مهرانگیز پیوسته گر

 With the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, many countries in the world implemented necessary quarantines to prevent the spread of the virus. Research shows that quarantine measures can affect mental health; therefore, it is important to identify the psychological characteristics that make people more vulnerable. One of the factors that may increase the occurrence of psychological disorders in adolescents under these conditions is alexithymia. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating alexithymia and its components in adolescents with and without pets during the Covid-19 pandemic.

The current study employs a descriptive and post-event comparative method, and the statistical population encompasses both adolescents with and without pets. The available sampling method selected 120 people, 60 of whom had pets and 60 of whom did not. The tools of this research were a demographic questionnaire and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) by SPSS version 26 at the level of significance less than 0.05.

The results indicated a significant difference in alexithymia between adolescents with and without a pet (t=2.441, P=0.016), with adolescents with a pet exhibiting a higher average of alexithymia compared to those without a pet. In addition, there is a difference between the component of objective thinking in adolescents with and without a pet (F=7.608, P=0.007). This means that the component of objective thinking in female adolescents who have a pet is higher than in male adolescents (F=7.622, P=0.008).

The psychological construct of alexithymia significantly differs between adolescents with and without pets during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this case, adolescent girls struggle with objective thinking, tend to focus on concrete events under stress, tend to care for pets more frequently, and struggle with communication skills.

One of the key strategies to engage visitors with museums is by effectively communicating the significance of museum artifacts and works. The primary goal of drawing in audiences to museums is to inspire changes in individual behaviors and societal norms. The messages conveyed by museum objects should stimulate a shift in perspectives and attitudes, fostering critical thinking and providing a conducive environment for intellectual growth and understanding of human behavior among visitors. This study aims to highlight the ethical and behavioral aspects of a historical artifact housed in the museum, which held great importance during a crucial period in Iran's history. Focusing on the case of Darius the Great at the National Museum of Iran, the authors aim to explore how the messaging of museum objects can be utilized to captivate audiences and effectively convey the essence of a museum piece. Also, this paper aims to address the following research question: How do museum works and objects alter the attitude and motivation, ultimately influencing the behavior of the audience? The research methodology employed in this article is a descriptive analysis of a quantitative-qualitative nature. Data was gathered from library resources, websites, and the VTS method. The measurement tools utilized in this study include the Excel software program and a self-made questionnaire distributed at the museum. The findings of the research indicate that museum objects can initially offer significant historical insights into Iran's past politics to contemporary audiences. Furthermore, by focusing on the three key elements of engaging the audience - conveying the message of museum objects, persuasion, and personal experiences - the study underscores the importance of the moral content embedded in the message of museum objects. This approach aims to transform the mindset and attitude of the audience.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between a mother's attachment style and aggression of children aged 3-6 years with the mediation of a mother's mindfulness. The research method was descriptive-correlation and structural equation model type. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the mothers of children aged 3 to 6 years in preschool centers and kindergartens in Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020, and 290 of them were selected as a sample. The tools of this research included the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (RAAS, Collins and Reed, 1990), the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale (PKBS, Merrell, 1994), and the Five-Dimensional Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ, Bauer et al., 2006). The research data were analyzed using the structural equation analysis method. The results showed that the model fitted well. Based on the findings of the research, the relationship between the mother's attachment style and the child's aggression was positive and significant (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) and also mother's attachment style was indirectly related to the child's aggression through the mother's mindfulness. (p < 0.05). According to the above findings, it can be concluded that mothers' mindfulness plays a mediating role in the relationship between their attachment style and children's aggression.

Historical empathy, the emotional experience of visiting historical art museumsCase Study ; Chaldoran war paintingOne of the different reasons for visiting museums is gaining emotional experiences. Because visitors are always looking for a deep and meaningful connection with the places, characters and works of museums.It seems that museums have great power in creating emotional and emotional reactions to help people connect with the past, and the sense of empathy has great power for this type of communication, and one of its types is historical empathy.Because it leads to the reconstruction of evidence, attitudes and historical events, as well as the recognition of the relationship between multicultural societies of the past.Knowing the past history is one of the practical aspects of museums.Because the exchange of information is done based on it.Historical periods and figures are worth investigating for any society and their stories are related to each other and cause a link with the past so that everyone can understand the nature of historical events and figures related to it in the present.The aim of the article is to introduce historical empathy as a solution to create an emotional museum experience, which can develop individual skills at the community level with the interaction of its dimensions.The article answers two questions with a case study of the Chaldaran battle painting in Chehelston Museum, Isfahan:How do museum works strengthen historical empathy?How does historical empathy change the attitudes and values of the present time? Descriptive analytical research method is based on Davis' empathy theory and data collection is done through library resources, empathy questionnaire.The results show that historical empathy in the museum is an approach to understanding time through distant memory, which creates a new feeling so that by understanding the perspective and motivations of the past history, one can experience a kind of emotional connection with each other in the present, and to the most important goal of the museum, which is Individual skills change achieved.

