مهندس مریم طلا

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of using saffron petal powder on the growth performance and innate immune parameters of the skin mucus of rainbow trout. For this purpose, 600 rainbow trout juvenile (6.6 ± 0.19 g) were randomly divided into four experimental groups and fed with diets containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% raw powder of saffron petals for 8 weeks. The results showed that feeding juvenile with a diet containing 0.5% saffron petal powder led to a significant improvement in growth indicators including gain weight, specific growth rate and factor condition compared to the control group. The results showed that the juvenile fed with a diet containing 0.5% saffron petal powder led to a significant improvement in growth indicators incliding weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factore feed conversion ratio compared to the control group, while, higher concentrations (1.5 and 2%) had no significant effect on the growth performance. The analysis of the innate immune parameters of the skin mucus also showed lysozyme enzyme had a dose-dependent increase, so that its highest level was observed in the treatments fed with ration containing 2% saffron petal powder. The analysis of the innate immune parameters of the skin mucus also showed that the lysozyme enzyme had a dose-dependent increase, so that its highest level was observed in the treatments fed with a diet containing 2% saffron petal powder. Also, the highest level of hemagglutination activity and antibacterial activity against two common pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture, including Yersinia rookeri and Aeromonas hydrophila, was related to the treatment fed with a diet containing 2% saffron petal powder. Therefore, saffron petal powder, especially at a concentration of 0.5%, has the potential to be used as a growth and immune stimulant with natural origin, cost-effective, efficient, and eco-friendly immunostimulant in rainbow trout farms to improve the level of aquatic health and increase resistance to common bacterial infections, including enteric redmouth disease and bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia.

Contamination of food products, especially dairy products, with aflatoxins, is one of the main problems in the food industry. This research aimed to remove aflatoxin M1 using two probiotics, Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, either alone or in combination, in skimmed milk containing this toxin. The study investigated the effects of storage time, microbial strain, bacterial concentration, toxin concentration, and temperature on the removal of aflatoxin M1. Two probiotic bacteria, Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, at dilutions of 108 and 1010 CFU/ml, were inoculated alone and in combination into skimmed milk contaminated with different concentrations of aflatoxin M1 (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 μg/ml). The samples were then incubated at 4°C and 37°C for 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 hours. The detoxification percentage of aflatoxin M1 was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed an increase in the removal of aflatoxin M1 with time. The removal of aflatoxin M1 by these strains varied from 12% to 87% depending on the concentration of bacteria, storage time, toxin concentration, and bacterial strain, whether alone or in combination. The results of this study suggest that using probiotics can be an effective method for reducing or eliminating the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in the dairy industry.

Food contamination with aflatoxin is identified as a challenge for health and economics; therefore, global organizations have determined the minimum contamination of different foods. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin mostly found in dairy products and its removal has remained a challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of anti-aflatoxin of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in contaminated skim milk.

In order to carry out this project, skim milk was spiked with three concentrations of AFM1 and treated with two levels of bacteria and fungi concentration, alone or mixed, and incubated at 4 and 37 ˚C for different time points (30, 60, 120 min, and 24h). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the AFM1 in milk.

The results showed that the incubation time is a key factor in the removal process of AFM1. Also, the removal of AFM1 was dependent on other factors such as the concentration of microorganisms, incubation temperature, toxin concentration and type of treatment (alone or combination). The ability of these strains to remove AFM1 after 24 hours was shown to be 20-90%. The removal of AFM1 by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (66.8%) as compared to Bifidobacterium bifidum (51.3%), and the combination of probiotics increased their ability to remove the toxins (90%).

The results of this study showed that probiotics alone or in combination with each other play an essential role in removing AFM1 from milk.

The present study was done in 2019 to investigate the effect of nutmeg hydroalcoholic extract and white Piper nigrum hydroalcoholic extract In amounts of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ml per liter for anesthesia 72 carp with a medium weight 34/45±3/33 grams and its effect on some blood indicators were examined. For this purpose, for each extract, 30 fish in 5 treatments and a total of 60 fish in 10 treatments and a group of 12 fish as a control were not affected by any of the extracts. Blood samples were taken from the fishchr('39')s heart during anesthesia and 24 hours after the fish regained consciousness, and blood parameters including white and red blood cell counts and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were measured in the fishchr('39')s blood. The time of loss of balance (onset of anesthesia), complete anesthesia, and time of return of consciousness showed a significant difference. The average number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in anesthesia with the nutmeg hydroalcoholic extract during anesthesia and 24 hours after anesthesia were not significant compared to the control group, but there was a significant difference in the amount of white blood cells 24 hours after anesthesia. In common carp fishing with white pepper hydroalcoholic extract, it was found that the mean number of red blood cells during anesthesia and 24 hours after anesthesia was not significantly different from the control group, but in the number of white blood cells 24 hours after anesthesia and Significant differences were observed in hematocrit and hemoglobin during anesthesia compared to the control. Due to less changes in blood factors in anesthesia with nutmeg extract, this substance can be used as a more suitable substance for anesthesia.

