میرهادی حسینی

The development programs of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s era led to the growth and expansion of production centers and factories, which, in turn, resulted in an increase in both skilled and unskilled workers. As a result of the second Pahlavi’s modernization policies, women became more involved in economic activities than ever before. Women workers were recruited as auxiliary forces in carrying out these reform programs. However, during this period, the social and economic conditions of working women were not widely reflected in the press. The only magazine that addressed the labor issues of women during the years 1354-1355 was Rastakhiz Kargaran, which featured articles and news columns related to these issues. This research seeks to answer the question of how the social and economic issues of working women were reflected in this magazine. The argument is that while reflecting the modernization discourse of the government at the time, Rastakhiz Kargaran also played a role in changing the traditional attitudes of society and women towards labor, especially in jobs that were previously considered male-dominated. The findings of the research show that, in addition to destigmatizing the economic activity of women working alongside men, the magazine also worked to inform women about various issues such as labor law, health in the workplace, and their physical well-being. By highlighting the capabilities of women, it encouraged their participation in day and night training programs at educational centers. This article uses a library research method and content analysis, examining numerous issues of the magazine to analyze the data.

Background

The studies conducted on the function of women's organization often dealt with how this organization was formed in general or the city branches of this organization, such as: Women's rights movement in Iran / Taghian, decline and suppression from 1280 to the 1957 revolution, by Elizeh Sanasarian. ; Iran Women's Organization is the work of Hamira Ranjbar, who has provided a detailed description of the structure and members of this organization. Investigating the performance of the women's organization in the Pahlavi period (case study of Fars: 1345-1357) Asnat Babadi, article on the performance of the women's organization; A case study of Bushehr province (1347-1345) by Elham Malekzadeh, Taybeh Idrisi.

 The purpose of this research is to examine the actions of the women's organization to improve the social status of working women, which despite the important actions that were taken after the formation of Rastakhiz Party, all these actions were marginalized.

This article has been collected with a descriptive-analytical approach and the data is documented and based on library sources.

The women's organization took several important measures to help working women, including the following.1-Establishing a kindergarten: In the first step, by establishing a kindergarten for working mothers, the women's organization solved the concern of the working mother about taking care of the child and did not receive rials from the working women for taking care of the children.2- Compilation of the Labor Law Training Booklet: The Iranian Women's Organization also compiled the book "Working Women's Rights" and tried to educate low-educated and illiterate women about their labor rights by teaching the main provisions of the Labor Law. This book was illustrated and could be very helpful in teaching.3- Literacy: In some centers of the women's organization, literacy classes were held for both working mothers and their children.4- Skilled manpower training: Women's organization in some cities in educational centers gave women training in building electrical wiring, car repair, masonry, building plumbing.

With the formation of Rastakhiz party in 1353, the women's organization suddenly entered the political arena by changing the provisions of this organization. By holding numerous meetings in cities and factories, this organization did more to familiarize women with Rastakhiz Party. The Women's Organization, which recently took minimal measures in the field of the rights of working women and improving their situation and eliminating discrimination; Now he encouraged working women to participate in Resurrection Party and become its members. Afkhami, the Secretary General of the Iranian Women's Organization, has clearly announced that the organization's goals and its involvement in the propaganda of Rastakhiz Party are out of line. In this way, the only institution that could be useful for the working class of women in the absence of trade unions got involved in the country's macro-politics and ceased to continue its services.
Keywords: socio-economic, Iranian women's organization, Mohammad Reza Shah, working women, labor union.

In relation to the background of the research, you can refer to the book "Artificial environment and the formation of the industrial working class", which examines the situation of Abadan workers between the two world wars, "Arayed, an approach to the history of Farudestan (examining the documents of Arayed of the National Assembly)" by Siavash Shohani and... pointed out.

