مهران رضایی

Between 909 and 1135 AH / 1501 and 1725 CE, the Armenians of the Caucasus, as a small minority of the monarchy of Iran, have been engaged in politics and trade in an era that its major feature was the globalization of economy based on a set of absolutist governments. The fact that how policy making at such a level and such a range had been possible for such a limited population and what kind of political issues shaped their concerns is an essential question. An analysis of this problem through Anthony Giddens's construction theory and its complementary historical sociology makes it clear that the increasing movement of the Armenians social system towards authoritative sources and the new species of resource allocation with high-throughput capability in time-space, actualized such a possibility and, Armenians’ political issues were the result of these sources and were oriented towards the preservation of the sources and focused on their preservatio

The modern and postmodern challenges regarding the meaning of life have been recognized as the root of many mental harms in contemporary human beings. Love as one of the most fundamental religious-humane concepts can significantly contribute to the resolution of such challenges. Speaking of the research question, the present study, using the descriptive-analytical method, attempts to figure out how the meaning of life based on love can be re-defined in accordance with the views of Allameh Ja'fari (as one of the recent religious thinkers). According to the research findings, the meaning of lover's life is commensurate with the beloved’s value; the more sublime the beloved is, the more sublime the lover's life will be. Virtual love and real love have different effects on the meaning of life. When it comes to the meaning of life, there is a bilateral relationship between love and "belief in God". As for the connection between love and "purpose", virtual love can not only serve as a tool for reaching the "true love", but can be recognized as the representative of its dignity and its manifestations. In addition to these components, there is a close-knit relationship between the “human existential and perfection levels" and the type and level of love. As for the relationship between love and "art", people's perceptions of the meaning of life can generate different arts. Combined with real love, any artwork can serve as a source of excellence and perfection in society.

The European tarnished plant bug, Lygus rugulipennis Poppius (Hemiptera: Miridae), is one of the most important alfalfa pests in many parts of the world. The biology and life table parameters of L. rugulipennis were investigated at five constant temperatures (25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, and 35 °C) under conditions of 60±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16L:8D h. The pest failed to development at 35 °C. The longest and shortest nymphal development periods were obtained at 27.5 °C (13.81 days) and 32.5 °C (8.08 days), respectively. The female adult longevity of L. rugulipennis at temperatures of 25, 27.5, 30, and 32.5 °C were evaluated 24.06, 20.96, 19.05, and 10.75 days, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproduction rate (R0), finite rate of increase (λ), mean generation time (T), and doubling time (DT) of L. rugulipennis at temperatures of 25, 27.5, 30, and 32.5 °C were estimated 0.1028, 0.1045, 0.0923, and 0.0662 day-1, 23.92, 15.77, 12.37, and 4.60 female offspring/female, 1.105, 1.110, 1.097, and 1.069 day-1, 30.89, 25.90, 26.27, and 23.19 days, and 6.74, 6.65, 7.46, and 10.19 days, respectively. According to the results, the range of 25 to 27.5 °C is considered as an optimal temperature; in contrast, the 32.5°C is a destructive temperature to develop L. rugulipennis. The current results can be used in the forecasting and integrated management programs of L. rugulipennis.

Dipteran flies are the second most important group of insect parasitoids after hymenopteran parasitoids and they represent about 20% of all insect parasitoids. The Tachinidae comprises approximately 1500 valid genera and more than 8500 described species in the world and is the largest and most important family of dipteran parasitoids. This family is divided into four subfamilies: Exoristinae, Tachininae, Dexiinae, and Phasiinae, of which the Exoristinae is the most species–rich subfamily. Some species of the Tachinidae have been used in classical and augmentative biological control programs, especially in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Despite the high potential of Tachinidae parasitoids as effective biological control agents, their role in pest management programs has been less studied. Not only in Iran, but also in many parts of the world, the tachinid species are not commercially available and only some species of the family have been mass reared. In the last decade, considerable research has been conducted on the identification and classification of Tachinidae in Iran, and more than 270 species of this family have been reported in the country. In the current review, various aspects of the Tachinidae have been investigated including, biology, rearing methods, and examples of application and their potential in biological control programs. This review aims to reveal the role of the tachinid flies in biological control programs and to use them in the integrated management programs of key pests in Iran.

