میترا حبیبی

Today, in addition to being the entry point of critical urban studies, understanding the nature of everyday life, is also considered as an entry point for understanding the complex nature of urban public spaces because those in power, in the process of capital accumulation, consciously apply an organized spatial arrangement in cities by expanding mass culture on the everyday life of residents. Therefore, today, in the theoretical field of urban planning, understanding the concept of everyday life and studying its complexities from philosophical and sociological aspects is within the framework of social and urban thinkers. The innovation and purpose of this research is the comparative analysis of the nature, process and role of everyday life in the social formation of urban spaces from the perspective of three thinkers, Henri Lefebvre, Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Dosserto, and the focus on their similarities and differences. The study method is a systematic review of related sources and the research findings are based on the methodical analysis and description of the texts. Studies show that all three thinkers believe that the control over the spatial organization and command over the use of space has become a vital tool for reproducing social power relations and the existing discipline in urban spaces is applied by dominant powers. By proposing the theory of social production of space and focusing on the nature and value of everyday life, Lefebvre formulated the increasing spatialization of social relations in cities, and he deciphered the spatial practice of social life by linking the economy and the accumulation of profits of the dominant classes to individual life experiences. By using the capacities of everyday life in spreading awareness, he considers the act of citizens’ resistance in consumption and reclaiming space as a method for change and reform, and at the same time, he also introduces everyday life as a moment of liberation and making the impossible possible. By proposing the concept of habitus and field, Bourdieu analyzed the process of formation of values in everyday life through the internalization of the value structure of the dominant powers, and showed that citizens in each field behaved in accordance with the ruling values, and they use the space for their own interests consciously according to the time and capital they own. Compared to the other two thinkers, Doserto is more optimistic about mass culture and analyzes it in the framework of applying the strategies of those in power in the space, and at the same time, he explains the citizens’ resistance in the form of creative tactics at the right time and without leaving the dominant order, in order to use urban spaces according to his needs.

The concept of dwelling is complex and dynamic. Therefore, the existing theories and views on the concept of dwelling, often presented in formal housing conditions and structures, do not have the necessary effect in other settlements. Based on the subjective and interactive nature of the concept of dwelling, its experience and perception among different residents can be different from conventional and universal theoretical perspectives in the field of dwelling, which are often expressed in the context of formal housing. Therefore, given the expansion of informal settlements and the importance of studying them accurately, as a basis for any action, can be contemplative. The purpose of this study is to understand dwelling’s perception and experience of dwelling and how to conceptualize and conceptualize it in the context of informal settlements and its related concepts by investigating the case study of Mortezagerd. Because any action in the field of informal settlements requires not only an understanding of the physical aspects of the settlement, it also requires conditions that are not purely objective and require its discovery to understand the meaning of dwelling from the perspective of its inhabitants. This research falls under the paradigm of interpretivism, and from the cognitive point of view, it emphasizes the researcher's interaction with the research subject and the least objective separateness with the research participants. This study uses manifest inductive qualitative content analysis as a research method to interpret contextual data obtained from in-depth semi-structured interviews and field observations.

Land use as the core of urban planning provides services and facilities based on citizens’ social needs. This is realized based on efficient use of space, proper deployment of activities through the city, and justly distribution of urban services. Having less economic value than other market-based land-uses, they aim at improving the quality of housing and try to meet the needs of citizens. However, the quality of life in cities declines by population growth, public service reduction, and environmental changes. In this regard, the lucrative view of investors and power holders about land-use changes have caused unjust and unreasonable consequences of the implementation of urban plans undermining equitable access to public utilities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of land-use changes on accessibility to public utilities over a 5-years period (2013-2017) in District 1 of Tehran. In this paper, documentary and content analysis methods are used to categorize the content of the texts. Then, acts legitimized by the commission in charge over the past five years are compared using quantitative methods. The results illustrate devastating and irreparable effects of widespread land-use changes in the study area during this period that lead to the population increase beyond the anticipated boundaries of outlying documents, debilitating accessibility to urban public services and spaces. The unexpected population increase and investors’ growing willingness to convert lands into residential and commercial towers with substantial profitability lead to unequally distribution of urban services at the regional level. As a result, they exacerbate the per capita shortage of green, educational, health, and sports land-uses in this district.