The purpose of the research is to, in line with the research of others about industrial workers, labor unions and their role and influence in political and economic events, about the problems, demands and hidden awareness in the demands of oil industry workers, from the angle of petitions that are a place to express demands. It is a worker, an independent investigation should be done;

The method of the present research is library and documental in terms of its historical nature, and the necessary information has been collected through the review of relevant sources, documents and documents, with a historical and documentary approach. The limits and focal point of spatial, temporal and thematic research, Iran during the second Pahlavi period, from Shahrivar 1320 sh. until the coup d'etat of August 28, 1332 sh.

From the petitions of oil industry workers, it is clear that their expected welfare components include things such as basic promotion including employment, housing, insurance, salary increase and other welfare facilities.The amenities provided by Iran and England Oil Company were either not available to all groups of workers or were not paid equally.Despite suffering repression and losing many of their facilities, the workers did not give in to the oppression of their employers and reached agreements with the company that improved their conditions. They tried to achieve these demands by joining labor unions and strikes, and in cases such as the approval of the labor law in 1325 sh. They were successful in this field, but in the end they could not bring about a fundamental change in labor relations.The weakness of labor organizations, the central government's lack of support for workers, and the misuse of workers by parties were the most important factors in their all-round failure.

According to the survey of complaints, housing, wage increase, health and insurance were among the most important welfare indicators of oil industry workers. The workers were trying to get a part of their rights through various forms of protest, but due to the weakness of the labor organizations, the central government's lack of support for the workers, and the misuse of the workers by the parties, they could not bring about a fundamental change in the labor relations.It is worth mentioning that the study of Subalterns situation by examining documents and documents in all historical periods and especially in contemporary history is one of the original research cases that can be investigated by researchers and leads to the explanation of the policies of the government and the oil industry and the reactions of the workers. Therefore, with social and document-oriented historiography, it is possible to understand the degree of correspondence of historical data transmitted from political history with the narrative of documents.

The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant factor for strengthening the body of military authority of the Pahlavi government, which has great impacts on the political, social and historical transformation of Iran specially in that period of restless caused by the initiation of the second world wars. since the international issues were changing rapidly and Iran, in a special geographical position, was attracting the attention of powerful governments in order to protect their interests in the Middle East. In terms of this point of view, paying attention to this crucial element was very important in the continuation of the political rule of the first Pahlavi government so neglecting this matter, was not possible.Based on library sources, descriptive-analytical and cliometric method, the current research is seeking to answer these questions: what were the effects of telegraph network development during the Pahlavi regime? And the budget allocated to this ministry was in line with the development of military power or not? The findings indicate that Reza Shah's efforts to modernize Iran led to the development of the telegraph network as a very practical facility, which was not only as a result of expanding the lines caused by international political conditions, but also a factor for Iran's reformation and revolution in the middle of that time. This network was considered as one of the main components of the expansion of military rule in the country, however, its budget did not grow significantly during Reza Shah's sovereignty. But the budget of the ministry did not grow significantly. The significance of the present research is that it can provide valuable information based on the published statistics related to the dedicated budget to this ministry in the first Pahlavi era and clarify the ambiguous political and social aspects of the society.

Ali Amini entered different fields of politics during his life. Due to his political position, he was noticed by America and because of this, he became the prime minister with the support of America. He took important actions during his chancellorship. Land reform, which was a program from Kennedy, the president of the United States, was entrusted to him, and this caused him to have more troubles with the Shah. Because the king wanted to make these reforms for his own benefit. So, when Amini was trying to implement reforms, Mohammadreza Pahlavi was trying to finish his land reforms in his name during his travel to America. As a result, the continuation of reforms fell into the hands of the Shah and Amini was dismissed. The purpose of this article is to analyze the political conflicts between Mohammad Reza Shah and Ali Amini. The question of the current research is why Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was afraid of the American support for Amini and tried to prevent land reforms in the name of Amini? The findings of the research show that the Shah was afraid of the great power of Amini and fear of losing the monarchy and tried to preserve his power. The method of gathering resources in this research is the use of documents and library resources.