The Surah of Tawhid is filled with deep philosophical and ontological contents, which according to its argumentative category, the interpretations of Islamic philosophers are strong-hold for understanding. The present study seeks to analyze and critic the reasonings and points related to »nor was begotten «  from Islamic philosophers` perspectives (focusing on the ontological interpretations of Avicenna, Mulla Sadra, and Allameh Tabatabai). The research method is analytic-descriptive. Throughout the research, symbols and tables have been used to logically rewrite the arguments. Based on the research findings, Avicenna's reasoning [denial of God's birth, based on the incompatibility of God`s Essence with birth and the need for others] is not comprehensive; This reasoning by considering other preliminaries can be revised and re-interpreted. Allameh Tabatabai's reasoning [denial of God's birth, based on the incompatibility of God`s Eternity with birth and need], can be criticized because of the ramifying of Eternity. New reasoning can be arranged by considering the combined critical reasoning of Avicenna and Allameh Tabatabai. Mulla Sadra's first reasoning [denial of birth based on the contradiction between precedence of existence and parental precedence] can be criticized and corrected due to the unnecessary involvement of the issue of "priority". Mulla Sadra's second reasoning [denial of birth due to the implication of possibility] is favorable.

In this paper deep neural controller is evaluated in self-driving car application which is one of the most important and critical among human-in-the-loop cyber physical systems. To this aim, the modern controller is compared with two classic controllers, i.e. proportional–integral–derivative and model predictive control for both quantitative and qualitative parameters. The parameters reflect three main challenges: (i) design-time challenges like dependency to the model and design parameters, (ii) implementation challenges including ease of implementation and computation workload, and (iii) run-time challenges and parameters covering performance in terms of speed, accuracy, control cost and effort, kinematic energy and vehicle depreciation. The main objective of our work is to present comparison and concrete metrics for designers to compare modern and traditional controllers. A framework for design, implementation and evaluation is presented. An end-to-end controller, constituting six convolution layers and four fully connected layers, is evaluated as the modern controller. The controller learns human driving behaviors and is used to drive the vehicle autonomously. Our results show that despite the main advantages of the controller i.e. being model free and also trainable, in terms of important metrics, this controller exhibits acceptable performance in comparison with proportional–integral–derivative and model predictive controllers.

God`s being of a child is of those attended issues in different religions and denominations. The question of the study follows as: what may one say about God`s childbearing on the basis of Ibn Sina, Mulla Sadra and Allameh Tabataba`i`s reasonable principles on the third verse of the chapter Tawhid? The method of the study is analytical and descriptive and the findings are offered in tables and logical propositions. On the findings of the research, Ibn Sina has based God`s impossibility of childbearing on the necessity of common nature of the father and the child; Mulla Sadra has proposed three proofs in the field of which the third is more defensible with regard to his philosophical foundations; while the first and the second are not defensible as not being correctly explained and not being in agreement with his principles of the departure movement. And Allameh has based the impossibility on God`s uniqueness of Existence.
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The  Fali family Rouasa are considered as powerful social groups in judicial affairs and office in southern iran,especially in the Hormuz domain, from the seventh to 11th century. such an increasing presence of human elements in the administrative and govermental affairs, the relational situation of the Fal region after the gradual fall of Siraf from the third century, and also the political structure of Hormuz king, which provided the field of presence and activity of different kinds of human forces in its domain. in this period,  the empowerment of the Fali family in the political apparatus and the govermental, which is considered as one of the most important dynasties along with the rest of the family, and the sources of finance and finance are Hormuz. hence, the relationship between Fali as one of the govermental families in the king realm is Hormuz with the establishment of the monarchy and other clans and social groups in the persian gulf. examining the historical data and documents and analyzing historical data shows that the Fali family was an important source of wealth and power assurance in the political system of Hormuz king. the findings show that competition and conflict conflicts with other social groups on political issues and governmental as well as the efforts of the Portuguese military forces to monopolize the revenues from the Persian Gulf maritime economy combined with the import of a rival and opponent group resulted in weakening the power of the Fali ministry and the monarchy in Hormuz.