The concept of dwelling is complex and dynamic. Therefore, the existing theories and views on the concept of dwelling, which are often presented in the conditions and structures of formal settlements, do not have the necessary effectiveness in other settlements. Due to the mental and interactive nature of the concept of dwelling, its experience and perception in different residents can be different from the universal and conventional theoretical views in the field of dwelling. Therefore, considering the development of informal settlements and the importance of studying and recognizing them accurately, as a basis for any action in the environment of informal settlements, which are recognized with different characteristics, can be thought-provoking. The purpose of this study is to identify the perception and experience of residents of dwelling and how its meaning and conceptualization in the field of informal settlement and related concepts and by examining the case study of Mortezagerd informal settlement. This research falls into the category of interpretive paradigm and from the epistemological point of view, emphasizes the researcher's action and interaction with the research subject and at least an objective separateness from the research participants. In this research, manifest inductive qualitative content analysis has been used as a research method in order to interpret the textual data obtained from semi-structured in-depth interviews and field observations. The data were analyzed through a systematic process with the aim of classifying concepts up to four levels of abstraction. The selection of participants in this study was purposeful and in line with the development of concepts to achieve saturation. The findings of this study indicate that in informal settlements, the dynamic concept of dwelling and its defining components such as peace, tranquility and security in different stages of dwelling is interpreted differently and its transformation is observed. Once (phase and first stage of residence) through living within large families and a sense of collective belonging and another time (phase and second stage of residence), through intra-group competition and contradiction, promotion of capital and quality of life. In other words, this study, through the interpretation and analysis of the content of residents' perceptions, shows two different and metamorphic stages in the concept of dwelling: First, "meaningfulness of living within large families", and then, the rotation of the concept and "intra-group competition and contradiction" with the aim of promoting capital and occupying space. Also, the development of previous research in order to achieve the concept of dwelling in informal settlements with a focus on Morteza Gerd informal settlement is considered; Concepts that express how to achieve the components of housing in the general sense, such as peace, habitation, construction, nurturing, etc., but in different ways. The novelty of the present article is to show the difference in the meaning of dwelling in formal and informal settlements and to refine the mentioned concept and the defining components of each in different stages of informal settlement.

Urban spaces have the capacity to spatially assemble different and even contradictory forces of the public sphere. The relationships between these contradictory forces, one dominated by power and the other exercised by people, lead citizens to take creative actions to change and transform the structure created in urban spaces. “How can the play of citizens in the public space of the city produce the lived space and what are the consequences?” is the main question of this research. In Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space, space is in a process of dialectical relations between perceived space, conceived space and lived space. Power always tries to cover the merits of the perceived space by its forces and produces the conceived space. In contrast, citizens create the lived space through their creative actions. Citizens can choose the public space as their own playground (place of their play) and construct new situations beyond the formal situations of the space. The concept of play suggests an action in a specific time and place, through established rules built on the core of pleasure, which can also change the formal situation of the space by using the tools unusually and changing and reshaping the rules themselves. In this process, the nature of excitement flows through the game and makes the players return to it more and more. Therefore, the game is one of the creative actions that are able to create new orders and arrangements in the public space to construct the lived space.

The current research is based on an interpretive-critical paradigm, which is based on a phenomenological approach to explore the ways and reasons for which the citizens of Tehran choose to use the perceived space and find it. The method is a documentary study for theoretical concepts and identifying the components and configurations of the concepts. The field study in the open space at the entrance of Bagh-Ferdows includes in-depth observation by the researchers and open interviews with the citizens (the actors) who are actively present in the field and identified using the components and qualitative indicators found in the first step of the documentary study to achieve a novel interpretation of the pleasing actions as well as the critical ones.

Studies done in the case of this research show that citizens in urban spaces play in relation to one aother and the factors of that space in order to create their desired situations. This process of playing can change the territories of the space, foster the process of sociability, specify the demands of marginal groups and represent citizens’ resistance against the order of conceived space.

Concolusion: 

The results suggest that citizens can produce their living space in the urban public space through their games, as the process of creative playing changes the formal situation and realizes the game situation, which is similar to what people do in the production of living space through other actions. In the nightlife of the city, these actions use the possibilities of the lack of surveillance and construct the lived space. The socialization, the specification of the areas forbidden by the power (political - economic forces through the system and socio-cultural through the structure), the creation and exhibition of the desired identity by the citizens, the resistance to the formal order and the leisure are the consequences of the games observed and studied in the given public space.