This article deals with the phenomenon of contemporary Salafi movements such as al-Qaeda, the Taliban and ISIS. The emergence of this movement and its feedback in the world led to serious questions in the field of ideology or ideologies of these groups. Is behavior and thought related to Islam, books and traditions? This article seeks to explore the causes of this phenomenon by entering the field of history. According to the authors, Salafi ideas, although indebted to the early days of Islam and the views of the companions of hadith, are systematically overshadowed by the ideas of Ibn-e Taymiyyah. The nineteenth-century Salafi movements were an attempt to update these ideas, which was completed only by Muhammed bin Abdulwahhab. But it was Abu Ala Mawdudi who redefined these ideas systematically and scientifically and in accordance with the current realities of society; And the interesting point is that Mawdudi is one of the thinkers who is strongly opposed to religiosity and can be called one of the heralds of the approximation of Islamic Denominations in the contemporary era.

The five development plans of the second period of Pahlavi passed in 1327. The main goal of the development programs was to change the economic and social foundations of the traditional Iranian society to a developed country, the most important components of which were to raise the standards of living and becoming an industrial and urban society. The present article tries to study the situation of agriculture and farmers in Kurdistan province during 1327 to 1351 (end the fourth development plan) based on historical research, economic and social approach and collecting documents from reputable document centers such as: Documents in the National Library, Documents Center of Hamedan and documents of budget and planning organization, Parliament research center and library resources to examine it. The research findings showed that by eliminating the landlord-farmer system, the traditional rural management system was abolished without a suitable alternative. Also, the socio-economic development programs of the second Pahlavi in Kurdistan province were mostly related to service projects (influenced by the political-security approach). Therefore, it eventually led to the formation of public dissatisfaction and political vulnerability. The research method in this article is documentary method and content analysis of documents.

Succession wars began from the very moment that the Seljuks state was formed. Seljuks had a tribal insight about power. By this way of thinking, power belonged to all members of the tribe and the ruling family who controlled all the power was a representation of the members of the tribe. This system was useful in tribal life or living in a steppe, but it did not help to preserve the unity of a great empire such as the Seljuk empire, which feared civil war every time a successor was about to be chosen. This article is devoted to answering this question: How do Islamic and Iranian political thoughts, help to solve the succession crisis and legitimacy in the Seljuk era? This study claims that Seljuks considered two models of Islamic and Iranian political thought to solve the succession crisis. It seems that in the period under study, Islamic theoretical foundations found great importance in the matter of succession and were effective in maintaining the political order and stability of Seljuks, hence we will discuss its components and the opinions of Muslim thinkers in that matter

The three-year reign of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar has been filled with scenes of conflict between the monarchy and its supporters and constitutional elements. In the meantime, the use of powerful coercive forces to protect the monarchy was obvious. Silakhori Regiment from Lorestan region, which during the Qajar period, always succeeded in local conflicts and was known for its inherent courage and loyalty, was appointed as the Shah's bodyguard and was the vanguard of Mohammad Ali Shah's army in the case of bombing the parliament and arresting and killing constitutionalists. The purpose of the present study is to mention the reasons for Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar's attention and reliance on the Silakhuri regiment in the constitutional developments and also the impact of the regiment's performance on the society of that time. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is mainly library and based on documents. Examining the documents, it can be concluded that the conditions formed based on the indicators of the Shah's "perceived power" of the loyal military forces; "Mental hatred" of people in response to the actions and behavior of the government and the military forces attributed to it; Finally, the formation of "attitude of dignity" in the soldiers of the Silakhori regiment was due to the acquisition of a special position by Shah Qajar, and although it caused confrontation with his fellow countrymen, in the end, the occurrence of war and subsequent conflicts was inevitable and inevitable.