Suicide is a tragic and complex public health problem that affects individuals, families, and communities. The current study aimed to predict suicidal ideation based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies, perceived social support, self-efficacy, perfectionism, and spiritual health in students at Ilam universities, Ilam, Iran.

The current study was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2021. A total of 463 working students studying in Ilam universities were selected and included in the study through the available sampling method. A questionnaire was used for data collection. To determine the relationship between the variables and suicidal thoughts, the Pearson correlation test was used, and to investigate the predictors associated with suicidal thoughts, stepwise regression analysis was performed.

The research results showed a significant negative relationship between the variables of perceived social support, self-efficacy, spiritual health, and positive emotion regulation strategies (i.e., acceptance, positive reorientation, planning, positive appraisal, and underestimation) and a significant positive relationship between perfectionism variables and negative emotion regulation strategies (i.e., self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others) with suicidal thoughts. The highest correlation coefficient was related to perceived social support, which was the most important predictive variable in this study (r=-0.71). Perceived social support, existential health, rumination, perfectionism, self-efficacy, self-blame, and acceptance variables were able to become significant as predictive variables in the regression equation. In total, these factors explained 66% of the variance of suicidal thoughts.

Based on the research findings, the variables of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, perceived social support, self-efficacy, perfectionism, and spiritual health may be important components and predictors of suicidal thoughts. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to these components in suicide prevention programs and treatment and counseling methods

The museum is a cultural institution with different artistic and scientific objects, which is on the important pillars of education, demonstration and research, and its most important function is the transfer of perceptual and emotional knowledge, so that in this way it can contribute to the formation of personalities and access to aesthetic and moral values. Society should act.The purpose of this article; Recognizing empathy is a new approach in museum education, which tries to answer these questions based on Bloom's educational theory with a case study of a museum piece called Nad Ali Mir Emad's line piece:  What is the relationship between empathy and museum educational outcomes? How does empathy change visitor learning levels?  The research method is descriptive and analytical, and data collection is done through library sources, and the measurement tool is the empathy questionnaire with the museum and the data analysis is quantitative and qualitative.  Assuming that empathy is an important factor in strengthening the value and social aspects of museum learning, this article argues that learning is the most important result of museum education and is closely related to the components of empathy.  According to the statistical findings, the research results show that in museum education; Learning and empathy are the main factors in changing individual attitudes and values, and they are an important factor in changing social behaviors and strengthening human experiences.And they help the museum to realize the learning results through the space of the museum (transmitting moral and aesthetic messages) of artistic and historical works.

Depression is a persistent condition that shares many similarities with other psychological and medical issues. Persistent depressive disorder is characterized by a consistently low mood lasting for most of the day and occurring on most days for a period of two years. Among psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder has a lifetime prevalence of about 17%, the highest lifetime prevalence. Persistent depressive disorder has a gender prevalence, with women experiencing symptoms 1.5 to 3 times more often than men. Married women are more likely to experience depression due to issues that arise in their married life compared to other individuals. Some common issues include sexual behavior disorders, difficulties with communication, emotional expression disorders, and alexithymia, the inability to identify and express emotions. Schema therapy is one of the most effective methods of psychotherapy available. Based on schema-based research, it seems that people with major depressive disorder have inconsistent schemas that lead to exacerbation of depression symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on alexithymia, dysfunctional communication beliefs and sexual intimacy in married women with persistent depressive disorder.