Cyanobacteria and microalgae have great potential to produce a wide variety of biotoxic and non-toxic biologically active compounds and could lead to the development of the food and pharmaceutical industries soon. The commercial proliferation of algae on a large scale is due to their ability to produce a wide range of valuable secondary metabolites such as polyunsaturated monounsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, glycerol, glycoproteins, antioxidant compounds, and antibiotics. Today, with the potential spread of bacterial resistance and reduced efficacy of existing antibiotics, researchers are looking to find new antibiotics among the products produced by microalgae. However, many cyanobacterial strains contain toxic compounds that cause the death of many humans and animals. In this review article, an attempt has been made to introduce valuable biologically active products along with various types of cyanotoxins in foods and treatment methods by collecting the latest research. It is hoped that the results of this study could pave the way for the introduction of valuable metabolites produced by cyanobacteria and microalgae in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

This study investigated the fish species inhabiting hot springs of Hormozgan province including Geno, Khoorgoo, Sargez Khoorgoo, Siahkosh and Pahash . According to previous studies and the present study, the Aphanius ginaonis was the unique species in Geno hot spring. Fingerlings and mature females of A. ginaonis were remarkably found in the spring in August. While, previous studies reported the the breeding season for this species in July. Therefore, it is likely that A. ginaonis reproduce throughout the summer. On the other hand A. dispar was found as the unique species in Khoorgoo and Pahash springs. Moreover, a worm form arthropod larvae was recognized in the gill of Khoorgoo Aphanius. In addition, a remarkable number of A. dispar larvae were observed in August, showing that the reproduction seaoson of this species in the pahash spring is in August. In Sargez Khoorgoo spring, A. dispar with mature ovaries were found in March. We observed Aphanius sp. and two varieties of Iranian cichlid Iranocichla hormuzensis species that were clearly different in two water sources.

Penaeus vanamei is one of the most important penaeide shrimp species in Persian Gulf. This research was carried out to determine the genetic status of broodstocks of this species by sequencing the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI). Sampling was performed from two hatcheries in hormozgan province (Kolahi and Tiab) and a hatchery in Bushehr province (Delvar). Seven haplotypes were identified from 502 aligned sequences. Phylogeny study showed that all specimens from the three studied hatcheries were in a main clade with two clusters showing highly Homosigisity of Bushehr and Hormozgan hatcheries. On the other hand, three haplotypes BU. A3, A4, A6 derived from Bushehr area were distinguished from the other haplotypes of Bushehr and Hormozgan regions, showing that the heterozygosity rate in the broodstocks of Bushehr area is much higher than Hormozgan area. The haplotypic status of the COI gene indicates high homozygosity levels among imported broodstocks in hormozgan that can lead to increase in the amount of blood coefficient between broodstocks and decrease in growth and survival rate among postlarves in near future.

Molecular investigation of important commercial shrimp species is one of the main goals to find out the pure populations and brood stocking of marine resources.

The purpose of the present study was to study the population of P. merguiensis and determining the extent of genetic diversity of this species.

Samples were collected from three major distribution areas in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Molecular investigation was carried out using microsatellite markers.

Only five out of the eight primers of P. merguiensis produced good amplified PCR products with fixed annealing temperature. The rest of the primers were either not easily amplified or produced nonspecific bands. Seven alleles were found to be unique to each of the three populations of P.merguiensis. Occurrences of heterozygosity deficiency were found at most loci. These heterozygosity deficiencies in observed heterozygosity in comparison to expected heterozygosity may be due to inbreeding, genetic drift and consequences of illegal overharvesting of P. merguiensis in the studied areas as well. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in both studied species was significant in most microsatellite loci (p<0.001). We observed deviation from HWE in most loci with hetrozygosity deficits. The genetic variation results showed that the pairwise Fst values were significant between studied populations. The assignment test revealed high gene flow between Hormoz and Jask and restricted genetic flow between Guatr and Hormoz populations.

It seems that the changes in immigration patterns of populations between Hormoz, Jask and Guatr areas depend on the influence of Persian Gulf currents or the life cycle of P. merguiensis in studied areas. Alternatively, the presence of ecological barriers such as mangrove forests may result in restricted genetic flow between Guatr and both Hormoz and Jask populations.

To study the morphology ofgonads and sperm ducts of sex reversed male rainbow trout after administration of I 7-cr- methyl testosterone. Animals: Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Procedure: l7-alpha-methyl testosterone (17-alpha-MT) was administered to rainbow trout in 5 treafinents as follows: I) rwo times immersion of eyed eggs and yolk sac alevins in 250 pg/l bath with 2 hours duration and 8 days interval. II) three times immersion of eyed eggs and yolk-sac alevins in 250 trrgil bath with 2 hours duration and 4 days intervals. III) two times immersion of eyed eggs and yolk sac alevins in 250 pg/l bath with2hours duration and 8 days intervalplus oral adminishation of 3ppm l7-cr-MT starting from active feeding of larvae for 90 days. IV) oral administration of 3ppm l7-alpha-MT starting from active feeding of larvae for 70 days. V) oral administration of 30ppm 17-a-MT starting from active feeding of larvae for 120 days. In addition, a control group was maintained with no hormonal treatment. 20 fishes from each treatment as well as control groups were examined morphologically for their reproductive organs at the age of 24 months.

Arange of normal to totally atrophic reproductive organs was observed in different treatment groups. Four types of sperm ducts were detected ranging from normal open-ended sperm ducts containing fluid semen, closeended sperm duct containing fluid semen, close-ended sperm duct lacking fluid semen, to close-ended atrophic sperm duct with no semen. The highest number of functional males with the ability of production of fluid spenn was found in treatment II.

17-alpha-MT administration in an optimal dosage and route to female rainbow trout can produce functional males with the ability of normal sperm production although the gonads and sperm ducts may be affected morphologically.