Alienation has been one of the most important debates in anthropology in recent centuries. Most recent thinkers have focused on the negative side of it, but one can also understand some positive aspects. In the mystical and philosophical Islamic tradition there are some explanations about "positive self-alienation" before God about the key word annihilation. The main question of the present study is how can be explained the relationship between "positive alienation" and "the issue of annihilation" in Islamic mystical- Philosophical works? The present research's method is descriptive-analytical. Early and late Islamic mystics and scholars, by quoting some Qur'anic verses (such as Qasas verse 88, Baqarah verse 156, Ghaffer verse 16, Muhammad verse 19, etc.) have proposed theories in this regard. In these works (from both descriptive and advisory perspectives), annihilation in God is accompanied by forgetting himself (as positive alienation). Studies show that there is a direct and significant relationship between "positive self-alienation", "Fana in God", "absence of self and Non- God" and "levels of perfection". The final stage of annihilation, which is accompanied by survival, requires complete alienation; accordingly, the recommendations for "annihilation and positive alienation" can be understood on the basis of the course of the levels of perfection and ultimate survival.

Wheat, Triticum aestivum L. is of one the most important cultivated crop plants that are grown extensively for food in the world. The green wheat aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hem.: Aphididae) is an important pest of wheat in Iran causes severe damage to the crop. In this research, thermal requirements of parasitoid wasp, Diaretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hym.: Braconidae)on the green wheat aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hem.: Aphididae) were assessed at five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 27.5ºC), 60±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16L: 8D hours. The results showed that temperature had significant effect on developmental time. The mean of longest and shortest preimaginal period were observed at 10ºC (25.49±0.09 day) and 25ºC (9.24±0.05 day), respectively. Effect of temperature on developmental time of D. rapae was fitted using linear and non-linear models. The lower temperature threshold and thermal constant of D. rapae were 3.21ºC and 229.36 DD, respectively using linear regression model. The non-linear model Berier 1 had relative high goodness- of- fit. T0, Topt and Tmax were fitted well using this model. Therefore, Berier 1 model was determined for the description of temperature-dependent development of D. rapae on S. graminum. In this research, the linear and most common nonlinear thermalmodels and the criteria for selecting appropriate models are evaluated.

Persians, as cultural and economic mediators between the east and west, caused cultural exchanges between China and the western world. Up to the 16th century, Chinese culture and civilization was introduced to the west from Persians’ points of view. Persian merchants travelled to China regularly and played the main role in the cultural and economic exchanges between these two countries. Travellers and merchants’ information entered geographical, historical, and literary texts and was transferred from generation to generation for centuries. One of the most important aspects of this cultural exchange are Chinese toponyms which were transferred to western texts through Persian and Arabic texts. Most of these toponyms went through phonetic and semantic changes and entered western texts in Persian or Arabic forms. On the other hand, Chinese toponyms, because of their phonetic features, were recorded with different spellings, so these toponyms were recorded in various forms in Islamic texts. This has caused difficulties for researchers; therefore, any information about the location of Chinese toponyms is of crucial importance. “Māchin” and “Khίtā” are two of these toponyms. They are often used in Islamic text and are key terms in Muslims’ geography. In spite of the extensive use of these two toponyms in historical, geographical, and literary texts, no research has been done on them and, thus, Muslim geographers and historians’ understanding of them remains unclear. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to study the geographical, historical, and astronomical texts of Muslims in order to examine their geographical conception of these two toponyms.