The Constitutional Revolution shook the foundations of the authoritarian system and some traditional traditions of the society Traditions that have been preserved unchanged for centuries and have been nurtured by political and religious agents.According to the author, the constitutional period,1285-1357,entered the cultural and social arenas rather than changing political institutions.One of these changes was the departure of women from the home environment and the demand for equal rights based on new ideas.The formation of women's free press and their activism created a favorable environment for women's development.The ZabaneZanan magazine was one of the most prestigious,fanatical newspapers in the field of women,which played a prominent role in the awakening of women during the three periods of publication from the Qajar period to the second Pahlavi.The purpose of this article is analyze newspaper data in relation to the social and political status of women,such as the need for education,the evolution of social,political and economic participation and legal activities in this era.This study aims to categorize and analyze women's social and cultural demands among the articles and speeches of the Zabane zanan magazine through descriptive and analytical methods and library studies.Women's rights activists sought the right to equal education compared to men,presence in the political and economic arena,improving health conditions and providing a general model of the role and importance of the mother in the family.trying to express the achievements of women in other societies,they tried to make Iranian women aware of their position and make them aware of their rights.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the Third National Assembly in the economic modernization of Iran (based on the detailed negotiations of the National Assembly). This article examines the role of the representatives of the third parliament in the economic modernization of Iran with a descriptive-analytical method and based on library resources and with a historical approach. The findings of this study show that the representatives of the third parliament in the form of four spectrums: democratic, moderate, seminary and independent, considering the three-year period after the end of the second parliament and at a time when the world was involved in the First World War. Its damages were not spared. In less than a year, this parliament took steps to reform and modernize the economy and improve the livelihood of the people by passing economic laws, including: approving the law on the organization of the Ministry of Finance of the whole country.The results of the present study show that following the expansion of World War I and the intervention of foreign powers, especially Russia and Britain, and the subsequent military invasion of Iran due to its illusory cooperation with Germany and the Ottomans, Iran has become a bankrupt and shattered country. The third parliament failed to solve the pervasive economic problems and the people's expectation of solving these problems was postponed to later periods.

The rise of Salafist movements in recent decades suggests inquiries into the political, social, and intellectual aspects. The ideology put forward by the leaders of these groups is based on a return to veritable Islam. The relationship between these groups' ideology and  Islam,  the book and tradition of the Holy Prophet is a matter of question. This article seeks to trace the origins and genealogy of these ideas and the contexts of their emergence. The findings show that although the roots of Salafism go back to the early days of Islam, under the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah's thoughts. The ideology reproduced when Islamic civilization was in weakness, which led to the creation of Salafism. The article is about two case studies: Maududi and Sayyid Qutb.

Helmand has long been the main artery of Sistan life and has always played a decisive role for it; However, since the unfair division of the region between Iran and Afghanistan and the lack of sufficient water (for various reasons) in the region, Helmand has gradually become an issue and crisis for the people of Sistan and the Iranian government and the source of differences between the two neighboring countries. This discrepancy has gradually become more pronounced and has taken on a national dimension, with frequent droughts, population growth, mismanagement of water resources, and increased demand for water.This article intends to provide a realistic solution to overcome this crisis and reduce its consequences, while reviewing the historical course of the Helmand issue and the consequences of water shortages and enumerating the existing challenges. Accordingly, the main question of the research is what is the cause of the persistence of the Helmand problem and what strategies and policies can be used to manage the negative effects and consequences of this historical problem in order to eliminate or mitigate it? According to the hypothesis of this study, preventing Afghanistan from entering the share of Helmand water, numerous droughts, especially during the last three decades, and short-term and sometimes ineffective solutions to the Helmand problem, has led to the sustainability of this problem that can be solved by Sentences of constructive diplomacy with the Afghan side, recourse to international law, proper management of water entering the country, observing the pattern of proper cultivation, mechanized irrigation and creating employment in other industries will reduce the negative effects of this issue. This research has tried to study this issue in order to achieve tangible and feasible solutions in a more comprehensive and wide-ranging way. The research has been done with an interdisciplinary approach and descriptive-explanatory method.

