مینا میریان

Unsustainable development and imbalance between water supply and demand and its exacerbation in climate change conditions are among the important issues in the country's water resources management. In this regard, the need to pay attention to the development of a program compatible with climate change in the water and agriculture sector, considering various environmental, social and economic dimensions, seems inevitable. Considering the wide range of potential effects of climate change and at the same time their inherent uncertainty, the adaptation plan should be developed in a way that has maximum flexibility and side effects. For this reason, the issue of claimatization of governance should be included in many programs and documents of the country and in the discourse of different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran, regardless of their political orientations, because the nature of the impact and effects from the point of view of social and environmental issues, the side of climatization of governance has received little attention from different governments, and today it seems necessary to pay attention to this issue. Based on this, the present study investigates the opportunities and challenges of the climatization of governance in the discourse of different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a descriptive-analytical method. Based on the findings of the research, in the section of the climatization challenges of governance in the Islamic Republic of Iran, it was found that the economic challenges have been assigned the highest rank. In the next order, placed political-security challenges, which is ranked second with a score of 0.812. The third rank of challenges is assigned to environmental challenges with a score of 0.730, and the lowest rank is assigned to social challenges with a score of 0.415.

Tetrazole compounds have various effects such as antiviral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant and anti-cancer effects. To introduce new therapeutic options, we examined the biological effects of several newly synthesized tetrazoles in order to address the lack of effectiveness and the incidence of drug resistance.

Pre-synthesized tetrazole compounds were solubilized in appropriate solvent and then cytotoxic at concentrations of 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mM on HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines using MTT assay. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the compounds.

Evaluation of studied compounds showed significant toxicity against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. On the other hand, all compounds except compounds 5 and 6 that had methyl and aldehyde groups respectively, showed good antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms.

Results of cytotoxic studies performed on the HeLa cell line shows that none of the compounds could reduce the percentage of living cells below 50% after 48 hours, while within 72 hours, all compounds except 1 and 2 (respectively with methoxy and hydroxyl groups) were reduced cell viability below 50. In the study of antimicrobial effects, 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed 0.04 µM and 0.1 mM for MIC and MBC, respectively, which illustrated relatively proper antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and antifungal effect against Candida albicans.

The purpose of this study is to determine the long-term variations in rainfall data as well as to identify wet and dry periods of 35 synoptic stations in Iran. In order to know the variation of rainfall in studied stations, average maps, coefficient of variation and skewness were drawn. Then, using the Mann-Kendall test, the significance of the trend on each station was tested at 95% confidence level. Finally, wet and dry periods were identified by using 20% high and low extreme rainfall during the 50-year study period. The results show that the general model of the country's regime is that the rainfall levels from the north to the south-east and from the west to the east of the country are reduced. The lowest values of the coefficient of variation and skewness are related to the northern regions especially the Caspian seaside and the highest amounts are in the southern regions, especially in the south and south-east. In general, the results of the Mann-Kendall test show that rainfall data in the seasonal scale, with the exception of several synoptic stations, do not show a significant trend. Most wet periods occur in the spring and the lowest in summer and the highest dry periods occur in the autumn and the lowest in spring. The number of droughts in the cold periods is significant. Also, the frequency of occurrence of dry periods is more than wet periods.

Changes and fluctuations in shape and type of precipitation have positive and negative effects and have an important role in different aspects of human life. So that the change in them produces negative and positive secondary feedback in other climatic parameters followed by changes in hydrological cycles, water resources, natural and artificial ecosystems, human and animal habitats, security and economics. Therefore, the first parameter that can be considered is the study of drought. The presence of many parts of Iran in the dry and semi-arid belt of the world, on the one hand, and the determinant role that play at the water supply in the country on the other hand, thus it is important to be aware of the trend of rainfall changes in Iran. The nature of the heavy rainfall and the consequences of this have caused this phenomenon to be of particular importance in environmental planning and water resource management. The heavy rainfall affects the planning, design, operation and management of water resources. Therefore, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the behavior of such rainfall in order to predict and better manage water resources of the country. Heavy rainfall is one of the natural hazards that being aware of their occurrence can help reduce potential damage. Therefore, the analysis of the synoptic and dynamic conditions of atmospheric circulation patterns is very important in identifying the factors affecting the occurrence of heavy rainfall, in particular, when these types of rainfall can cause floods and catastrophic consequences by converting runoff. Thus, with respect to the importance of the subject, the present study aimed to identify the dynamic and thermodynamic patterns that govern the day of the event of heavy winter precipitation.