One of the arguable issues in the religion is the attribution of disbelief and polytheism to the prophets before their prophetic mission. The word "revert" in verses 88 and 89 of A'raf and 13 of Ibrahim is one of the pretexts for people such as Ibn Taymiyyah to ascribe disbelief to the prophets. The research question is that based on the semantic explanation of the word "revert" and its application in the verses of the Holy Quran, how can the claim of attributing disbelief and polytheism to the prophets be analyzed? Sunnite commentators have counted seven applications for the word "revert": revert in the sense of becoming, metaphorical use, false use, cognitive error, requesting a return to the former divine laws, and requesting a return to the homeland. According to the research findings, the attribution of infidelity [to the prophets] is contrary to the consensus [of Muslim scholars], and on the other hand, based on the use of this word, it cannot be the basis for attributing infidelity and polytheism to the prophets.

Financial markets have always been under influence of media news; therefore, text analysis of news is considered as an effective method of stock exchange forecasting. Research in this context has been conducted with the help of information retrieval techniques, in which high frequency words in a document that appeared sporadically in the whole corpus received higher weight than others. In contrast, the words which appeared in many news of a corpus, during a certain time, indicate the importance of an event. In our research, to address this contradiction, a new technique of assigning weight to influential words of news is presented. Financial news of Iran Central Bank (CBI) and actual data of Tehran Stock Exchange Index (TSEI) in the duration of 2005 to 2020 AD were utilized to evaluate the proposed method. The empirical results show 64% and 41% accuracy of trend prediction when TSEI moves upward and downward respectively and about 10% decreasing in Mean Absolute Error (MAE) to compare with prevalent techniques. While, the changes of the ratio between the number of positive and negative words in news does not offer predictive or analytical evidences, our results show that, there still exists a meaningful relationship between CBI news and TSEI fluctuations.

One of the major topics in the field of anthropology, ethics, and philosophy of decision is the discussion of sensual traits, in which, the "conceptualization and detailed explanation of trait's definition" takes precedence over other issues. Examination of the works of philosophers and Islamic scholars has revealed differences in the definition of "trait". This research seeks to first discover and categorize existing definitions of trait in the works of philosophers and Islamic scholars. Then, while having a comparative review of definitions, analyzes the type of difference and their semantic relationship. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Based on the research findings, the definitions of traits can be divided into six categories based on these criteria: 1. Intrusion, 2. Speed of Deterioration, 3. Deployment in the Subject, 4. Possibility of Separation, 5. Fixity, 6. Difficulty of Deterioration. According to the comparative study, these definitions and criteria, in spite of the differences, are not generally unrelated; and there is some kind of semantic relation between them. The criteria are divided into basic and non-basic. Some of these criteria were the same as others and some have a causal relationship with others. These explanations of the semantic relationship of the criteria have led to a conceptual model in research

The philosophy of decision is a new field of study. In this regard, providing a coherent and integrated analysis of "the process of influencing the innate tendencies in decision making" is a new and important topic. This research, therefore, is an attempt to study the question: what may be regarded as the part of human natural tendencies decision-making on the basis of Allameh Tabatabai`s view? As made clear in the paper by analyzing the content of Allamah Tabatabai`s works, these tendencies, attracting human mind, affect one`s decision-making. The two variables, "the rate of emergence" and "the amount of presence" of the tendencies, may be taken as being notable. Presenting a conceptual model of "components of the gradational influence of a natural tendency in decision making" may be taken as the output of this analysis. These tendencies are a "measure" for decision making. In the case study, the functions of several examples of tendencies (tendency to truth, tendency toward absolute perfection and a tendency toward beauty) have been analyzed. According to the research sections, various conceptual models as well as multiple symbols have been used to provide an analytical perspective.

