مژگان صالحی یزدی

Takab-Mahneshan's metallogenic area is essential in gold mineralization, and it is a part of the northern Urmia-Dokhtar magmatic belt. The northern Urmia-Dokhtar has two distinctive features. It contains the Precambrian basement, and the young Mio-Pliocene magmatism rocks overlie its Precambrian basement. Precambrian basement has two different compositions, oceanic and continental crusts (gneiss, granite, mica-schist, greenschist, amphibolite, serpentinite, marble). The Young rocks are composed of hyaloclastite, acidic tuff, andesitic-basaltic, acidic to intermediate intrusions (diorite, granite), limestone, and marl of Qom formation. We categorized the Young rocks into four phases based on their age and positions. The mutual effect of the basement and young magmatism --in the latest phase --creates hydrothermal solutions in the form of a heat engine. The heat engine has caused rotation and variety, increasing mineralization in the area. As a result, there are mines, deposits, gold indications, and some associated gold elements, including Tuzlar, Bayche Bagh, Baghcheh at Mahneshan area, Zarshuran, Agh-darreh, and Ay-Qalesi in Takab. The Tuzlar and Baghcheh deposits with gold mineralization are in a Silicic-argillic zone, including pyrite, gold-bearing silica, argillic and ferrous hydroxides minerals. The Ay-Qalesi polymetallic deposits often contain zinc and lead. The Zarshuran and Agh-darreh deposits are the gold types that the first one has a variety of mineralization of sulfides and sulfosalts. The second one has simple gold mineralization, and finally, the Bayche Bagh deposit with polymetallic type includes chalcopyrite, pyrite, rutile, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, bornite, smaltite, chloanthite, azurite, and malachite minerals.

Iran is important in terms of non-metallic mineral resources in the world. Iran is ranked among the top ten countries in some sources of non-metallic minerals such as fluorspar, industrial soils (kaolinite), feldspar, silica and celestine. Iran›s non-metallic mineral reserves are significant. Iran is one of the largest holders of feldspar reserves in the world. So far, based on the limited discoveries made in Iran, barite reserves are about %13 and garnet, fluorspar and celestine reserves are about %1 of the total world reserves. The share of Iran›s non-metallic mineral production compared to the world in recent years includes 25 percent of celestine, 8.5 percent of feldspar, 4 percent of kaolinite, 2.6 percent of barite, 2.3 percent of bentonite, and about 1 to 2 percent of fluorspar, aluminum silicates, and talc. In terms of exports of non-metallic minerals, including bentonite, Iran ranks 10th, aluminum silicates 11th, feldspar 12th, and fluorspar 13th in the world. Considering the amount of resources and reserves of non-metallic minerals in Iran, their production and export can increase with the development of extraction and processing. Therefore, in addition to meeting its needs, Iran can be one of the top exporters of these products and minimize its imports of these products.

Iran has an area of 1,648,195 square kilometers, which is about one percent of the global land: considering its population of about 80 million people Iran, around one percent of the world's population live in Iran. Existence of special geological features such as multiple phases of tectonomagma, metamorphism and sedimentary basin changes from the Late Precambrian to the present has caused this land to have different igneous-metamorphic and sedimentary zones, each of which has its own deposit characteristics. These special features have led to the presence of more than 70 types of minerals and fossil fuels in this country, so that about 5% of the world's minerals, 10% Oil, 16% gas and 1% of the coal of the globe are formed in this country.