In order to study of the dynamical and thermodynamic patterns of the studied day, the vorticity dynamical quantities include relative vorticity, absolute vorticity, Rossby-Ertel vorticity at pressure level, convergence and divergence, vertical speed at high system and dynamical quantities of potential temperature written and defined. Then, to analyze the temporal variations of the above quantities, their graphs were drawn and analyzed in the selected range of 0 to 80 degrees longitude and latitude 10 to 60 degrees north for the 0000 and 1200 Greenwich hours. It should be noted that the maps of the day before and after the day were also examined at different levels to further understand the patterns governing the day of heavy rainfall, but to reduce the amount of content, only the maps of the day of heavy rainfall occurred at 0000 and 1200 Greenwich are provided.

Examination of the thermodynamic and dynamical quantities during heavy rainfall events of the case series of winter 1960-2010 shows that on the day of the heavy rainfall event, December 5, 1974, the intensities of these quantities at 1200 Greenwich hour were greater than other times. Therefore, it can be said that the peak of heavy rainfall at this day is 1200 hours where the dynamical and thermodynamic quantities changes are as follows:- Increasing the potential temperature vertical gradient across the country; this increases the velocity of the subtropical jet as well as increases the potential vorticity values in the upper atmosphere.- The formation of a strong convergence zone at the country level and its adaptation to the mid-level divergence zones of the atmosphere that has led to the dynamic rise of the air in most areas. The high volume of upward atmospheric movements at this time has occurred in the western half, especially in the windward slopes of the Zagros Mountains.- Increase in relative vorticity and absolute vorticity of 500 hp levels corresponding to southwest - northeast flows of eastern part of the trough.- Increasing the potential vorticity values of Rossby-Ertel pressure levels of 500 and 50 hp and the co-entropy level of 330 Kelvin in the western part of the country due to factors such as potential temperature gradient increase, absolute vorticity increase, as well as increased static stability in the upper atmosphere.

The results show that during the event of heavy rainfall, a strong convergence zone was formed at the country level, which caused the dynamic ascension of the atmosphere in accordance with the atmospheric divergence zone. Under such conditions, the relative vorticity values increases corresponding to the eastern part of the trough, which also results in an increase in absolute vorticity values. In addition, at this time, the potential temperature vertical gradient is also increasing throughout the country. The Rossby-Ertel potential vorticity values of 500 and 50 hp and 330 Kelvin co-entropy levels also increase due to factors such as potential temperature gradient increase, absolute vorticity increase, as well as increased static stability at upper atmospheric levels.The results show that during the event of heavy rainfall, a strong convergence zone was formed at the country level, which caused the dynamic ascension of the atmosphere in accordance with the atmospheric divergence zone. Under such conditions, the relative vorticity values increases corresponding to the eastern part of the trough, which also results in an increase in absolute vorticity values. In addition, at this time, the potential temperature vertical gradient is also increasing throughout the country. The Rossby-Ertel potential vorticity values of 500 and 50 hp and 330 Kelvin co-entropy levels also increase due to factors such as potential temperature gradient increase, absolute vorticity increase, as well as increased static stability at upper atmospheric levels.The results show that during the event of heavy rainfall, a strong convergence zone was formed at the country level, which caused the dynamic ascension of the atmosphere in accordance with the atmospheric divergence zone. Under such conditions, the relative vorticity values increases corresponding to the eastern part of the trough, which also results in an increase in absolute vorticity values. In addition, at this time, the potential temperature vertical gradient is also increasing throughout the country. The Rossby-Ertel potential vorticity values of 500 and 50 hp and 330 Kelvin co-entropy levels also increase due to factors such as potential temperature gradient increase, absolute vorticity increase, as well as increased static stability at upper atmospheric levels.