The study has a pretest-posttest and follow-up design, with both experimental and control groups. The study's statistical population included all married women suffering from persistent depressive disorder in Tehran in 2023, of which 40 eligible people were included in the study with a targeted sampling method. The inclusion criteria in this study included being between 20 and 50 years old, having the ability to reading and writing, and living together for 2 to 15 years. Exclusion criteria were not participating in more than two treatment sessions, unwillingness to continue participating in the research, and simultaneous use of psychiatric drugs during the study. The sample was randomly assigned into two schema therapy groups (20 people) and a control group (20 people). Schema therapy was implemented according to the protocol of Yang (2003) during 12 sessions for the experimental groups. The tools used in this research include the Toronto Alexithymia Questionnaire (Bagby, Parker Taylor, 1994), the Communication beliefs questionnaire by Romans and de Board (1995) and the sexual intimacy Scale Bagarozzi marital intimacy needs questionnaire (1997). The research data were analyzed with the help of variance analysis with repeated measurement considering the significance level of 0.05.

The results of repeated measurements analysis of variance showed that the effect of schema therapy on all three variables of alexithymia (p=0.011), dysfunctional communication beliefs (p=0.015) and sexual intimacy (p=0.01) is significant. Examining the average of the variables in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up shows that schema therapy has reduced alexithymia and dysfunctional communication beliefs in the post-test and increased sexual intimacy in married women with persistent depressive disorder. Also, this research showed that the effects of schema therapy were stable over time in the three-month follow-up period.

The schema therapy approach in women suffering from persistent depression improved their marital relationship by identifying schemas, coping styles and mindsets. This approach improves individuals' ability to handle high-pressure situations, tackle challenges, and manage daily tasks. Schema therapy has effectively improved alexithymia, dysfunctional marital communication beliefs, and sexual intimacy in women with persistent depressive disorder. This approach can be considered a viable strategy in addressing women's issues, particularly in married women dealing with depressive disorder. This therapeutic method aims to enhance the quality of a couple's relationship by addressing and resolving their issues.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of individual-online dignity therapy in reducing psychological distress in women with metastatic cancers.

It was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, follow-up design, and a control group, in block design. The statistical population was women with metastatic cancers referred to the Iranian Cancer Control Institute (MACSA) in Tehran during the summer and autumn of 2020. Thirty women were selected by a convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned to two groups of 15 in experimental and control. It also blocked participants at three levels based on the palliative performance scale. Each participant's psychological distress was assessed using the depression-anxiety-stress scale. The experimental group participated in three individual online dignity therapy sessions, each 40-60 minutes. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance in SPSS-23.

There was a significant decrease in the experimental groups’ psychological distress scores in the post-test and in follow-up (P≤0.01). Also, it was found that dignity therapy is more useful in lower levels of the palliative performance scale.

Given the findings, it is recommended that psycho-oncologists and palliative care practitioners use online dignity therapy to reduce the psychological distress of women with metastatic cancer.

A systematic review of previous research reveals that many factors explain self-injury behaviors in individuals. The measurement of self-injury and its relevant statements is of great importance; however, this aspect is disregarded in Persian research.

The present study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury among students.

This study was descriptive and correlational. The study's statistical population encompassed all students at the Tehran universities, from whom 393 persons were selected by using the convenient sampling method. The research instruments were the Persian version of Klonsky and Glenn’s (2009) Inventory of Statements About Self-injury, Rajaei and Shafiei’s (2011) High-Risk Behaviors Scale, Lovibond and Lavibond’s (1995) Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (1999), and Leishnring’s (1999) Borderline Personality Disorder Test. Pearson correlation and confirmatory factor analysis were performed using SPSS software version 22 and LISREL software version 8.80.

The confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury has acceptable fit indices (CFI = 0.94, IFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.08). Moreover, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to check the validity of the questionnaire (= 0.93), suggesting that the instrument validity is satisfactory. Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation showed that self-injury statements had a positive and significant relationship with high-risk behaviors, depression, anxiety, and stress at P <0.01.

The study findings indicated that the inventory has acceptable psychometric properties in Iranian society; hence, this scale can be used in various studies.