One of the most important and magnificent palaces in the Achaemenid citadels of Susa and Persepolis is the palace known as Apadana. Apadana palace in Susa is called by this name because of having an inscription naming this palace Apadana on the remaining pillars, and a palace with a similar physical structure in Takhte Jamshid despite not having an inscription with a name is called by this name because of this similarity. Numerous archaeological, historical, architectural and urban planning researches have been conducted on Achaemenid cities and citadels for a long time, and the function of these palaces, especially the palaces and buildings of Persepolis, has always been a matter of debate for experts. However, previous researches in order to understand the meaning of Apadana and the physical structure of this building and its function have focused less on the historical and racial history of the Persian tribe, which we know is a branch of Indo-Iranian tribes. This research with the help of allegorical mythology method of Georg Friedrich Creuzer which is a method focused on finding the meaning behind the form of an artwork by the help of finding narratives and myths behind it seeks to find an new interpretation for the function behind the form of Apadana palace. Thus, this historical study in the rich ancient Indo-Iranian texts showed that based on Indo-Iranian etymology the word Apadana means a holy and glorious place of gathering and presence, and over the years it has been used in the meaning of palace with columns, public palace and outer palace. Also, the study of the physical form and plan of the building showed that the plan of the building as well as many details used in it was based on the Vastu Purusha Mandala diagram in the Vastu Shastra, which is the knowledge of building the physical environment, the traditional knowledge of architecture and urban planning, in Indo Iranian culture. Based on the mythological narrative of the formation of this mandala, the Purusha, the cosmic man has been fixed on the earth by the gods, and with the presence of these celestial and solar gods, the image of the sky is reflected in this plan, and this is the scene on which the movement of the sun and the moon and their years drawn and calculated, And also on this plan the constant cycle of days and time is measured. So this palace is an image of the sky and the daily and annual movement of the sun and the moon is reflected on it, and in this way it is the best place to celebrate important annual events such as Nowruz, Mehrgan, Tirgan, etc.

Urban context and environment and changes thereto, are among the factors affecting place attachment that by itself influences different personal and social features like personal relationships and feelings. Depending on how environmental changes and place attachment influence each other, the way users perceive environmental changes is different regarding their attachment to place. The way of perception has different consequences and responses from the users. Few studies have been conducted on the way in which people perceive environmental changes regarding place attachment. Little attention has been paid to the relationship between place attachment and the way of perception of urban changes in most of the studies, and these studies are more descriptive than experimental, being more concerned with individual and their individual characteristics. The present paper aims to examine how people perceive, interpret, evaluate and respond to the various environmental changes especially physical, regarding people's attachment to place.
This study was conducted using content analysis and Grounded Theory methods and with inductive and interrogative strategy. Its purpose is to achieve a model related to how the residents of Daryan No and Eastern Marzdaran neighborhoods (located in District 2 of Tehran) perceive and respond to environmental changes by discovering concepts and categories and the relationship between them. Finally, based on the users' perception, it was found that place attachment caused by urban physical changes has dimensions including: non-physical factors, type of physical changes and its speed and extent, psychological responses (psychological feelings and motivations) and practical responses. It is formed in a specific time and place. Based on the results, the response to changes can be defined as two categories of either stay or move (displacement) with different physical to behavioral actions.

The study of the gates of the Achaemenid citadels with the new mythological approach and historical analysis method led to the discovery of concepts behind this body which refer to the cultural themes in this period which had been formed based on belief and mental patterns of the people of this period, that is, the myths. The result is that these palace-gates had a different structure from the gates of cities in other cultures and gradually underwent changes from Pasargadae to Susa and Parseh. A comparison of these gates and their developments shows that as the Achaemenid kingdom gained more power, the architecture of these buildings were formed more based on Iranian cultural themes; As in Pasargadae Gate-Palace, the influence of Egyptian and Mesopotamian culture is more evident than other gate-palaces, and in contrast the gate-palace of Parseh Citadel, which was built at the height of Achaemenid domination, without the need to refer to other cultures relies on Iranian themes; In this Gate-Palace, on one hand with its three doorways and ornaments which are a reference to Dumezil's tripartite ideology of Indo-European societies, and on the other hand with its special naming, the gate of all nations, its function is emphasized, a function that in a double-sided way refers to a gate that is open to all nations under the rule of the Achaemenid dynasty, and also It contains a symbolic connotation of the all-encompassing power of the Achaemenid rule, which encompasses all nations of all races under its governance.

