فهرست مطالب مهری باب مراد

Two chalcidoid parasitic wasps (Hym.: Chalcidoidea) of two lepidopterous pests on willow trees, Salix spp., were collected in Tehran and Alborz provinces, Iran. Ooencyrtus populicola Myartseva, 1995 (Hym.: Encyrtidae) and Colpoclypeus florus (Walker, 1938) (Hym.: Eulophidae) were reared on Ceruravinula (L., 1758) (Lep.: Notodontidae) and Nycteola asiatica (Krulikovsky, 1904) (Lep.: Nolidae), respectively. Ooencyrtus populicola is a parasitoid of egg and C. florus is an ectoparasitoid of larval stage. Ooencyrtus populicola is a new record for Iran, but C. florus was previously reported as a parasitoid of an unknown leaf-roller larva.

The present article is the result of research conducted on arthropods fauna associated with poplars species in the Alborz Research Complex of Karaj, as well as in the National Botanical Garden of Iran and Khojir region in the periods 1990 - 2011. Field samplings were carried out using a Steiner trap, hand picking, net cloths around infected tree branches & trunks, as well as rearing immature stages of the pest in controlled conditions. In this study, 55 harmful arthropod species belonging to 27 families of 6 orders and over 37 beneficial arthropod species of 8 orders and 18 families were collected on 19 native and exotic poplar species. Among them, leaf-feeder insects (19 species); mites & sucking insects of sap aerial parts (28 species), and wood borer & root feeder insects (8 species) have been identified. Of the pests, 17 species were more important in terms of the severity of their attack. In terms of host range, on 19 poplar species, the identified poplar pests can be grouped as follows: 1-Pest species that are collected exclusively on one species of poplar. 2- Pest species with a wide host range. These pests found on more than one poplar species belong to 1-4 poplar taxonomic sections.

Gall forming is one of the various damage forms of insects and mites on plants. This study carried out in collecting and identification of willow pests and their natural enemy’s fauna in West Azerbaijan province in a research project during 2010 -2014. The fauna of willow gall makers were evaluated at 15 day intervals starting in May to October. In order to sampling, 4 branches of each tree were studied in four geographical directions. All statistical procedures were performed using the SPSS 19 software. Susceptibility and resistance of willow species to two important gall pests were determined in Saatloo station. A total of 10 species of gall inducing pests on willow trees were collected. The results showed that Salix excelsa S. G. Gmel and Salix triandra Linnaeus were susceptible species to Pontania vesicator Bremi-Wolf and Rabdophaga heterobia Loew., respectively. The highest similarity indexes (Sorensen and Jacard) of gall inducing factors of willow trees were recorded between Salmas and Darre Khan (Urmia – Ghasemloo).

To study performance as well as susceptibility and resistance of selected poplar clones against two key pests، ten clones were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2004 to 2007. Nine out of 25 trees in the middle of each plot were selected. Field sampling was conducted at the end of growing season of diameter and height and the pest''s damages as well. Recorded data were analyzed using SAS software and the means compared with Duncan''s test. Analysis of variance conducted on obtained data of diameter and height revealed a significant difference between the clones. Among the poplar clones، the comparison of means showed that P. nigra 62. 127، P. deltoides 69. 55، P. nigra 63. 135 and P. nigra 62. 154 had the highest height and diameterwhile P. alba was the lowest one. Analysis of variance conducted on obtained data of damage by Paranthrene tabaniformis and Cerura vinula indicated significant difference between the clones. Mean infestation of Paranthrene tabaniformis were highest on clones of P. nigra dartoom (native)، P. nigra 62. 127، P. x. euramricana 455 and P. x. euramericana 561. 41 (in a single group). The lowest damage was observed on p. alba beshghardash. The highest damage level of C. Vinulawas observed on clone P. x. euramericana 561. 41 while the lowest damage were seen on P. deltuides 69. 55and P. alba beshghardash There was no damage on P. alba 44. e�Y mi
����sis were also done for all phases. Comparison of the treatment means using Duncan test showed that there was significant differences (P<0. 01) in number of seeds per pod produced by the treatments، Gharayonje variety with 6. 183 and variety of Kouzareh with 4. 379 had the most and least average of seeds per pod، respectivly. The significant differences were also observed in undamaged seeds، sampling times and interaction، as variety of Kefandoa with 91. 46% and variety of Rahnani with 79. 45% had the most and less of undamaged seeds respectivly. In comparison of sampling times، there were also significant differences in seed damage between sampling time. The least damage (2. 90%) was observed in the seeds harvested in first sampling (mid-August)، however the highest percentage damage (20. 37%) caused by the pest occurred in third sampling (early September). The results showed that in the early September، the wasp activity reaches its peak. Therefore it can be concluded that mid-August is the best harvesting time to reduce the pest damage to the seed crops.