میمنت عابدینی بلترک

The purpose of the present study is to explore the content of Persian and Social Studies textbooks in elementary school based on the components of identification in the theory of “Man as Agent”. Informed by this theory, four components of “self-awareness, value, unity and authority” are deduced. According to this theory, human actions shape his or her identity, and cognition, will, and desire are the main drivers of actions. Self-awareness includes indicators of “self-presentation and description of feelings, emotions, desires, needs and abilities, and self-evaluation.” The value component consists of “similarity and difference with others' and 'other self-evaluation'. The unity component comprises “prioritization” and “participation in collective activities.” Finally, the components of authority encompass “choice and decision-making” and “considering the effect and outcome of action." The research method is quantitative content analysis and data analysis was conducted using Shannon entropy technique. The statistical population consisted of the elementary school textbooks of which Persian (reading and writing) and social studies books were selected as the sample. The unit of analysis was textbook pages (text, image, activity or questions). Reliability was calculated from the correlation coefficient (R=0.90. The analysis revealed that in Persian and Social Studies textbooks, there existed 2103 instances of references to the components of identity. The results of data analysis showed that self-awareness and authority had received significantly more attention than the other two components with a significance coefficient of 0.255.  The least attention and significance were related to the value component.  The comparison of textbooks suggested that the highest and lowest frequency of identity components was found in the Sixth grade’s Social Studies and First-Grade’s Composition book.

The main goal of this research was to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of descriptive evaluation in virtual education from the perspective of elementary teachers in Mazandaran province. The most important process in any educational system is evaluation. Because it helps the teacher and the student to reach the educational goals with confidence, and by showing the strengths and weaknesses of the teaching and learning processes, it provides the tools for correcting and improving them in time. Descriptive type of evaluation is one of the important pillars of educational changes, because due to the importance of the elementary school, the need for a creativity-oriented evaluation system, which focuses on assignments and activities, seems mandatory, so that positive feedback can be provided to students. In the meantime, due to the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, virtual education is proposed as one of the important applications of new information and communication technology in Iran and many countries of the world, especially in the primary period. Extensive activities were started in this field. Distance education (online education) has been one of the most prominent changes required by schools in this era. Because these critical conditions in the vital matters of education have required teachers and students to quickly adapt themselves to distance education, and in this way, changes in the type of teaching, the learning process, and especially the evaluation method were achieved (Bubb & Jones, 2020; Hassani, Gholam Azad & Naveedi, 2022; Kim & Asbury, 2020). Apart from the favorable points of the virtual education process in advancing the learning process, in the pandemic situation, voice messages in virtual groups, online surveys, discussion boards and chat boxes have become the main components of descriptive evaluation in the virtual classroom. However, the resulting weaknesses are significant. Among the biggest problems of teaching and learning in virtual education, we can point out the lack of an efficient way for learners to measure their progress and the poor quality of this type of evaluation by teachers (Moss et al, 2020; Folkman, Josefsson & Fjetland, 2023). It seems that this plan is far from its ideal state and has not been able to achieve the specified goals and there is a lot of dissatisfaction among the implementers of this plan. For example, the objectives of the plan are not clear, the interpretation of information in the form of scales is difficult and tasteful. Confusion of students in entering higher grades and lack of evaluation and feedback from teachers during and at the end of the year. An example of the challenges and problems in this approach is descriptive-qualitative evaluation, especially in online and remote conditions. (Khazai, Golamhosseini Frieze Handi & Samadi, 2017).Although there are different theories regarding the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative and descriptive evaluation in education, and of course, most of the literature is related to descriptive evaluation in face-to-face education. The experience of expert teachers in this field should be carefully examined.In this regard, the present research intends to examine the following questions:1- What are the strengths of descriptive evaluation in virtual education from the perspective of primary teachers?2- From the point of view of elementary teachers, what are the weaknesses of descriptive evaluation in the course of virtual education?The current research design is combined (exploratory-sequential) and two phenomenological and descriptive survey methods have been used. The participants of the qualitative part included descriptive evaluation teachers, leaders, heads of educational groups and primary teachers, data collection reached theoretical saturation through semi-structured interviews with 16 of them. The analysis method in the qualitative part was thematic analysis (comprehensive, organizing and basic). In the qualitative part, the results were identified and classified in the form of two comprehensive themes, 6 organizing themes and 44 basic themes. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included all the primary teachers of Mazandaran province in the number of 9464 people. The statistical sample was estimated to be 370 people using Morgan's table. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and it was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis with the help of SPSS software. In the quantitative part, the strengths include: increasing psychological capital and collaboration (10 items) and improving the learning flow (7 items) and the weaknesses include: weak interaction (10 items), structural weakness (6 items), educational weakness (7 items), weak data collection and evaluation (4 items) were identified. Descriptive evaluation in the virtual environment has significant weaknesses in addition to its strengths. Neglecting them will cause serious damages in the primary education system.The findings of this research show, on the one hand, that descriptive evaluation in virtual learning environments has facilities and capabilities that can be used to use effective methods and strategies to evaluate students' learning and this in Meanwhile, the usability of these facilities and tools is very important for teachers and students, as well as the validity of the evaluation results. They mean the facilities that according to today's conditions in terms of speed, bandwidth, hardware facilities of students and teachers are compatible with them. But on the other hand, the inefficiency of the descriptive evaluation system in virtual education has occurred more than before in this research. It seems that descriptive evaluation in the virtual classroom has many weaknesses and cannot fully consider all aspects of the evaluation. The reason for the failure in collecting information, processing it, etc. has caused a dull atmosphere. It is clear that the successful implementation of the descriptive evaluation program in virtual education is dependent on the observance of various and numerous pre-requisites and facilities, the lack of attention to the observance of these pre-requisites will reduce its effectiveness and cause many damages to the primary education system. will be. According to the discovery of a reality related to the emergence of a wide range of mental and physical pressure on elementary teachers, it is necessary to conduct independent and comprehensive research on the manner, extent and process of the formation of this space in order to prevent the escalation of this problem and its subsequent consequences. on the teachers, and solutions should be considered to reduce this pressure and improve the conditions of the teachers. It is suggested that in order to carry out a better and more complete descriptive evaluation, the officials of the Iranian educational system should include integrated education (in-person-virtual education) in their agenda