The main issue of this study is the supposition of reducing the sense of connection between inhabitants and their living environment. In fact, if the speed and amount of urban changes in various dimensions: physical, functional, social, etc. is considered, the incompatibility of these changes with human perceptual processes confirms the initial idea. Urban change causes many challenges due to various desired or unintended consequences. Researches indicate that the impact of these consequences has often been studied and planned in quantitative terms, but their impact on human social processes and interactions with the urban environment, especially place attachment has been less investigated and studied.

The present study aims to examine and introduce each of the components of transformation, urban changes and place attachment, as well as their impact and relationship with each other.

In this study, a descriptive approach based on documentary studies is employed to investigate experts' opinions in relation to urban change and place attachment. In the analysis of findings, the qualitative content analysis method and the meta-synthesis method are used. The meta-synthesis method aims to combine interpretations of selected study data in order to discover new concepts and metaphors.

In the present study, considerable insight is provided into the differences and the position of each of the concepts of transformation, transition and urban changes, and also into different kinds of the process of urban change and their relations, the factors affecting the perception of changes in the urban environment, the concept of place attachment and factors that influence and are influenced by it. In the end, a model and framework is provided for understanding the impact of these concepts.

Urban transformations and changes have influence on the relationship between people and place, particularly on place attachment. Furthermore, the changing quality, amount and speed relate to the residents’ place attachment in a special and significant way.

Among qualitative research methods, interpretive language-based methods can widely be used for understanding and explaining urban social dynamics and facilitate in-depth, critical looks into urban environments. Yet, planning scholars’ applications of these types of qualitative methods has not been as widespread as those of quantitative methods. Despite the fundamental role of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a qualitative method in urban studies, there is a dearth of literature using this method. In response, the present study tries to demonstrate potential applications of the critical discourse analysis in urban studies by describing its process through an analysis of a case: the petition by Yazd Bazaar business people against Qiam Street reorganisation plans. To do this, and following a review of theories and main concepts of this method, Fairclough’s analytic framework is recognised suitable for analysing phenomena and social orders, particularly the ways in which power is manifested in the use of language. The introduction of Fairclough’s three-tier model in this paper is accompanied by the analysis of the production, distribution and consumption of the petition’s text by shop owners, the description of the text itself, and the explanation of the social context of this communicative event. The results show that CDA can be beneficial in analysing a) power relations in urban planning and development processes, b) recognizing their structural ideologies and its socio-political consequences in cities and urban planning, c) understanding dominant, competing discourses in development processes, and d) understanding the transformation or reproduction of social and cultural structures.

Currently, in urban studies, space has got other definition than that of geographical, Euclidean, mathematical and scientific aspects and is considered not as a mere void, physical object, depleted of any meaning, but as an identity encompassing all aspects of human existence. Power has dominated space during the process of urbanization, and the answer to this problem requires finding a creative solution that comes from the heart of society paying attention to the necessities of the context. The study area in this paper is Kamal-ol-Molk Square in the city of Kashan, which is one of the most important urban spaces in this city and has long witnessed the authoritative processes of production and reproduction of space. Groups of people, on the other hand, offer creative answers in their ways of consuming space. The purpose of this study is to explore how to use Rhythmanalysis as a way to better organize urban space consumption in order to findings lead to moderate the view of professionalism and pay attention to people's creative resistance in space consumption and their own order which voluntarily is in proportion to daily life. The research method is referring to the conceptual structure of spatial Trialectics to investigate the effect of the three components of climate-culture-power on the rhythms of conceived-perceived-lived space, based on the progressive-regressive method and including two directions, namely the vertical complexity of the space and the horizontal complexity of the space. To study the vertical complexity, we referred to the history of urban space in Kashan and used the method of documentary studies and analysis in the form of document selection, document analysis and scrutiny. In the study of horizontal complexity, different rhythms of the studied area were studied in a certain period of time and an attempt was made to study the activities of different groups of space consumers through field research (observation with simple and non-interfering method) and descriptive study method. Then, using a combined approach and alignment scheme, the results of the study of each level were integrated into a general interpretation. The findings of Rhythmanalysis in the research area showed that in contrast to the conceived space, the lived space of Kashan city is in line with climate and culture and also has several rhythms that are in conflict with each other. The power of the dominant rhythms has caused to the superiority of conceived space in relation to the lived space. The findings also show that considering the historical importance of lunar cyclic time in Kashan, one should be aware of the importance of the relationship between space and time in urban plans. In the study area, with the implementation of an authoritative plan, the connection between space and time has not been established. This, along with the historical way of consuming space, has caused the space to receive multiple rhythms of the presence of people in it, and in return, groups of people do not accept the space for their presence and occurrence of rhythms of their activities.