In museums, any influence is made by the interaction of objects, and new themes and forms of drama are one of the most important ways to strengthen emotions with the aim of changing social behaviors, which is called empathy.Empathy is one of the most important skills that can be strengthened in the human environment with the tools of narration and in a mental physiological process.One of these environments is the Museum of Empathy, which provides an experience for people to engage with the problems of society on an emotional level.The purpose of this article is to introduce empathy as a human ability to achieve the social goals of the museum.It is also the recognition of the elements that play an effective role in the behavioral changes of individuals in the path of empiricism with the object.The theoretical approach is simulation with another and the research method is descriptive-analytical based on case study.And data collection is done through the library and the site of the Museum of Empathy.Article queries include the following:How do museum objects enhance empathy?How does empathy in a museum change social behaviors?The results of this article show that the physical and theatrical forms of objects do not create a reaction alone, but the emotional-cognitive relationship between the person and the object that plays an effective role in changing social behaviors due to empathy.From the beginning of the museum until now, there have been different definitions of the tasks of museums, the most important of which is now based on social influence. According to George Hein, the three main purposes of museums include; Education is the experience of the aesthetics of objects, the social influences of which; The issue of social impact is more important.Community issues; It has always been considered by museums and its history dates back to the 19th century.Because artists have always tried to change the various styles and methods of production and performance, it has caused emotional sensory stimulation of human beings in order to have the greatest impact on conveying the message of works and objects.In the past, any influence at different levels of museums was done using simple texts and theatrical strategies, and the central object was more important until entering the contemporary world, new opportunities were provided for empiricism with objects and helped museums with a variety of subjects. Demonstrate past communication methods and take big steps to address the issues and problems of society.One of these museums is the Museum of Empathy, which seeks to help people find the conceptual content of an object (shoe) that seeks to change social behaviors by engaging them in an intellectual process. So far, various issues have been raised in relation to objects, audiences, museums, and revisions of the tasks and expectations of museums, which are all a result of the changing perspective of society and the artistic taste of artists in producing works and displaying objects.

Systematic review of related studies indicates that various factors affect the explanation of self-injury individuals and self-injury behaviors have become common. So, it is important to investigate the constructs related to self-injury behaviors. Therefore, this study aimed to model a structural equation to explain non-suicidal self-injury behaviors based on moral perfectionism and traumatic experiences with the mediating role of psychological hardiness and attachment style. The design of the present study was applied and correlational research by structural equation modelling. Among undergraduate and graduate students of Tehran universities, 529 people (411 girls and 118 boys) were selected by convenience sampling method. They all completed questionnaires on self-harm, moral perfectionism, traumatic experiences, attachment style, and psychological hardiness. Pearson correlation and structural equation modelling using SPSSV19 and AMOSV20 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that all four variables of moral perfectionism, traumatic experiences, psychological hardiness and attachment style had a direct and significant effect on self-injury behaviors. Also, the two variables of moral perfectionism and traumatic experiences have had indirect and significant effects on self-injury behaviors due to the variables of psychological hardiness and attachment style. In addition, moral perfectionism and traumatic experiences had a direct and significant effect on psychological hardiness and attachment style (p <0.01). Finally, the results of this study show that because each person's personality is affected by his family environment and also individual differences are affected by attachment style, on the other hand, psychological hardiness as a personality trait and moral perfectionism as moral virtues. Valuable causes people to resist psychological pressures, including self-injury, and as a result, can guarantee the health of body and soul. Therefore, psychologists, counsellors and other professionals can use this model to improve self-injury behaviors.

The purpose of the present study is to compare narcissism and its types and self-conscious feelings of shame and guilt among male and female working students studying in Tehran universities. A number of 180 students (90 girls and 90 boys) were selected as available sampling from undergraduate students in Tehran universities, and they used the Pathological Narcissism Questionnaire (PNI) and the Conscious Affect Scale (TOSCA-3). completed The data was analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and independent t-statistics. The results showed that there is no difference between the amount of experience of shame in girls and boys, But the amount of experience of guilt in girls is significantly higher than the amount of experience of guilt in boys. In addition, the results related to the variable of narcissism and its subscales showed that the level of experiencing pathological narcissism and the phenotype of vulnerable narcissism is not significantly different between male and female students, but the level of experiencing narcissism of the grandiose type is significantly different in boys. There are more students than girls. The results of the research show that although the rate of narcissism is the same in boys and girls, the rate of expressing narcissistic criteria is higher in boys than in girls.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between behavioral inhibition system, victimization and reward experience and body dysmorphic with mediating role of interpersonal cognitive distortions. The research method was descriptive – correlational which was done through path analysis.

The study population consisted of high school students in academic year of 2019-2020 in Tehran. 364 participants were selected via multistage cluster random sampling method and were assessed with Yale- Brown obsessive compulsive scale modified for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD- YBOCS), behavioral inhibition subscale (BIS), Moradi victimization scale and interpersonal cognitive distortions scale(ICDS).