The aim of the current research is to design teaching-learning strategies in education based on the existentialism philosophy.The approach of the current research is qualitative and the method used is a qualitative case study.Participants were specialists, which were selected purposefully and theoretical saturation was achieved after semi-structured interviews with 25 people.The researchdata analysis was done using thematic analysis method (comprehensive, organizing and basic).Also, in order to validate the data in the current research, the technique of providing details and also the audit route was used. The obtained results were extracted and classified in the form of 123 basic themes,11 sub-components, 4 organizing themes (educational space, teacher, student and ontological teaching method) and an overarching theme. The sub-components include situation-oriented and original educational environment, avoiding standard and template environment, flexible and empathetic environment, human interaction between teacher and student and preserving the inherent dignity of the student, the teacher as a facilitator and platform builder, the teacher.As a responsible and positive person, the student's priority over the curriculum and method, the student's capacity to choose, the student as a responsible person, the student's priority over the curriculum And the teaching method, the variety of methods based on the situation and conditions,

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating The effect of constructivist teaching on interest in lessons, academic vitality and enthusiasm for school. Quantitative research design and research method was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research includes male elementary school students of Juybar city in the academic year of 2021-2022. 25 people were selected as sample from 6th grade students of the Navaei school.

Sampling method based on selective or alternative method, in which a group of 12 students was selected as an experimental group and another group of 13 students was selected as a control group. In this study, the social studies course book of the sixth grade of primary school in the academic year of 2021-2022 was used, which was taught in 10 one-hour sessions.The intervention in this research was that the experimental group was taught with the constructivist teaching method during ten sessions and the control group was taught with the usual teaching methods such as lectures.The study instrument was three standard questionnaires including interest in lesson belongs to Keller & Sobia (1993), academic engagement for Dehghanizadeh and Hossienchari (2011) and school engagement for Wang (2011). Quantitative data extracted from questionnaires in two sections, descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS20 software.

The findings of the research showed that teaching in a constructivist way had a significant effect on interest in the lesson (F=19.36). Also, based on the results of the research, teaching in a constructivist way has a significant effect on academic engagement (F=6.14) and school engagement. (F=23.94).