Space has become one of the basic components in urban analysis. In fact, cities are the most important platform for the production of space and the spaces formed with investment are targeted to ensure the necessary conditions for the production and reproduction of capitalist relations. Accordingly, in this research using descriptive-interpretive method and through a systematic review of all the relevant literature, space production processes and its products are analyzed with reference to Lefebvre and Harvey intellectual system and finally socio-spatial dialectic of Edward Soja and their theoretical commonalities as the main research goal. What can be deduced from this research is that the productive relations in the city between the ruling power and the lower class are reproduced by producing new space and power tries to create a new spatial order with its production tools in the city and its spaces, in addition to a production environment, a consumption environment is formed that directly affects the daily lives of citizens. Also, the analysis of views shows that Lefebvre has inspired other thinkers by presenting his spatial trialectics; In Lefebvre’s proposed trialectic, Spatial action with spatial representation, ends in representational space, and Lefebvre by critique of everyday life in capitalism and its relation to living space in the production of space, has been able to draw class struggle into civil society strife. Similarly, in the following decades, Harvey discusses the cycles of capital accumulation, emphasizing the second cycle, and while acknowledging the role of space in the circulation of capital, believes that capital operates in a geographical and historical context that leads to the creation of various spatial forms of space in our living world. In fact, Harvey specifically see the real estate market as a secondary circuit for capital turnover, arguing that at the point where the second cycle of accumulation crisis reaches, to exit the crisis, The third cycle of accumulation is produced by relying on the production of new ideology, knowledge and awareness, which in the living space leads to the same Lefebvre ideas, and as long as the artificial environment in production is consumed by citizens, the relations of production are reproduced. On the other hand, Edward Soja, like Harvey, relying on Lefebvre’s ideas for his spatialization, re-discusses the dialectic and introduces the third term into the historical-social duality and considers three dimensions for space. In between, Many researchers have also pointed out that Soja’s spatial trialectics offers a new postmodernist angle to describe how people perceive, imagine, and reconstruct space, and that Soja is always striving to find something valuable between the first and second spaces that the title describes the third space, so can be said that Soja’s trialectics emphasizes different thinking about the meaning and importance of space and has broken the duality of material and spiritual space. finally, it can be concluded that Harvey in expressing the three circuits of capital circulation with more reliance on capitalist behavior And Soja in expression of socio-spatial dialectics and the emphasis on understanding new and different ways of spatial thinking have both been indebted to Lefebvre’s ideas.

How is power exercised in planning practice? This “inevitable question” has been around in planning theory for many years, and many researchers have addressed this issue in different ways. Still, the impact of power relations on various aspects of the planning process and city development plans is remained controversial and ambiguous. Also, the inseparable links between public interest and planning have to affect public interest by power relations. Although many efforts have been made to explain the public interest in planning, the impacts of power relations on formulating the public interest are blurred. In this regard, this paper seeks to explain the influence of power relations on public interest's conformation by providing a discourse approach to the radical conception of power. According to this approach, the discourse as an “invisible power” ideologically shapes individuals' and groups' wants and desires. Based on Gaventa’s “cube of power,” the authors applied the mentioned approach to modify Lukes’ “radical view” deficiencies. To investigate this issue, Fairclough's framework is used for critical discourse analysis (CDA), which states the nature of the dialectic of power and discourse in a critical framework and interprets it in the context of its social practice. A controversial live local TV talk show was selected as the text of critical discourse analysis. The participants of this TV program were from significant principal players in the Qiam street improvement plan. This case study's results, based on the improvement plan of Qiam street of Yazd, show that the invisible power plays a notable role in the conformation of public interest’s substance. This role is manifested in how various orders of discourse combine and bring about discursive and social change. Two discursive mixes were identified: one dominant and one competing discursive mix. Findings show that the competing discursive mix has challenged the limited and utilitarian perception of public interest represented by the dominant discursive mix. This conception of public interest which represented by proponents of the plan, defines interests mostly in economic and monetary terms and insists on the value that the plan will bring about. Similarly, the opponents of the improvement plan adopted such a bounded conception of public interest too. They opposed the plan because its implementation was interfering with their business. While the dominant discursive mix included rational planning discourse, project management discourse, expert-official and economic interest discourses, the competing discursive mix is shaped by activism and participation discourses. As Fairclough indicates, these re-articulations of the orders of discourse are both a means and a sign of discursive and social transformation in a relatively creative way. In the case of Qiam street, these transformations led to a broader concept of ‘the public’ but they could not transform the conception of ‘the interests’ very much. In conclusion, even though this transformation has not changed utilitarianism’s hegemonic position, it has extended the concept of 'the public' and relatively democratized the planning process. Therefore, it can be expected that future urban design practices, at least in Yazd’s old city, would consider some forms of participation in the implementation phase.