The result of path analysis showed behavioral inhibition system, victimization and interpersonal cognitive distortions had a positive and direct relationship with body dysmorphic. Also the results indicated that interpersonal cognitive distortions play a significant mediating role on the relationship between behavioral inhibition system, victimization, and body dysmorphic symptoms.

behavioral inhibition system, victimization, and interpersonal cognitive distortions play a role in students’ body dysmorphic. The result can be used to design counseling and therapeutic program for students.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural model of explaining non-suicidal self-harming behaviors based on perfectionism and traumatic experiences with the mediating role of psychological hardiness. The design of the present study was applied and correlational research by structural equation modeling. Among all undergraduate students in Tehran universities, 529 (411 girls and 118 boys) were selected by cluster random sampling. They all completed questionnaires on self-harm, moral perfectionism, traumatic experiences, and psychological hardiness. Pearson correlation methods and structural equation modeling using SPSSV19 and AMOSV18 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that both the variables of moral perfectionism and traumatic experiences had direct and significant effects on psychological toughness and self-harming behaviors. Psychological hardiness also had a direct and significant effect on self-harming behaviors. In addition, the results showed that the two variables of moral perfectionism and traumatic experiences have an indirect and significant effect on self-harming behaviors (P <0.01). Finally, the results of this study showed that moral perfectionism and harmful experiences have a significant effect on self-harming behaviors due to stubbornness, and therefore the knowledge of psychologists, counselors and other experts about this model to improve self-harming behaviors can be helpful.

Reward deficiency syndrome is the root of many mental disorders and behavioral problems. Long–term experience of failed paths to positive reinforcement act as unconditional stimuli for humans and other organisms. These experiences evoke emotional components such as depression and anxiety. The purpose of this research was to investigate the psychometric properties and confirmatory factor structure of reward probability index among students of senior high school in Tehran.

The method of this research is a type of psychometric validation studies. The statistical population included all senior high school students of public schools in Tehran. 364 students were selected as the sample using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Students were asked to complete Reward Probability Index (RPI), the Yale–Brown obsessive-compulsive scale modified for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD-YBOCS) and multidimensional scale of perceived social support (Zimet et al).

The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor model of reward probability index (reward probability and environmental suppressors) has a good fit. The total reliability coefficient of the questionnaire and the reward probability and environmental suppressor’s subscales were obtained by Cronbach’s alpha method of 0.90, 0.88 and 0.83, respectively. This indicates the appropriate reliability of the tool. This scale showed a significant correlation with the multidimensional scale of perceived social support by Zimet et al and the Yale–Brown obsessive-compulsive scale modified for body dysmorphic disorder. This correlation confirmed the convergent validity of the questionnaire.

The results indicate that the reward probability index scale has appropriate validity and reliability among students in Iranian society and could be used in psychological studies.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between behavioral inhibition system, victimization and reward and body dysmorphic with mediating role of interpersonal cognitive distortions. The research method was descriptive – correlational which was done through path analysis. The study population consisted of high school students in academic year of 2019 in Tehran. 364 participants were selected via multistage cluster random sampling method and were assessed with Yale- Brown obsessive compulsive scale modified for body dysmorphic disorder, behavioral inhibition subscale, Moradi Bully Victimization scale, interpersonal cognitive distortions scale and reward probability index. The result of path analysis showed behavioral inhibition system, victimization and interpersonal cognitive distortions had a positive and direct relationship with body dysmorphic. Reward had a direct and negative relationship with body dysmorphic. Also the results indicated that interpersonal cognitive distortions play a significant mediating role on the relationship between behavioral inhibition system, victimization, and reward with body dysmorphic. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that behavioral inhibition system, victimization, reward and interpersonal cognitive distortions play a role in students’ body dysmorphic. The result can be used to design counseling and therapeutic program for students.

Combining psychoanalysis and neurology feels peculiar at first. The combination that tries to bind concepts of psychoanalysis with neuroscience in order to provide an integrates knowledge for better understanding of human mind. However, interaction between psychoanalysis and neuroscience has come to attention during past three decades. Purpose of this study is to investigate and find correlation between three styles of defense mechanism, Mature, immature and neurotic defense mechanism with executive functions within universities students of Tehran. For this matter a study performs on a sample of 140 students (including 76 women and 64 men) by available sampling. The instruments of this research were The Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ40) and four computer base test for executive functions including Continues Performance Test (CPT), Strops, 1-back, Go-No Go. The data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression method. This study demonstrated significant relation between styles of defense mechanism and executive functions and also forms a model to estimate executive function shares in neurotic and growth defense mechanisms. As a result, the findings suggest that one’s performance on executive functions can affect their style of defense mechanism.