In explaining the findings of the research, it should be acknowledged that the role of the environment and the constructivist teaching method in creating and strengthening interest in lesson, academic engagement and school engagement is significant. What’s that seen a lot in the constructivist teaching method is the interaction and communication between teacher and students. The relationship between students and teachers has a direct effect on their interest in lesson, academic engagement and school engagement and increases their motivation. Therefore, teachers are recommended to address this through the use of active listening techniques, active teaching and learning methods such as constructivism.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of flipped classroom on the burnout and academic motivation of fourth grade students. Quantitative research design and semi-experimental method, pre-test-post-test design was carried out with the control group. The statistical population of the present study included all the fourth grade students of the elementary school studying in the academic year of 1401-1400 in Babolsar city, numbering 1726 people. The research sample was also selected from the fourth grade as a replacement random sampling. A total of 30 people were selected in such a way that 15 people were in the control group and 15 people were selected in the experimental group. . Research data using Maslach's academic burnout questionnaire and Schaufeli et.'s academic motivation. al. (2002) was collected. Reliability of the academic motivation questionnaire Schaufeli et. al. (2002) was also validated as Cronbach's strength factor was 0.94, self-dedication factor was 0.92, and attraction factor was 0.79, and its validity was confirmed by factor analysis and Cronbach's coefficient. The reliability and validity of Maslach's academic burnout questionnaire has been confirmed based on internal consistency and retesting. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the subscales of emotional exhaustion was 0.88, doubt was 0.90, and self-efficacy was 0.84, which indicated the appropriate reliability of this tool. The factorial validity of the test was also calculated by factor analysis and varimax rotation. The obtained alpha coefficient for divergent validity for emotional exhaustion, doubt and self-efficacy subscales was -0.21, -0.53 and -0.32 respectively. Inferential statistics including multivariate analysis of variance and univariate analysis of variance were used, respecting the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances. The results indicate that flipped classroom has been effective on the variables of emotional exhaustion, academic apathy, academic inefficiency and the overall score of academic burnout (P<0.05).

Mass online free courses as one of the latest educational technologies have caused fundamental changes at the level of various universities and are expanding rapidly. Mooc is one of those courses that has been recognized as a great revolution for the opportunity to reconsider teaching and learning in the information era. Therefore, the study was conducted at Mazandaran University with the aim of feasibility study of Mooc-based curriculum. The research design was quantitative and the research method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population included 386 faculty members of this university who according to Morgan table and based on stratified proportional sampling method, 181 people were selected as the sample. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity was 0.83 and reliability was based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient above 0.92. The 48-item questionnaire was developed in the form of components of management contexts, technology (Internet, site and computer), manpower, goal, content, teaching-learning strategies and evaluation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and in the inferential section and the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.The results showed that the management contexts, purpose, content, teaching strategies of learning, evaluation, human resources and to some extent technological are provided in Mazandaran University. In the field of technical infrastructure, in terms of the Internet, there are facilities to run the course, but in terms of site and computer, access to support experts, etc. is not easy. The results also showed that the management platform is in the first place for implementation and the technological platform (existence of site and computer) is in the last place.

Education is generally viewed as crucial for rapid economic growth, and essential if we wish to increase the productivity of the poor by providing people with the skills they need to participate fully in the economy and in society. In between the importance and role of technical and vocational education in the development of societies has been debated for many years. Vocational education programs focus on the acquisition of appropriate skills, abilities and competencies as necessary equipment for the individual to live in adapt to the real work situation and contribute to the development of society. However, in Iran, it has not been considered as a field of study. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to design a model of factors affecting the selection of technical and vocational university with an interpretive structural Modeling Identifying these factors can help education and higher education in the technical and vocational field to encourage society to choose this field.

The aim of this study was to analyze the content of elementary school textbooks based on the attention to the environmental components of tourism. Design/methodology/approach: Quantitative research design and the method used is descriptive content analysis. The statistical population included all primary school textbooks in the academic year 2014-2016 and the statistical sample includes Persian (readable), Persian (written), experimental sciences, heavenly gifts, social studies, technology, thinking, and research. To collect data, a researcher-made checklist and environmental tourism indicators were used.

The finding showed that the highest importance coefficient was related to science books (0.402), social studies (0.318), Persian (0.138), mathematics (0.083), and heavenly gifts (0.056). Also, the environmental components of tourism have not been paid attention to in the books of thinking and research, and technology. The finding of the analysis showed that the problems of wastes with a frequency of 46 are in the first place, the problems of air quality with a frequency of 29 are in the second place, and the problems of wildlife with a frequency of 28 are in the third place.