In this research, the effect of Ni loading on the structural and catalytic properties of the Ni/10%Sr-Al2O3 catalyst prepared by the wet impregnation method was studied in dry reforming of methane. The samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption, temperature-programmed reduction and oxidation (TPR, TPO), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The XRD results revealed that increasing Ni loading increased the NiO particle size. The BET results showed that the catalysts possessed a mesoporous structure and 5%Ni/10%Sr-Al2O3 catalyst exhibited higher surface area and CH4 and CO2 conversions compared to the other catalysts. It was found that the raise in Ni loading from 5 to 15 wt.%, increased the amount of deposited carbon which was in agreement with the results of SEM analysis. In addition, the long term stability of the 5%Ni/10%Sr-Al2O3 catalyst showed high stability during 13 h on stream at 650 oC.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most important pests in greenhouses and its damages are economically important. The overuse of chemical pesticides has caused resistance in green peach aphid to many common insecticides. Aphidius matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an effective biological control agent against aphid populations especially in greenhouse crops. Currently, use of safe and biocompatible botanical pesticides in combination with biological control agents is being recommended. In this study, contact toxicity of Dayabon (SL 10%), a new botanical pesticide, was investigated on different life stages of M. persicae at 1000 to 7000ppm. Also, the toxicity was studied on mummies and adult parasitoids at 2000 to 14000ppm. The estimated LC50 on first, second, third, fourth instar nymphs and adults were 3254, 3387, 4194, 3839 and 3508ppm, respectively. However, concentrations up to 5000ppm caused less than 50% mortality in parasitoid mummies. Moreover, the residues of Dayabon did not cause any mortality in A. matricariae adults. Based on the standard method of IOBC/WPRS Working Group for side-effects of pesticides on natural enemies of insects, the Dayabon is recognized as safe for A. matricariae while it has acceptable mortality on green peach aphid. Therefore, the integration of Dayabon with A. matricariae could be recommended in order to achieve better control of M. persicae in greenhouse products.

The family as the first and most important institution of the community is the oundation of human prosperity and human misery. It consists of at least two poskets of men and women intracting with one another. For this reason, it is out their duties towards each other.In Islam the dominant relationships in the family are defined on the basis of anthropological principles which are effective in the well-being of its members. The present study seeks to answer the question how does Allameh Tabataba'i explain the anthropological principles related to family discussion in the interpretation of al-Mizan? The present research has been done throuht descriptive-analytic method. Therefore, by searching in library resources and studying religious texts and other elated researchers, it is concluded that Allameh Tabatabai, in the interpretation of al-Mizan, the principles of human society, such as social life, require the divine law. It is concluded that Allameh Tabatabaei in his interpretation of al-Mizan considers human social life, the need for divine sharia, the etymology of marriage, and human ducational principles as family-related anthropological principles.

Every educational institution and every learner must adapt to the environment for growth and development and have the necessary skills to meet the changing needs of the society. This has special conditions in higher education and among students and graduates, and they are always expected to adapt to the environmental conditions inside and outside the education system. Using information and communication technologies that are available to them in various forms can be a logical and desirable solution. Purposeful use of these technologies in the field of education is now known as educational technology, which has been expanded on a large scale to increase teaching and learning activities. The student of educational technology is both a producer of information, a consumer, and a link between producer and consumer; and this is where the sense of responsibility comes into play. It is not easy to prepare a curriculum for such students in such a dynamic environment; as it must both meet the needs of students and take into account the changing needs of society and the labor market. At the same time, the mission and nature of the field must be preserved and developed. What is important is that simply issuing the curriculum and implementing it in universities will not be enough. Evaluating and reviewing this program in order to present and suggest a desirable and appropriate curriculum is important and vital. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the curriculum of educational technology from the perspective of graduate students.

Quantitative research was conducted using a survey method. The population, who were senior students of educational technology at senior level in the public universities of Arak, Bu-Ali, Kharazmi and Allameh Tabatabaei in Iran were sampled. Due to limited number of the population, all of them were selected by consensus. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by 5 experts and with a Cronbach's alpha of .89. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS. At the descriptive statistics level, the frequency, mean and standard deviation indicators were used and at inferential statistics level t test and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test were utilized.