Psychotherapy for therapists increases emotional development and improves interpersonal skills and empathy, as well as self-awareness in understanding individual problems, conflicts, and values; Accordingly, the main question of the research is whether the native model of schema can affect the performance of therapists.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the localized model of therapeutic design on changing the schemas of therapists.

Method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and a three-month follow-up, Out of 55 therapists of Ofogh Salamat, Hamraz, Savalan and Ordibehesht Counseling Centers in District 5 of Tehran, 16 therapists were selected using sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (8 people) and witnesses (8 people). Both groups responded to the Young Response Questionnaire (1994) in three stages: pretest, posttest, and follow-up. The experimental group participated in 10 90-minute sessions in the treatment interventions of the localization of the schema therapy protocol (Farell & Shaw, 2018) for the therapists, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using repeated measures variance of analysis

Variation analysis of repeated measurements showed that the two groups were significantly different in reducing other areas of severity and earache (P< 0/05); The results also show that the scores of other areas (cutting and rejection, self-regulation and dysfunction) of the subjects in the experimental group decreased compared to the control group after the intervention, but this decrease was not significant (P< 0/05).

The localized model of schema therapy modified schemas in other areas of attention and eloquence; Therefore, it can be expected that the localized model of treatment plan will help the therapist to recognize his unhealthy mentalities.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on the ego strength and anxiety among people with generalized anxiety disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-post-test design and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all individuals with generalized anxiety disorder referring to counseling centers in Hamadan during November, 2017 to November, 2018. Twenty-four of them were selected through semi-structured clinical interview and were randomly assigned into two experimental (n =12) and control (n=12) groups. The experimental group individually received cognitive-behavioral therapy for 15 sessions of 60 minutes, once a week; the control group was on the waiting list. Data were collected from the Hamilton anxiety rating scale and psychosocial inventory of ego strengths used in two pre-test and post-test stages. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that by controlling for pre-test effect, there was a significant difference between post-test scores of experimental groups and control group on ego strength and anxiety variables. In other words, cognitive behavioral therapy was effective on increasing ego strength and decreasing general anxiety of the experimental group. According to the results of this study, recommended, cognitive behavioral therapy to increase the ability of people with generalized anxiety disorder to be used in the face of challenges and difficult life situations.

 Cognitive impairment is a common complication of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (STBI). One of cognitive problems following STBI is impaired executive functions which involve high-level cognitive processes and their dysfunction can lead to reduced quality of life. 

 This study aims to investigate the cognitive impairment in men with STBI compared to healthy men.

This causal-comparative study was conducted from February 2017 to July 2019 on 20 male patients aged 30-55 years with a history of STBI in the past one year admitted to the intensive care units of Shohaday-e-Haftom-e-Tir and Baqiyatallah hospitals in Tehran, Iran and 64 healthy men who had met all inclusion criteria. Both groups were measured by the Wisconsin Cards Sorting Test (WCST).

 There were significant differences between the two groups in WCST parameters including the number of categories completed, perseverative errors, correct and wrong responses, response time, number of trials to successfully complete first category, and conceptual level responses (P<0.01). Patients with STBI had a lower overall WCST score than the healthy subjects.

 It is necessary to pay special attention to cognitive impairment in STBI patients in their clinical and legal evaluations and psychological interventions.

Psychological flexibility is a multidimensional trait that plays an important role in many areas of life, including mental health. Given the role of psychological flexibility, researchers have been interested in examining this feature, but do not have the tools to specifically measure psychological flexibility. The purpose of this research is to analyse the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire so that in the absence of a short and specific scale for measuring psychological flexibility, it can help measure this feature in psychological research. For this purpose, 400 male and female students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad participated in this study in the academic year of 2019-2020 using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the construct’s validity and calculate the reliability of Cronbachchr('39')s alpha. Factor analysis showed that this questionnaire has 5 factors, which are: positive interpretation of change, defining oneself as a flexible person, identifying oneself as an open and creative person, interpreting reality as dynamic and changeable, and interpreting reality as multidimensional. Agents together accounted for 59.83% of the variance of the entire questionnaire. The internal consistency of the items of the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire was 0.89, which indicates the desired reliability of this questionnaire. Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis in this study, the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability regarding students.