The Pahlavi government of Rareza Khan launched a coup d'etat and by implementing the modernization policies of the army was able to achieve the relative unity of the Qajar elites who were suffering from the unstable situation after the constitution. Thus, the Pahlavi government was initially a purely military government Bringing his social status required him to show himself a religious person so that he could not face opposition from scholars in the evolution of his power from prime minister to monarchy. But after he came to power and during his reign he applied several reforms, some of which were culture. It had targeted the traditional and religious society of Iran. This was criticized by many religious scholars of the society. Since Imam Khomeini is the greatest indicator of Islamic thought in the contemporary era. This article has tried to examine Reza Shah's reforms according to Imam Khomeini's views through descriptive research and analysis and to determine to what extent Reza Khan's reforms were contrary to Imam Khomeini's principles of Islam. Despite these objections, Imam Khomeini Reza Shah To what extent did it lose its social base among the religious strata of society?

Azerbaijan with its capital Tabriz had a special place due to its proximity to Russia and the Ottomans and the establishment of the Crown Prince in it, and therefore its administration required a different mechanism. At the head of this group, the courtiers were sent from the center, but due to the political and administrative history of Tabriz, the subdivision of this local system was provided with local and sometimes non-local capacities. The role of structural and administrative defects of Tabriz in the occurrence of administrative disorders of this crown city is examined as a main problem in the present study. The basic questions are answered using descriptive and explanatory methods. In fact, the author wanted to examine the administrative structure and Tabriz's politics in Iran during the Nasserite and Mozaffari eras suffer from which shortcomings and problems

After the conquest of Tehran and the re-establishment of the constitutional system, Efforts were made to modernize the power. Therefore, the Democratic and Etedaliyon (Moderate) parties put different ways in their statutes that caused a disagreement Between them. The Etedaliyon's weak program was opposed to the liberal and Egalitarian ideas of the Democrats, which were the basis of their socio-economic Transformation. Thus, Mohammad Amin Rasoulzadeh with a socialist background in the Caucasus And a leader of the democratic party to criticize their agenda, addressed this issue in His essay "On Criticism of the Etedaliyon Party" on the basis of historical materialism In order to link the ruling class's interests with the political format. The purpose of the present study is to introduce a Marxist ideological party treatise Based on the data gathering and descriptive-explanatory method. The research shows that by calling the Etedaliyon’s program an ineffective one, Rasoolzadeh intended to destroy the relationship between the feudal and vassal Relationship, which was in line with the Democrats' agenda.

Implementation of Pahlavi II’s Fifth Development Plan imposed heavy shocks on various economic areas, such as overcharging of goods and basic commodities in the market. To control the chaotic situation in the market, the government implemented a set of supervisory and support policies. One such policy was the establishment of the Headquarters to Fight Overcharging. The negative performance of the headquarters and the consequent effects paved the ground for more and more friction and contradiction between the regime and the market activists in such a way that the following important claim can be made: implementation of the plan to fight overcharging and public dissatisfaction coupled with the conflicts between the Bazaar and the government served as a catalyst in accelerating the fall of the Pahlavi regime. To prove the claim, this paper tried to study factors and causes behind the establishment of the Headquarters to Fight Overcharging through an explanatory and descriptive method and based on available sources and documents as well as their role in fueling business class’s dissatisfaction of the Pahlavi regime. To that end, the relationship between the government and Bazaar, and related developments were first reviewed; then, in the course of studying Iran’s economic developments, their impacts on Bazaar economy were analyzed as the major components of the discussion.