The results showed that graduate students are not satisfied with master curriculum of educational technology.  In other words, final year students who had experienced the curriculum believed that the curriculum was not in line with their needs and expectations.    

Although the averages were lower than average in all components of the MA curriculum of the major Educational Technology, but there is no reason for the inefficiency of this field and its inappropriate implementation in the country's universities. Part of this dissatisfaction may be due to university management rather than the curriculum. Because universities and departments cannot expect much from professors and students if they cannot provide the necessary facilities and conditions for the implementation of the curriculum. Of course, continuous review and trending of curricula in order to apply this field due to its nature and mission at the national and international levels is an inevitable necessity.

Political life and protraction have a particular relation to the actors of power and the fair functioning of the political system in social life. Any unequal domination and distribution of power in the political system can create the opportunity to slip into authoritarianism and political violence. Given this, the unilateral turn of power exacerbates the tendency for political corruption and unjust political power which can affect the decline and lack of fair political continuity. But on the other hand, if centralized political power is intelligently adjusted and restored based on the justice between the structure and the political network of society with such empowerment in the area of ​​power, both the efficiency of the political system and the health of the political life of society can be increased. Therefore, adjusting the power in the political cycle can be a way to reduce political violence and individual positions against the government and political actors in the field. This article, by studying the political discourse of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha seeks to understand the triple relation of justice, power and political system concepts. This research attempts to examine the relevance of these three concepts to investigate the question of the continuity of the political system through regulating the relationship of justice and power. From the author's point of view, Imam Ali (AS) while explaining the relation of justice and power has also explained their impact on the continuity of the political system thereby has opened a way to avoid violence and political oppression and has created the possibility for fair political extension in his thought and manner.

During the Dark Age of western philosophy, some Muslim philosophers with deep understanding of philosophy presented new theories. They had great influence on the scholars of other religions. Avicenna and Averroes can be considered as the influence of Muslim philosophers on Judaism. This paper aims to analyze the theories of Avicenna and Averroes about contemplation in religious doctrines and their influence on Maimonides by descriptive - analytical method. Avicenna succeeded to assert principles of Islam by rational method. In addition to rational method, Averroes discussed explication of Quran. Each of them succeeded to influence Judaism especially Maimonides in connecting reason and religion.

In this research paper, ceria promoted nickel catalysts supported on nanocrystalline MgO were prepared and employed in methane reforming with carbon dioxide for syngas production. The textural properties of the prepared catalyst (10%Ni-7%CeO2/MgO) was characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption (BET) techniques in order to study the crystalline phases and also the textural characteristics of this nickel based catalyst. The characterization results showed that the prepared nickel catalyst possessed BET area of 58/08 m2 g-1, pore volume of 0.40 cm3 g-1 and pore size of 19.45 nm. In addition, the thermodynamic model was investigated using the Gibbs energy minimization method and the results were compared with experimental tests. The results confirmed that the deviation of experimental data and data predicted by the model (absolute average deviation) for methane and carbon dioxide conversions, yield of H2 and CO, H2/CO ratio were 3.969, 1.95, 1.78, 2.32 and 0.07, respectively.

In the Nasir Al-Din Shah era the Iranian government took an assertive role in relation to Bahrain issue and openly corresponded with the belligerent states and political campaigns while in secret other options and strategies were being mulled. This research is predicated upon a manuscript pertaining to 1852 the text of which is annexed to the article. The findings of this research suggest that some Nasiri agents had devised strategic and logistics plans to counter the crisis in Bahrain and other coterminous territories under Iran’s influence in the Persian Gulf. One of these strategies was the establishment of a powerful naval fleet and direct maritime encounter. However, the findings suggest that the dual policy pursued by Nasir Al-D in Shah on the one hand, and the dysfunctional bureaucracy, as a result of the demise of Amir Kabir on the other hand, and more importantly Iran’s military engagements on its eastern borders (modern day Afghanistan) drove the strategies proposed in the said text towards failure.