Urban space's publicness and decline in new urban space's publicness have been addressed by many researchers and commentators in recent years. Although their attitudes towards publicness have been mainly influenced by civil society discourse, and despite existing theories about publicness in the civil society discourse, none of them has introduced constructive factors for the publicness of urban spaces. Also, there is no consensus on the criteria for evaluating the publicness of these spaces. Considering this theoretical gap, the first step of this research is through a systematic review of scholars' opinions and research experiences to identify the component factors of the publicness of spaces in the civil society discourse. In the next step, the Delphi technique is used to evaluate the usability of these factors in assessing the publicness of urban spaces. The results show that only four factors, namely, public access, adaptability, interaction and discussion, and immunity can be used to assess the publicness of urban spaces.

Urban environmental changes, providing increasingly favorable living conditions in cities, are a permanent, continuous and long-term process with broad and long-lasting effects on the development of cities. In order to create a new context and meaning, cities are subject to constant transformations, changes, and ultimately transitions to another structure, either voluntarily or non-voluntarily. But what is not clear in the concepts of transition, transformation and change is their conceptuality and position and the relationship between them, as well as types, dimensions and goals of each of them; so that the concepts are used interchangeably in many studies. Therefore, revising and introducing the role of each component of urban transition, transformation, and changes, as well as their impact on each other can be considered as the main purpose of the study. Accordingly, this paper examines the views and perspectives of the experts in this field, using the descriptive method and content analysis, and inferring applied results based on a review of related literature. Furthermore, in order to achieve the findings, the meta-synthesis method has been used as a kind of meta-analyses method. As a result, the positions of each of the concepts of urban transformation, transition and changes and the differences between them, as well as different kinds of urban changes and their relationships with each other have been found in this study. In the end, it can be expressed that transition creates various urban changes in various physical, economic, social, political and environmental dimensions, which leads to broad visible and invisible urban changes in considered dimensions. Thus, urban changes could be a dynamic and integral part of urban transition and transformation.

The commodification of the public space is one of the influential processes on the generation of the urban spaces, which has been the origin of considerable evolutions in the recent two decades. An example of this process is the excessive commercial constructions and the unprecedented growth of large-scale shopping centers. Over the last two decades, malls were developed irregularly in Tehran. Various studies have been conducted on the emergence of malls and their effects and consequences on the cities from different perspectives. Some of these studies investigated the shopping centers as public spaces and analyzed their effects and consequences from various aspects. The public interest has not been mentioned directly or indirectly in these studies. However, they stated the characteristics, such as inclusiveness for all social groups, equal accessibility, being free, lack of discrimination, sociability, and security, all of which are considered examples of the public interest. Other research analyzed the large-scale urban projects from a public interest perspective, among which are the mega malls and malls. Since the development of the malls considerably depends on the will of the private sector investors along with the permissions issued by the government organizations, thus, it can be said that the main motivation for the production and development of these spaces is earning profit from the space. On the other hand, the public’s welcome of these centers and their role as the public space based on the consumption in the metropolitans requires the study of their effects and consequences from various aspects. The current paper studied the conflicts of the large-scale shopping centers of Tehran from the public interest perspective.