Textbooks should emphasize the necessary training for environmental tourism education and its components; however, some textbooks have not paid much attention to some environmental components of tourism.Originality/value: Introducing the concepts and components of environmental education and tourism in the content of the curriculum of the educational levels makes the students informed from the beginning; at the same time, it develops their personality to consider protection environment of tourism not only as a lesson but also as a duty and human responsibility.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of curriculum leadership among primary school principals. The research method is qualitative and phenomenological and in terms of purpose is one of the applied researches and has been done by qualitative analysis method. The statistical population of the study was the principals of public primary schools in Sari city in the academic year 1399-1400. The sampling method was purposeful and snowball method. The interviews continued in a semi-structured manner until the interviewees' answers were saturated. The results showed that the use of curriculum leadership by school principals in the educational atmosphere is more than other dimensions and the dimensions of curriculum implementation, curriculum development and review and evaluation are in the next ranks, respectively. In the end, according to the research findings, in order to improve the level of familiarity and employ their role managers as curriculum leaders, suggestions were presented.Keywords: Curriculum, Curriculum Leadership, Primary School Principals

Massive open online courses as one of the latest educational technologies have caused fundamental and quality changes to educational processes at the level of different universities and it's expanding rapidly. Mooc entails an online learning environment that is considered as the latest revolution in online education and learning. These comprehensive learning courses have provided many people with access to knowledge that was not easy in the past. Mooc is a course aimed at highly interactive participation and open access via the Internet. Despite the importance of this issue, there is still no standard scale to measure Mooc-based Curriculum, so the current research was conducted with the aim of building and validating a curriculum scale based on Mooc in higher education.

The research design is mixed method and the research method in the qualitative part is document review. In this regard, qualitative data was first collected and analyzed, then based on the qualitative results obtained, quantitative data was collected and analyzed and then the results of the quantitative part were used to better explain the qualitative findings. The statistical population also included Iranian and foreign sources in the field of virtual, electronic and Mooc education. In order to access texts and articles related to Persian and English keywords, curriculum, Mooc, virtual education, e-learning, online courses which are indexed in many internal electronic resources and electronic sources abroad were used to extract the latest sources related to the current research. Therefore, from 2000 to 2019, available and rich sources were studied in line with the current research and using the theme analysis method, 62 inclusive themes, 7 organizers and one comprehensive theme were discovered. The research method was quantitative, descriptive-survey and the statistical population consisted of 386 faculty members of University of Mazandaran. According to Morgan sampling table and based on relative stratified sampling, 181 people were selected as the sample. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative part, the content validity of which was 0.83 and the reliability was based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient and above 0.92. The research instrument was the Mooc curriculum scale with 7 subscales and 46 items on a five-point Likert scale.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that Mooc-based curriculum includes managerial, technological, manpower issues, goal, content, teaching-learning strategies and evaluation. The values of TLI and CFI indices were at the desired level and higher than the cut-off point of 0.90. Therefore, the factor model had a good fit with the data.

Since Mooc is a course that aims for a lot of interactive participation and free access through the Internet and is considered as a source for learning and training, it can be said that this method has many more attractions than the traditional methods. On the other hand, nowadays, the existence of numerous unreliable sources of information on the Internet has become a big challenge for people, and access to websites can help those who are looking for information, because its content is prepared by reputable institutions and it is easy to understand whether the source is reliable or not.

The aim of this study was to investigate the current and desirable status of the curriculum for primary school from the perspective of teachers and analyze its content in the sixth grade textbooks. The research design is a quantitative type and the research method is descriptive-survey; The statistical population included 250 primary school teachers in Babolsar. Based on Morgan's table, a sample of 148 people was selected by stratified proportional sampling. The instrument in this section is a researcher-made questionnaire that was used with a CVR of more than 0.56 and reliability with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient above 0.92. In the second part, the research method is content analysis. The statistical population of this section is the sixth grade textbooks in the academic year 1300-1499, which includes all books in this grade (Quran, heavenly gifts, social studies, writing, work and technology, thinking and research, Persian and science) with the exception of mathematics. The checklist instrument with CVR was 0.90 and its reliability with agreement coefficient of 0.77 was used. Shannon entropy method was used to analyze the data. Findings in the first part showed a little, the level of significance calculated between the two existing and desirable conditions is 0.001 (p <0.05); In the content analysis section, in the economic component, the index of "sustainable consumption", in the social component, the index of "health", in the cultural component, the index of "cultural heritage" and in the environmental component, the index of "energy" have received the most attention. The results showed that in the opinion of teachers, the current situation of the education curriculum for sustainable development is significantly less than the desired situation, and in order to reach the desired position, the elementary school curriculum should be reviewed.