This study was conducted to determine the long-term behavior of the series of the minimum average temperature and maximum average temperature as well as to identify the hot and cold periods of 35 Iranian stations during the period of 1960-2010.Initially, in order to understand the changes in the minimum and maximum temperatures, the average maps of minimum and maximum temperatures and their coefficient of variation were drawn using the Kriging method. Then, by using of the Mann-Kendall statistical test, the significance of the trend on each station was tested at 95% confidence level. Finally, with the use of the 20% high and low probabilities of the minimum and maximum averages temperature during the 50-year study period, cold and hot courses were identified. The results show that the dispersion and temperature distribution on Iran in the seasonal and annual scale follows a similar pattern, which indicates a regular temperature regime in the region. The range of day-to-day variations in most of the study synoptic stations, except for the winter season which has been decreasing in most of the points, does not show a significant change. The average effect of minimum temperatures on seasonal scale during the studied period is higher on the average temperature of different regions of Iran. The most frequent occurrence of cold periods is in the first half of the study period and the most frequent occurrence of warm periods is in the second half of the study period, especially in the 2000s.

In this study, flood in 11 August 2001 in the Golestan province of Iran based on daily rainfall data and atmospheric data in a series of NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF data were examined. For this purpose, potential vorticity maps at isotherm levels of 330 and 320 k, circulation patterns at 1000, 850 and 500 levels, convergence of moisture flux at 850 level, instability indices and cloud cover were mapped and analyzed. The results showed that in this day with spell of the cold air from the stratosphere to the troposphere caused intensify of potential vorticity in the region, as well as along with penetration of high elevation of the north Caspian Sea and transferring the moisture from the sea level to northern parts and entry of low height of Ganges and Persian Gulf from the southern parts and inject moisture to the region with the retreat of the high elevation subtropical caused the instabilities and therefore extreme precipitation in this day has been provided.

Clinical diagnostic kits for detecting hepatitis B are based on antibodies, and have inefficient sensitivity, stability, and cost. Therefore, researches about aptamers and using them instead of antibodies may make these defects up. In this study, a biotinylated anti-hepatitis B virus surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) aptamer sequence was used to evaluate the possibility of specific detection of HBsAg via enzyme-linked aptamer assay (ELAA) method using biotin-streptavidin system.
HBsAg was immobilized in Maxibinding plate (SPL, Korea) by using carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH: 9.4), and by considering different variables. Immobilization of HBsAg was evaluated by commercial kit. Aptamer sequence was cloned and imbalance polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was improved and performed using plasmid as DNA template. Then, biotinylated aptamer was utilized in enzyme-linked aptamer assay method via taking advantage of streptavidin-biotin signal amplification system.
Findings: Antigen immobilization was set up using conjugates number 1 and 2 of commercial kit. Colony polymerase chain reaction confirmed aptamer cloning in Escherichia coli (E. coli) Top10 host. The best gradient polymerase chain reaction result was achieved at 64 ºC annealing temperature. Control group in assays showed accuracy of immobilization; but no repetitive specific signal was obtained that could prove joining of aptamer to HBsAg, and detection of that.
Three-dimensional structure of an immobilized antigen on a solid surface may vary from that which exists on the surface of viruses or cells. Negative results might be due to the ability of aptamers to attach into antigens with totally intact shape. Conjugation of aptamer with biotin may interfere in aptamer conformation; so, a connective arm between aptamer and biotin could be a suggestion, which needs more assessments.

Global warming has been associated with the changes of the pattern of the spatial-timing of temperature. Therefore, changes and fluctuations of this element have a scientific and practical importance. One of the approaches to examining the temperature variations is the use of statistical methods. Climatologists for the investigation of temperature variations use the time series methods. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the annual temperature changes of Tehran's station by using time series. For this purpose, the statistical data from the period of 1951-2008 were used. The results showed that in the spectral analysis with the confidence level of .95, cycles of 1, 21, and 22 were significantly observed. The annual temperature time series of the station also indicates the rising trend. Then, modeling in the family of polynomials also showed that the pattern of the temperature line of Tehran over the past 55 years has increased (.72±.08). Also, using a Markov chain estimated the possibility of change in situations from the cold year to hot year and vice versa 2.2 and 1.82, respectively. In other words, every 2.2 years a cold year and every 1.82 years, a warm year occurs. Finally, in the Arima modeling, after examining the Akaike value, the model of (1, 1, and 0) was selected as the most appropriate.