A critical look toward spatial issues necessitates criticism and transformation in theoretical and practical approaches toward space in the contemporary era. Spatial critical reading is considered a method to describe, interpret and criticize everyday life and identify spatial issues from the same perspective. Spatial reading first appears in theoretical traditions and components affecting it. Social theories about everyday life have gradually penetrated spatial studies and the recognition methods, in line with spatial turn. Space, in this opinion, shows everyday characters and their dimensions that it shows the current social situation. So, this space is considered to display the characteristics of everyday life and its constructive dimensions and the representative of the economic, political, cultural, and technical conditions. It means that space is based on daily activities in routine life and people's performance in their daily living (lived space) and the representative constructive factors (economic, political, cultural conditions, knowledge, and technology, which is known as perceived space). In this approach, space is known as good that is consumed in a new form. According to these necessitates, the urban space design process must emphasize everyday life's dimensions and components. Rhythmanalysis, as one of the analytical tools, is emphasis reading everyday life in urban space. This tool includes two urban rhythms: everyday and physical rhythms. They show linear and cyclic rhythms orders. This study aims to delve deeper and explain the complexities of multi-layered urban public space; Influenced by each society's social formations and the starting point of the epistemology of space in correlation with social reality, has been done.The research paradigm is critical, and within the framework of Lefebvre's theory of social production, explores everyday life in space through rhythm analysis and the connection of time and place. The research questions included identifying the components affecting the rhythm of the practice and developing a contextual model to read the space of Khajoo Bridge. The research's innovation is the description and explanation of the semi-hidden and hidden part of the urban public space (Isfahan Khajoo Bridge) using rhythm analysis of practice contrary to society's formal discourse. Using contextual theory, a systematic study of the information obtained from the field perception, including in-depth purposeful interviews and observations of the objective aspect of the occurrence of actions (behavioral patterns), has been performed. The results are formulated in a theoretical-contextual model with 12 main categories that show the relationship of practice with contextual conditions, causes of occurrence, interfering factors (aggravating), and consequences: Context of practice include ideological-governmental, natural, and environmental order; Its causes are a function of normative order and supervisory management; intervening factors including planned interactions, cultural exchanges, and interconnectedness of categories; Consequences include predictability of space, awareness of demands, reduction of legitimacy, and appropriation of space from formal discourse. The occurrence of practice has a temporal and spatial selection and is associated with membership in social groups. Their goal is spatial stabilization, gaining autonomy and legitimacy in space, and they have patterns of lawlessness-abnormality, space ownership, psychotherapy, and demands.

Since 1980s, urban activities have endeavored to increase market economic in all global aspects, especially in urban life based on the idea of Neoliberalism and so increasing some risks their main systems performance. The risks that happen in a complex system are influenced by two items: 1) modern cycles, including knowledge, information and technology; and 2) effective forces, including internal forces (complexity and solidarity) and external forces (Sprawl and intensity). These items are affected by urban competition in globalization process. Inconsistency between th ese items has caused some other risks and damages to economic, social and ecological as pects. This condition makes decision makers and planners to shift planning paradigm from critical thought to flexible thought in postmodern age. This article as a narrative overview of the urban world conditions, emphasizes on flexibility theory of the 21st century beginning, based on two axes: flexible globalization and sustainable development discourse. The article recognizes the concepts of sustainability and the burdened impact of flexible theory in three main steps. In the first step, the city vision in the age of globalization was explained, as compression of space and time in flexible postmodern, which is followed by analyzing two main parameters: cycles and forces in urban competition context to produce and reproduce space. In the second step, the discourse of sustainability and its elements are studied to compare the paradigm of flexibility. In the third step and as conclusion with a comparative study, these two concepts in the present age are compared.

In recent years, due to the increasing expansion of distressed urban fabric in Iran one of the most important goals of urbanization has been to moderate the economic, socio-cultural and structural problems of the distressed urban fabric. According to theoretical studies and global experiences conducted in this study, the regeneration of culture-based as a comprehensive and executive approach with the potential of utilizing the innovative participation of residents has been introduces as the agenda for several studies. In other words, culture-based recreation can be considered as one of the main approaches to urban regeneration in the last two decades. Furthermore, among new urban redevelopment strategies, development incentives leading to launch and direct development in worn-out urban contexts can be taken into consideration. Development stimuli are urban artifacts that are not necessarily non-physical but rather can be structural or measurable and are looked upon as the key elements in the process of urban development and regeneration. One of the main goals of development stimulus projects is to achieve urban regeneration, an approach that works as a comprehensive strategy to bring about change and development in various economic, cultural and aesthetic fields in a place with signs of decline. In this regard, the various categories of development stimulus projects in different urban scales have been introduced, one of which is taking the advantage of public art, which is the same approach applied in the present study. Therefore, the main goal of the present research is the feasibility study of using public art potentials as a development stimulus in the reconstruction of worn-out tissues and it has been tried to address issues such as identifying components of public art, their effectiveness degree and the feasibility of using public art in the case study neighborhood. For achieving the goal of the research, feasibility study of potentials application of public art as the development stimulus in recreation of worn-out textures, the study has been conducted as the applied-descriptive research with a quantitative approach in Mazandaran Crossroads’ neighborhood of Semnan city with a population of 5504 people. The conceptual model of this research is the result of theoretical studies and the use of global experiences regarding the remarkable successes of the use of public art as a stimulus for development. Collecting the information is obtained through preparing a random sample of 384 people (using Cochranchr('39')s formula) and distributing questionnaires and by taking the advantage of Second Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis and LISREl software and ultimately the analyzing the achieved data. The results of the study indicate that among the studied components in the various types of public art, respectively landscape art (furniture and green space), architectural art (museum, teahouse, cafeteria and institute), live art (Street shows, competitions, exhibitions, artistschr('39') accommodation and festivals), digital art (lighting, audio dubbing and film screening), painting art (wall painting, graffiti, mosaic and carving) and sculpture art (element, memorial and sculpture), have the higher potentials in development and recreation of worn-out textures. In this study, in addition to evaluating the potentials of different types of public art, the suitable locators for placing them are introduced which can be a proper model for further studies with the subject of developing of public art by the aim of recreation of the worn-out textures.