The aim of the current research is to represent environmental education in the public education system as a step to solve environmental crises.The design of the current research was quantitative and the method was content analysis.The statistical population was primary school books, all books were selected as samples, and a total of 3961 pages were examined. The components and indicators of environmental education were extracted based on previous sources and examined in books.The tool of the current research was a checklist and included the components of protection of natural and human resources and the environment. Content validity was obtained using CVR, which was equal to 0.90 and confirmed, and reliability was obtained based on the agreement coefficient of 0.86. Based on the findings, the greatest amount of attention is paid to natural resource protection indicators related to the importance and preservation of the environment (reducing environmental pollution) and The least amount of attention is related to the index of correct exploitation of non-renewable resources, which has not been paid attention to. The highest amount of attention to human and environmental indicators is also related to the use of private vehicles instead of the public means of transportation and the least amount of attention has been in several indicators such as deforestation, ozone depletion, excessive consumption of disposable materials, increased energy consumption, and nuclear waste. The results show little attention to the field of environment in the primary school curriculum, and this issue is more worrying considering the environmental problems today

In today's world, the success of organizations directly depends on the effective use of human resources. In fact, it can be said that great organizational changes originate from the unlimited intellectual capabilities of human beings. On the other hand, the "performance" of each person in any situation, indicates his insight and awareness of a particular situation or issue. Performance means achieving and completing the goals, tasks or tasks of the organization. Performance is seen as a degree of cognition of goals and shows that any individual, group or unit of work can achieve their goal through it. Performance is an action or behavior that is related to the purpose of the organization and can be measured based on an individual's competence such as individual participation. Job performance is the behavior or action of an individual towards specific tasks that he or she must be aware of as an employee. Job performance is the set of job-related behaviors that individuals display. Also, performance is defined as activities that are normally part of a person's job and activities and should be done. In another definition, job performance is defined as the organizational value of an employee's job behaviors at different times and job situations. Organizational value is an estimate of the activities and services of its employees, such as doing a job with a good working relationship with other employees. In educational organizations, due to its sensitivity and infrastructure, the discussion of evaluation and attention to teacher performance is of particular importance, so that every year teacher performance is measured and compared based on specific worksheets. The survival and efficiency of educational systems depend on the diverse knowledge and expertise, abilities and skills of human resources, especially teachers. The more prepared, competent and capable teachers are, the more they will contribute to improving the efficiency of systems. More broadly, teachers' job performance is defined as their contribution to the achievement of educational goals and objectives. While in some studies it is limited to teaching behavior. However, the job performance of teachers applies not only to the classroom or school, but to all the environments in which students are present. Therefore, the job performance of teachers can be considered multidimensional. These dimensions include lesson preparation, education, student evaluation, commitment, extracurricular activities, effective supervision and supervision, effective leadership, motivation and discipline, educational, professional, personal characteristics, classroom management, taking into account students' individual differences Continuous use of motivational tools, teaching style and method, finding solutions to problems and guiding students. In this regard, previous research shows that many variables can play a role in improving teachers' job performance, one of which is curriculum literacy. Education in today's societies is the most important pillar for achieving development and transformation. Among these, the largest share of efforts goes to teachers as operational models of educational systems, which are at the forefront of designing and implementing educational programs to achieve the goals. The curriculum planning process is one of these models that includes the organization of activities and evaluation and its purpose is to create the desired changes and the learner axis. Curriculum literacy can be defined as the process of teachers' understanding and analysis of a formal curriculum with high-level mental skills. Because the main factor reflecting the programs to the process of teaching and teaching teachers. In this context, teachers need to understand and analyze programs, in other words, be literate in the curriculum so that programs are reflected in the learning and teaching process. Curriculum planning literacy is an important competency of the teacher, he presented the competencies that teachers should have in relation to this type of literacy under the headings of purpose, content, learning-teaching processes and evaluation. these competencies are essential skills that can be reproduced and improved. Improving the quality of education in each level and field of study requires the application of the principles and techniques of the curriculum. The application of curriculum techniques is important due to its basics and the implementation of learning principles in reviewing and improving existing programs and trainings in schools, universities and human resources training centers. In this case, it is necessary for teachers to have full knowledge of curriculum planning. Teacher curriculum literacy also allows teachers to sometimes develop the most appropriate curriculum for the class, as it is the only teacher who has sufficient knowledge of his or her students. Prefabricated curricula oblige the teacher to follow guidelines that may conflict with the teacher's values. In this case, such a procedure will destroy the independence of the teacher. Studies show that programs that are designed to be more flexible give the teacher more leeway and are more proportionate. In this case, teachers should have the necessary knowledge and literacy for curriculum planning and be familiar with the basics of curriculum planning and curriculum elements so that they can select and prepare the necessary teaching aids and the type of learning activities appropriate for students based on their creativity and innovation. One of the variables through which curriculum literacy affects teachers' job performance is teaching orientation.Teachers should consider the orientation of teaching, learning, and individual differences of students while continuously learning the psychological findings and improving their performance, and also try to increase the quality of their job performance. Teaching orientation; Methods, activities, and techniques that a teacher uses in front of a class. Teaching orientation is considered as a level above a classification that includes two or more impressions. Perceptions of teaching and learning in general include teachers 'knowledge of teaching and, in particular, their beliefs about teachers' preferred teaching and learning methods and their ideas about the role of teachers and learners in the knowledge acquisition process.The research conducted on teachers' perceptions of teaching classifies them into two groups: 1- Teachers who look at teaching as knowledge transfer 2.Teachers who view teaching as facilitating the construction of knowledge by students. The research on teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning, which is in full relation with the two perspectives of transition and constructivism of teaching, was organized under two more general titles: teaching-oriented orientations and learning-oriented orientations. The main characteristic of teaching-oriented orientation is the dominant role played by the teacher. Teachers who express this orientation believe that if they teach well and provide information to students in a well-organized and interesting way, learning will be achieved automatically. In contrast, the main feature of learning-oriented orientations is the role for students to be involved in the learning process and the construction of knowledge by themselves.

