of years Immigrants reside in Germany.

This study attempts to investigate the phenomenon of prostitution from a structural perspective and based on the views of relevant social actors. An in-depth interview and observation techniques were used to collect the data, and the grounded theory method was used to analyze the collected data. Systematic analysis of the data collected through observation and in-depth interviews depicted that the prostitution has been grafted with a set of meso and macro level factors and conditions. “Failure in achieving the inclusive economic development” is the first macro level factor which is affecting on “the continuous decline in household income levels and diversity”, and “Losing existing job opportunities and no replacement of them”. The second effective factor is “delay and imbalance in cultural and social development” which leads itself to “the gradual collapse of neighborhood life structure”, “decline and failure in family institution”, and “decline in public ethics culture” as an output instances for second factor. The third effective factor is “human and environmental instability of development plans and programs” which leads to “ecological decontamination” and “rural-urban migrations”. The fourth factor is “failure in the efficiency of macro level operating systems” which has leaded to “the prevalence of useless bureaucratic procedures”, “organizational parallel works and overlapping”, “Permanent waste of resources due to a Stacked and swollen bureaucracy”. The consequence of this process is to involve vulnerable people in a cycle of poverty, homelessness, and all kinds of exploitation. Finally, based on the results of the study and in order to empowering the prostitute women, while accepting the "individualist" and "family-centered" strategies, the "community-based" strategy is emphasized as the most important and main strategy for empowering these women.

Social exclusion means the rejection of people from society and its resources and opportunities, and poor people are among those who are more vulnerable to social exclusion. However, research that looks at the phenomenon of social exclusion from the perspective of poor people has been less done in our country. The aim of this study was to explore the feelings and experiences of disadvantaged people regarding social exclusion and to further identify the characteristics of exclusion and its relationship with poverty. For this purpose, qualitative method and interview tools have been used. The interviewees were 18 poor people in Mashhad and the sampling in this study was theoretical sampling. The data obtained from these interviews were analyzed by the content analysis technique of Brown and Clark (2006). The findings of this study indicate two main types of social exclusion. Exclusion of interactions that include exclusion from family and relatives, and reduced interactions with individuals, and exclusion of socio-economic opportunities that include exclusion from financial resources (inaccessibility of loans and facilities), exclusion from the labor market (inaccessibility of employment), and Lack of proper support by government organizations and institutions.

Introduction :

Poverty is one of the biggest and long-standing challenges in the world and the fight against it is a serious problem. Many studies have tried to identify this phenomenon, discover its causes, and deal with it. One of the most important aspects of this knowledge is recognizing the strategies that poor people use to survive in poverty. Although recent global studies of the phenomenon of poverty have sought to identify it from the perspective of the poor themselves by hearing their voices, domestic studies have paid less attention to this issue. Nonetheless, the need for this knowledge is strongly felt in our country, especially in the current economic conditions, i.e., high economic fluctuations and hourly increases in prices triggered by direct decisions of the government in such issues as increasing the price of gasoline and its occasional interventions to enhance the prices of its services like water, electricity, and gas, political unrest and augmented economic sanctions, and economic consequences of the Corona recession and unemployment, which have caused persistent shocks to the poor. Therefore, adoption of proper survival strategies in a metropolis like Mashhad City with very large marginal areas involved in a growing population, inadequate distribution of wealth, and unbalanced development is very important. This research was done due to the importance of the survival strategies of low-income people in Iran and lack of research in this field with the aim of paying attention to the poor people’s life experiences.   

This study was conducted qualitatively. The data were collected via an interview technique. The sampling method was purposeful sampling and the interviewees were the poor men and women aged over 18 years and living in the suburbs of Mashhad City. The data analysis was done through thematic analysis. Also, Braun and Clarke’s framework was utilized to perform the content analysis. 6 steps, including familiarity with data, generation of an initial code, search for themes, review of the themes, definition of themes, and final writing and analysis, were identified by Braun and Clarke. In this study, 22 interviews were conducted. The interviews were first done through an informal approach and with the interviewees’ verbal consents. They were then written and the data analysis was started based on the mentioned steps considered by Braun and Clarke. Besides, an attempt was made to increase the research validity by asking the participants' opinions about the findings and interpretations made by the researcher. For this purpose, after each interview, a description of what was said by the interviewee was retold by the interviewer and the interviewees’ views were properly matched.

The analysis of the findings revealed that the main types of survival strategies used by the low-income people included livelihood-oriented support strategies, underemployment, education and acquisition of basic skills, severe decline in household consumptions, and occasional criminal activities. The main theme of the present study was continuation of a poor life based on the adoption of fragile survival strategies. In fact, the poor people of Mashhad City helped to continue their poor lives without trying to improve their conditions by adopting the mentioned survival strategies. Due to their instabilities and fragilities, these strategies were not resilient in the face of the current crises, thus putting a financial pressure on their families and negatively affecting their survival.

Due to the problems associated with fat intake in diets and on the other hand, the positive role of fat in dairy products such as yogurt, the use of fat substitutes such as starch will help maintain the ultimate quality. Chevil is one of the most important aromatic and medicinal plants in Iran, traditionally used in dairy products and ghee. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of corn starch (1, 1.5, 2 %) and F.angulata extract (0.1, 0.2, 0.3%) on some physicochemical characteristics including pH value, acidity, syneresis, viscosity and sensory parametrs color, flavor, consistency and overall acceptance of low-fat probiotic yogurt. The results showed that with increasing the corn starch content and F. angulata extract, pH value increased and decreased, respectively. Yogurt sample containing the highest corn starch (2%) and F.angulata extract (0.3%) had the highest pH value and lowest acidity, respectively. With increasing corn starch, syneresis decreased. The sample containing 1.5% corn starch had the highest viscosity. In contrast, samples containing more F.angulata extract had more syneresis and the lowest viscosity was related to yoghurt containing 0.2% F.angulata extract. Over time, the sensory scores of samples were declined. The yogurt sample containing 0.1% F.angulata extract showed the highest color score. The highest average flavor, consistency and overall acceptance scores during cold storage belonged to the sample containing 2% corn starch. As a conclusion, we can introduce sample containing 2% corn starch as a sample with superior quality properties.

This study was designed to "examine the effect of national belonging on the tendency to emigrate abroad." In this mixed research, first the qualitative method, dimensions and components of the phenomenon of national belonging and the tendency to emigrate among Iranian immigrants were discovered and then from the results of the qualitative study, a quantitative questionnaire was prepared about the citizens of Mashhad, 20 people. Iranian immigrants in the qualitative section and 414 samples from the citizens of Mashhad in the quantitative section were examined. From the qualitative results, the core category of "suspension or intensification of the tendency to migrate in the light of national belonging" was identified, which surrounds other categories as conditions and effective factors; Also, in the quantitative results, it was found that the rate of citizens' tendency to emigrate abroad was high and the rate of national belonging was moderate, and national affiliation (-0.734) showed a correlation with the tendency to emigrate abroad. . Regression calculations showed that with the increase of national affiliation, the tendency to emigrate abroad decreases and the share of social affiliation (-0.621) on the tendency to emigrate was more than other dimensions. Overall, national affiliation was able to explain (0.584) the variance of the dependent variable of the study (tendency to emigrate abroad).