Provision of Societal security in human societies by governments is specifically one of the requirements of most of them. The second Pahlavi government ,after the exile of Reza Shah and the beginning of a new era of government, sought to pay special attention to the issue of Societal security. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze Societal security in the second Pahlavi era, which is done in a qualitative method of historical and analytical type and by studying library sources it tries to describe and analyze this question that: according to the social, economic and cultural policies, how was the  Societal security like in the society of that time? The findings of the study indicate that in this period more than in the era of Reza Shah ,following the westernization and obedience to foreign governments especially satisfying the demands of the US and British governments such as the approval of the capitulation bill to grant political and consular immunity to Americans in Iran and land reform, the result was nothing except migration to cities, unemployment, poverty and increased marginalization. Other erroneous functions such as: gross Westernization, unreasonable and un-Islamic freedom among women, anti-religion and destruction of religious and cultural identity, prevalence and use of drugs, lack of independent national security doctrine in accordance with Islamic and social characteristics of the time and inability to meet security needs, including Societal security, the crisis of legitimacy, the feeling of insecurity and political pessimism in the people, were signs of weakness in providing Societal security in the second Pahlavi government.

At some historical points, all classes and professions of a society, despite all the differences and disagreements, flow into one single stream to reach a higher goal. Iranians have had this historical experience many times throughout history: during the Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911), and also in the Islamic Revolution in 1979. In the Constitutional Revolution, all classes and professions of the society sought a higher goal that was the eradication of despotism and the establishment of the reign of law. In this Revolution, Persian literature, including poetry and prose, was at the service of the Revolution and satire became the revolutionaries’ main media. Literature of this era became so thoroughly mixed with politics that we can consider the great literati of this period as the great makers of the history of Iran. In this article, we have tried to explore and prove their importance.

Generally, crucial historical events were related to the controversial mysteriousassassinations since the birth of the modern Iranian political community inConstitutional era which the alien power centers’ efforts to hide the nature andcircumstances of their implementation through highly sectarian analyses which areaffected by hostile internal factions were more successful in hiding the files of theseassassinations than the curious minds’ efforts to understand them.The assassination of "Haj Ali Razm Ara", Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s PrimeMinister, during the national movement can be mentioned as one of these assassinationswhich had an unquestionable impact on the success of the oil nationalization, however,on the other hand it should be admitted that the transfer of the foreign power whichdominated the Country’s oil in political unrest and provocations architecture of publicopinion in the transfer of power and the decisive role of this assassination inundermining the national unity has been neglected. This study was an attempt to clarifythe ambiguities and a collection of thematic documents book, the memories of thepolitical figures of that era, and authentic books are used as the major and the minorresearch methods.

Famine, flood, earthquake, devastating wars, epidemics … , Among the people In history are The most important issues in the context of social history or the people writing that can be contemplated. In this article historically referred to the distribution and effects of this earthquake left it in the Iranian plateau. Documents relating to pre-Islamic Iran earthquakes are rare. But in the Islamic period (due to the spread tradition of historical writing) researchers are looking for natural disasters recorded in past. Distribution map of earthquakes in Iran, during the first ten centuries AD show that the main focus of the earthquake in the first century of Islam, have been Sistan and Khorasan. Third and fourth century can be the century of the earthquake in Iran. Fifth century is approximately century earthquake in Khorasan and Azerbaijan. The sixth century is the century of peace of land in Khorasan and Azerbaijan. But the seventh and eighth centuries, is centuries of devastating earthquake in Tabriz and Khorasan. Ninth century is century of earthquakes on the southern coast and northern Iran and in the tenth century, with the exception of Tabriz and Qaen, Shiraz important cities shaken. In the eleventh century Tabriz, Khorasan and Lar are prone to earthquakes. In general the Seljuks, the rest of the government in Iranian history, were more prone to earthquakes. Also important earthquakeprone cities are Tabriz, Ray and Nishapur, Isfahan was the safest city.

In financial economics, there are two theories, market timing theory (composition financing) and real investment-based theory (net financing), about relation between corporate finiancing and stock returns. Two theories predict significantly the negative relationship, but with different explanation. Using CAMP and Fama and French (1993) models and sample contain 78 of active company on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE), we examine these two theories. The results indicat on the base of CAPM there is significantly positive relation between net and composition finiancing and stock returns but on the base of Fama and French that there is significantly negative relation between net and composition finiancing and stock returns. Also, when we use net and composition financing, together, there is there is significantly relation between the net and composition finiancing and the stock returns.