In recent years, the presence of women in the community and working environments has increased. However, the process of promoting women to high levels of management is inconsistent with their academic achievement, and the presence of women at high levels of management in most countries, especially Iran, due to numerous barriers, is negligible. The aim of this study was to examine the obstacles to women's promotion in managerial positions from the viewpoint of Ms. Ghaemshahr's teachers. In terms of target, the data collection method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study was all teachers of the city of Qaemshahr city who have 1930 people. To select a sample, the Cochran formula of the limited society was selected by Cluster random sampling. 320 individuals were selected. To analyze the data was used to T-test and Friedman test for ranking the variables of the research using SPSS software. The results showed that stereotypes of gender, gender discrimination, conflict between work and family, conflicts between culture and family, lack of manager and staffs support, lack of family support, The dominance of patriarchal culture, traditionalist norms and the presence of glass ceilings are obstacles to women's promotion to managerial positions

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy in relation to personality traits with the professional competencies of public primary school teachers in Fasa in 2020. The statistical population was the teachers of public primary schools in Fasa city. According to Morgan sampling table, 339 teachers were selected by relative stratified random sampling method. The research instruments were the standard questionnaire of professional qualifications of teachers mullainejad (2012), Scherer self-efficacy (1982) and Neo (1985) personality traits, whose reliability based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.96, 0.83 and 0.83 respectively.  The results showed that self-efficacy plays a mediating role in the relationship between personality traits and teachers' professional competencies. There was a significant relationship between personality traits and professional competencies, a positive and significant relationship was found between personality traits and self-efficacy and between self-efficacy and professional competencies. in total; Personality traits through self-efficacy with a correlation coefficient of 0.168 is related to teachers' professional competencies with a correlation coefficient of 0.239. Thus, self-efficacy plays a mediating role in relation to personality traits and professional competencies.

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the components of Identification in the theory of "human as agent". This study was conducted with qualitative approach and analytical-inferential method. This theory in anthropology has described the image of man in the Qur'an as a hard core. According to this theory, one's actions make him or her an identity. Each individual creates a definite identity in his or her own being in accordance with his / her actions and interaction with the environment. Considering the philosophical effort of human theory as a factor in explaining the human nature and deducing the principles of action from the verses of the Qur'an, we have investigated the components of identity in this theory. In this analysis, four components of self-awareness, value, unity and authority were extracted from the bases of cognition, desire, and action. From the self-awareness component, two indices of “self-presentation and description of feelings, emotions, desires, needs and abilities” and “self-evaluation” were deduced. The valuable component realizes the value of identity through 'other evaluation' and one's perception of 'similarity and difference with others'. Given one's exposure to the multiplicity of situations in life, "prioritizing" causes inner unity and cohesion. On the other hand, individual-social identity is formed in the process of "participation in collective activity" as an indicator of the component of unity. In addition to these three components, identity authority emerges with "choice and decision" and with regard to "effect and outcome of action."