Previous researches have provided contradictory results about on working memory performance after the coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). In addition, studies have focused on the elderly community. For this reason and with regard to the importance and direct effects of working memory on the quality of life human. This study was designed to compare working memory of young CABG patients with age range of 30-55 years one year postoperatively with healthy subjects.

In this Case-control study, which was conducted from February 2017 to October 2018, two groups of people, 40 patient men with coronary artery bypass graft that admitted to the heart center of Tehran in last year and 64 healthy males were selected with using available sampling method. Both groups were tested with Wechsler's working memory scale.

The results of the study showed that the mean and standard deviation of the age of coronary artery bypass graft patients were 52.65 and 5.559, respectively, and the mean and standard deviation of healthy subjects were 41.81 and 8.619, respectively. The results showed that The two group had significantly difference (P<0.01), in the sub scales of the working memory including of the forward auditory memory and reverse auditory memory, total score of auditory memory, reverse visual memory and auditory memory span and the two groups had significantly difference (P<0.05), in the total score of visual memory. But the two group had not significantly difference (P>0.05) in the forward visual memory (CABG [mean=5.40 & standard deviation=1.41] Healty people [mean=6.13 & standard deviation=3]) and visual memory span (CABG [mean=5.35 & standard deviation=1.12] Healty people [mean=5.56 & standard deviation=1.97]). The results showed that Patients with CABG than healthy people have overall poorer results for all sub scales the of working memory test.

The results of this study confirm the prevalence of relatively high cognitive decline, especially in working memory after CABG, and provide a pattern of persistence of cognitive decline after one year of coronary artery bypass surgery in young patients aged 30 to 55 years.

Previous researches have yield contradictory results in the studies of cognitive dysfunction following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI ). This research was also designed and conducted to compare the cognitive condition of two areas of attention strength and executive functions in healthy people and patients with MTBI  one year after trauma. In this Case- control study, which was conducted from February 2017 to October 2018, 48  male Patien with MTBI   aged between 30 to 55 years old who were admitted to the intensive care unit of Shohadaye Haftome Tir and Baqiyatallah Hospitals in Theran were randomly selected as case group and 64 healthy men subjects with similar age range as control group. Participants were evaluated using Stroop. and Wisconsin tests in terms of cognitive function.   The results of the study showed that the mean and standard deviation of the age of MTBI patients were 41.17 and 8.25, respectively, and the mean and standard deviation of healthy subjects were 41.81 and 8.609, respectively. The two group had significantly difference (p<0/01), in the areas executive functions at the levels of Categories, Perseverative, correct and error responses, number of trials to complete first category and conceptual level responses. The two group had significantly difference (p<0/05), In the attention test at the level of score of interference but the two groups had not significantly difference for interference time (p>0/05). Patients with MTBI  had overall poorer results for all the tests than healthy people. According to the findings of this research, mild traumatic brain injury can disturb executive functions of the brain's prefrontal lobes after one year. Hence, it is suggested that in clinical and legal evaluations of the patients, this issue to be considered and both psychological and medical interventions.

Recovery is a process by which one promotes health, lives meaningfully, and participates in a community outside the mental health system. Focusing on biotherapeutics and drug therapy has neglected to consider the non-biological factors affecting recovery and planning for its correction. The present study aimed to develop a comprehensive and integrated model for facilitators of recovery in bipolar disorder. This research was a qualitative and grounded theory study. Participants were 31 individuals with ameliorated bipolar disorder who were selected using purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data were collected using triangulation method (semi-structured interview, narrative interview and interview with family member). Systematic method of Strauss and Corbin was used for data analysis. The model extracted includes causal conditions, mediators, strategies, and recovery outcomes in people with bipolar disorder. The categories extracted include individual (low sensitivity to stigma disorder, positive attitude, active lifestyle, balanced spirituality, intimacy perception, internal control locus), family (positive family atmosphere and family awareness and participation), and social (social support, Positive image of community, perception of justice, low social stigma, employment and social networks). This finding could be a step towards multidimensional treatment of bipolar disorder and focus on its non-biological aspects.