The plight of empty spaces is heightened by the efforts of upstream forces to occupy space, and answer to this problem requires a creative solution. The study area includes the pedestrian path in the city of Rasht which has long been witnessing the production/reproduction process of commanding space. In return, creative solution is in people’s modes of consumption of space.

Finding out how to Use Rhythmanalysis to better regulate space consumption, in order to Modify the view of professionalism. Rhythmanalysis of daily life in urban spaces helps to understand the creative resistance of people in consumption of space and their practice of self-order relevant to the daily life so that one can use it for better handling of space consumption.

Referring to the conceptual framework of Trialectics of Spatiality, the impact of three components of climate-culture-regulated power on the rhythms of perceived-conceived-lived space was studied, based on the progressive-aggressive method. The research includes two directions, namely studying vertical and horizontal complexity of space. In studying the horizontal complexity of the space, different rhythms were studied at a given time interval, scanning the activities of different groups of users in space. For this purpose, field research (observation by simple and non-interventional method) and descriptive method were used. Thenceforth, using mixed approach and the alignment design, the results of each level of the study were integrated into a general interpretation.

simultaneous and harmonious presence of multiple rhythms is the result of power rituals, climatic and cultural cycles working in harmony in the study area, so that this public space or simply put the representation space, in spite of commanding plans is a space for compromising and coalition that is spontaneously dedicated to people showing their time and the rhythms of their presence.

Climate and culture play an important role on the production of lasting rhythms in space. So, despite power's efforts to unify the space, there are still passionate rhythms in the space of study area.

As research on different theories and hypotheses of different sciences unfolds, scientific research and its methods become more complex in its evolutionary path. The research method in any research can be very influential on the research results and their validity. One of the methods of qualitative research that uses inductive approach is grounded theory research method. This method starts from the raw data and goes towards forming the theory. At present, this method has been welcomed by various disciplines. What is important is how the underlying theory is implemented and operationalized during the research and its realization process. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to recognize the various aspects of the underlying theory and to apply it operationally by explaining the method in a sample so that the process of realization of the mentioned method can be clearly understood. First, some basic concepts, components, paradigms and epistemologies are introduced and then the research process based on this approach, including data collection and analysis methods, research tools, data analysis methods, model design and theory presentation, is presented. The methods of data management, validity, and usability and ethics of the research are also explained. Throughout this article and in each section, a case study with the theme of "Recognizing the Concept of Residence in Informal Settlements and Case Study of Mortezgerd Village" is introduced based on this method and is reviewed in detail by each specific section, until the practical realization of the theory method is investigated. The context is clearly understood. Finally, a summary of the implementation of the underlying theory approach is given in the last table. The most important steps in realizing the above method, emphasizing the research sample under consideration, assuming some overlap and their interactive properties as shown in Figure 6, are: theoretical background review, geographical clarification of the topic, in-depth research questions, conducting and coding of experimental interviews, Existence and Determination of Phenomenon, Initial Guide Formulation, Data Needed Sampling, Theoretical Sensitivity, Theoretical Sampling, Observation of a Process in Flow, Open Coding, Axial Coding, Selective Coding, Continuous Comparison, Data Query, Review of Analytical Notes, Presentation of the theory and its validation.