Educational quality is one of the issues that academic systems are trying to achieve, and various factors affect this quality. In recent decades, higher education has faced challenges that need to be improved. Studies show that despite the importance of this issue, the issue of education still has many shortcomings that impair its quality. For this reason, identifying and ranking influential factors can lead to an increase in the quality of education Therefore, this study aimed to identify and rank the factors affecting the educational quality of educational sciences at the University of Mazandaran. Research method was a case study that by studying and reviewing the texts, 31 factors were identified as influential factors and analyzed based on thematic analysis (comprehensive, organizing, and inclusive).7 experts were selected by the purposeful method and answered the research made questionnaire and analyzed using fuzzy Vikor method. The research findings showed that from the perspective of experts, 31 factors extracted from the research literature; 8 factors are the most influential factors on the educational quality of educational sciences.These factors include: lecturer interest in teaching; active participation in teaching; use of new scientific concepts for each subject; literacy; engaging teachers with subject matter; facilities Physical class in terms of light, chairs, heat and cold; desirable teaching space for research and interest in education are of the highest importance respectively. Considering the influential factors that were identified and prioritized in the study, it is necessary for higher education officials and university chancellors to pay more attention to these factors in order to achieve such quality of education.

The purpose of this study was to study the challenges of virtual education in the Corona era from the perspective of lived experience of female faculty members of Mazandaran University. The design of the present study was qualitative and the method used, was phenomenological. The statistical population included women faculty members of University of Mazandaran in the academic year 2020-2021, which was a total of 71 members. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews of 20 members. The validity and reliability of the study were verified on the basis of validity, transferability, reliability, and verifiability the method of data analysis in this study was thematic analysis (comprehensive, organizing, and inclusive). The results showed that women faced various challenges in e-learning which were classified into 1 comprehensive theme, 3 organizing themes and 9 inclusive themes Changes in teaching style, infrastructure and facilities and students' lack of cooperation are the themes of the organizer. Each organizing theme also consists of several inclusive themes that include changes in teaching style and teaching and being time consuming; Challenges of university infrastructures, faculty facilities, student facilities and basic infrastructures; Failure of taking e-learning seriously, neglect of the classroom, and unreasonable expectations of students are among the basic themes that participants cited as a challenge to e-learning during the Corona era. Finally, virtual education and e-classroom which had not been considered in Iranian universities, since the arrival of this virus became the center of attention, which faced many challenges due to this issue. Identifying challenges is the first step is to resolve it so that affiliated organizations can take steps in this direction.

This study sought to analyze the content of tourism education in elementary school textbooks. To this end, some 3776 pages of the textbooks' full content were analyzed using the Shannon entropy method. The study's corpus consisted of 41 elementary school textbooks, including Persian Reading, Persian Writing, Experimental Sciences, Social Studies, Heavenly Gifts, Quran, Work and Technology, and Thinking and research. To obtain the validity of the content analysis, four main components of tourism education were derived from the available literature of the field, using the CVR method. Moreover, after reviewing the textbooks' content twice, the results were presented to three different raters to confirm the reliability of the identified components. Accordingly, the data's content validity was found to be 0.09, and its reliability was reported as 0.70. The study's results indicated that the most and least significant components were "The Whatness of tourism" and "The whoness of the tourists" (Tourist identity), respectively." In addition, the highest frequency of the data was found in the social studies book.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of philosophical thinking in elementary school. The method used is quantitative content analysis of Shannon entropy and the unit of analysis is text, activities and images that total of 3961 pages were reviewed. The statistical population consisted of elementary school books and all of them were selected as sample. The components and indicators of philosophical thinking were extracted from documents and earlier sources and examined in the books. Content validity was obtained using CVR which was 0.90 and confirmed, and reliability was 0.98 based on agreement coefficient. The results showed that 314 cases refer to philosophical thinking. Of these, 305 were related to the component of contemplation and 9 were related to the component of flexibility, and one case was not assigned to the component of comprehensiveness The highest of importance with 0.106 is related to the component of contemplation and the lowest of importance is related to comprehensiveness (zero). Among the textbooks, the Persian book (reading skills), more than any other book, had the component of contemplation and the book of the Quran had the component of flexibility.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of attention to the environmental crisis issue in elementary school textbooks. The method is Shannon entropy. The unit of analysis contains texts, activities, and images that 3961 pages were totally reviewed. The statistical population consisted of elementary school books and all of them were selected as samples. The components and indicators of the environmental crisis were extracted from documents and earlier sources and checked out in the books. The research content validity was obtained using CVR which was 0.90 and confirmed, and the reliability was 0.98 based on the agreement coefficient. Findings have shown that in elementary books, a total of 68 cases were referred to the environmental crisis; 19 cases were related to the soil crisis, 18 cases were related to water, 18 of them were related to noise crisis and 13 subjects were related to air crisis. Also, the highest coefficient of importance was related to the soil crisis component (0.411) and the lowest coefficient of importance was related to the air crisis component (0.204). Among the textbooks; science books dealt with the environmental crisis more than any other book. In the next place were the Farsi books (reading) and finally the social studies books. No other cases for the attention to the environmental crisis were observed in the other elementary school textbooks.