This study aimed to identify the geographical features of the pistachio tree planting، cultivation-prone are as in the province and zoning done. For this study، data from 12 synoptic meteorological stations، 5 climatologic and 15 rain gauge stations were used. Zoning of areas protoculture، the technique of GIS in terms of Bolein models and model AHP were used. Accordingly، by the use of software Arc/GIS، maps were sprepared by value. Then the Bolein matrix of each layer of software Idrisi was drawn up in order of significance of each element. The final map was obtained by integrating maps in Arc/GIS. The results indicate that the ranges of northwest and northeast، including two stations of Abbar and Mahneshan، due to geographic conditions have limited cultivation of pistachio trees. Therefore، there is potential for cultivation in these areas. It was found that the AHP model for accuracy and attention to detail، gives better results than the Bolein model.

Taxus baccata is known as a source of anticancer drug called taxol. This study was performed to confirm the consistency of results obtained by extraction of Taxanes by optimal solvent system using biological assessment. Three cell lines including MDA-MB-468، Hela and K562 were cultured in PRMI-1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. Powder of aerial parts of Taxus baccata was extracted using 8 different solvent by maceration method. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to standardize the extracts according to taxol content. Cytotoxicity of different concentrations of extracts (acetone 20، 50 and 100 %، ethanol 20، 50 and 100%، acetone dichloromethane (1-1)، and pure methanol) was evaluated against cultured cells، using MTT assay. Acetone-dichloromrthane (1-1) then pure acetone extract were the most cytotoxic extracts. Meanwhile، between the three cell lines tested، the highest cytotoxic effect of the extracts was observed on K562 cells. The results of this study showed that among evaluated extracts، more cytotoxic effect wsa in acetone-dichloromethane (1-1) followed by pure acetone extract. Analysis of extracts showed that the highest amount of taxans has been extracted by acetone-dichloromethane or pure acetone solvent system. We can conclude that there is a direct correlation between the cytotoxic effect and amount of taxans.

Medicinal smoke has been in natural health products by many nations all over the worlds. Dung''s smoke called «Anbar Nasara» is one of the most used medicinal smokes in Iranian traditional medicine. Anber Nasara has been administered as inhalation in the treatment of viral or bacterial infections as well as for tumors and cysts in vaginal diseases in women. Its cytotoxic effects have been proposed in these studies. Dung''s of female donkey have been collected from Shahreza، Isfahan province in summer 2011. The samples were burned in a specially designed apparatus and its smoke was collected in n-hexane solvent over ice-cold water. Solvent was evaporated in the air and dried residue was dissolved in DMSO and diluted in RPMI So that the final concentrations of 0. 4، 0. 3، 0. 25، 0. 2، 0. 125، 0. 1، 0. 0625، 0. 0312 mg/ml were obtained for MTT assay as a cytotoxic evaluation method against two cancer cells (KB and Hela) and a normal one (L929). After 48h incubation percent cell survival and IC50 values were obtained using ELISA plate reader at 540nm. Results showed that dung''s smoke were cytotoxic in tested concentrations against cancer cell lines in a dose dependent manner. The IC50 was calculated ≥ 0. 2 mg/ml. Dung''s smoke consists of too many constituents and its cytotoxic effect may belong to one or complexes of constituents. More researches are under way to clarify these aspects of the study.

Ggiven that assessment data often point to be made, are necessary to generalize to the entire region, Interpolation operation have been done on areas of precipitation. In this study using Kriging and inverse weight method, interpolation of rainfall in Kerman Province has been attempted. For this purpose, the monthly rainfall statistics for 9 synoptic stations in Kerman province and 11 synoptic stations neighboring provinces have been used.The results of this study indicate that Kriging method with lower error levels is more appropriate for the interpolation of rainfall in this region. Models based on fitted Semivariogram models,Spherical, linear and exponential models provide better facilities for the preparation of a precipitation isomap. Between models in the spherical model for the months January to June and also in December, the exponential model for the month of July and the exponential model for the months August to November show the most appropriate change model views that are detected. Based on maps prepared for different months, while the highest rainfall occurred in winter time change the amount of the highest range 42-13 mm in the season. Spatial gradients of changes in precipitation decrease trend are from south to north. Other seasons in the low average range of precipitation changes also showed no significant fluctuations.