Art education is one of the basic functions of the educational system. However, today, art doesn’t have a proper place in Iranian curricula and art education is not taken seriously. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of arts education on artistic education approach to interest in arts and love of learning in students. The study population consisted of 44 elementary school male students in Yazd (Iran) and the final sample included 44 students divided into two groups of 22 students who were selected by alternative random sampling. The questionnaires of interest in lesson (CIS) and love of learning were employed to collect the data. The reliabilities of the questionnaires were 0.93 and 0.76 which were calculated based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results also showed that art education with the approach of artistic education increased the interest in art lesson in students and also had a significant effect on their love of learning.

Adolescents overcome social challenges and problems by empowering their behaviors in different contexts. The purpose of this study was to survey the relationship between social deficits and individual skills with behavioral empowerment in Yazd high school students.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional. The statistical population of this study were all high school students of Yazd city in the years 2018 to 2019. The samples were determined 372 people according to Morganchr('39')s table. The method was cluster random sampling. Research tools included standard questionnaires of social self-empowerment, Individual skills, and social deficiencies. The data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Test and Multiple Regression using SPSS 20 software.

There was an inverse relationship between social deficits and studentschr('39') behavioral empowerment. This relationship was significant with cognitive, behavioral and motivational aspects (p<0.05), but there was no significant relationship with emotional competence (p>0.05). In addition, there was a positive significant relationship between personal skill and behavioral empowerment of students, as well as its dimensions (cognitive skill, behavioral skill, emotional competence and motivational competence; p<0.05). Also, the variables of social deficits and studentschr('39') personal skills can predict the changes in studentschr('39') behavioral empowerment (R2=0.175).

The social deficits are positively correlated with studentschr('39') behavioral empowerment and individual skills can be predictive of studentschr('39') behavioral empowerment.

This research aims at investigating the position of moral training in the elementary school textbooks. The quantitative content analysis of Shannon entropy is applied to this research. The unit of analysis contains texts, questions, exercises and pictures covering 1247 pages. The statistical population included elementary school textbooks selected as a sample purposively (according to the objectives of the courses) including “Hedyehaye Asemani” and “the Holy Quran”. The components and indicators of moral training were derived from upstream documents and preceding sources, and were reviewed in the textbooks. The content validity was confirmed through CVR (0.90), and the reliability was obtained based on the agreed coefficient as much as 0.87. The results indicated the highest level of attention and importance was devoted to the component of relationship with God, and the lowest level of importance was belonged to the component of relationship with oneself. All in all, it was found out that moral training has not been considered as much as it deserves.

Happiness is a lost contemporary human being and the ultimate goal of all human beings and in today's world, it has become one of the challenges facing mankind that is influenced by various factors. The purpose of this study was to identify the themes of happiness among female faculty members. The present research is a qualitative research methodology and phenomenological method. The statistical population includes faculty members of Mazandaran University, which has 71 members. Qualitative data was collected from semi-structured interviews from 24 people. The validity and reliability of the study were verified on the basis of validity, transferability, reliability, and verifiability. The method of data analysis in this study was thematic analysis (comprehensive, organizing, and inclusive). The results showed that themes of faculty happiness were followed by gender equality organizing themes, professionalism, Paying attention to facilities and subsistence, Intimate relationships, timely financial payments and academic independence.